Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents

  • Chapter
Book cover Blood Pressure Monitoring in Cardiovascular Medicine and Therapeutics

Part of the book series: Clinical Hypertension and Vascular Diseases ((CHVD))

  • 1346 Accesses

Abstract

The prevalence of hypertension in children is increasing, possibly because of the increasing epidemic of obesity, poor dietary habits, and sedentary lifestyles in childhood. In fact, of all chronic diseases in childhood, only obesity (28%), asthma (7%), and attention deficit disorder

Blood pressure levels for boys by age and height percentile.

(5%) have a higher prevalence than hypertension (3–5%). Hypertension in childhood is a precursor for the development of hypertension in early adulthood (1). Although the etiology of hypertension in early childhood is more commonly secondary than in adult patients, in most cases of hypertension, particularly in later childhood and adolescence, the etiology is primary or essential hypertension (2). The hypertension manifest in childhood may not be benign, as previously thought, as end-organ damage is now frequently detected in hypertensive children (3–5).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2004;114(2 Suppl 4th Report):555–576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Update on the 1987 Task Force Report on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: a working group report from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on Hypertension Control in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 1996;98(4 Pt 1):649–658.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Belsha CW, Wells TG, McNiece KL, Seib PM, Plummer JK, Berry PL. Influence of diurnal blood pressure variations on target organ abnormalities in adolescents with mild essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1998;11(4 Pt 1):410–417.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Daniels SR, Loggie JM, Khoury P, Kimball TR. Left ventricular geometry and severe left ventricular hypertrophy in children and adolescents with essential hypertension. Circulation 1998;97(19):1907–1911.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Sorof JM, Alexandrov AV, Cardwell G, Portman RJ. Carotid artery intimalmedial thickness and left ventricular hypertrophy in children with elevated blood pressure. Pediatrics 2003;111(1):61–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sorof JM, Poffenbarger T, Franco K, Portman R. et al. Evaluation of white coat hypertension in children: importance of the definitions of normal ambulatory blood pressure and the severity of casual hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2001;14(9 Pt 1):855–860.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bender J, McNiece KL, Poffenbarger TS, et al. Normative oscillometric blood pressure values in a large pediatric population. Pediatr Res 2005. Am J Hypertens 2005;18:18A.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Wuhl E. Home, clinic, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Res 2004;55:492–497.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Portman RJ, Yetman RJ. Clinical uses of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Pediatr Nephrol 1994;8(3):367–376.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Portman RJ, Yetman RJ. Temporal blood pressure patterns in children. Ann NY Acad Sci 1996;783:227–241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Koch VH, Okay Y, Pierin A, et al. Population studies of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in Brazilian children. Blood Press Monit 1999;4(3–4):111–114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Yetman RJ, Portman RJ. Technical aspects of blood pressure measurement in pediatric patients. Blood Press Monit 1999;4(3–4):155–159.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Sorof JM, Portman RJ. Ambulatory blood pressure measurements. Curr Opin Pediatr 2001;13(2):133–137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Eissa MA, Yetman RJ, Poffenbarger T, Portman RJ. Comparison of arbitrary definitions of circadian time periods with those determined by wrist actigraphy in analysis of ABPM data. J Hum Hypertens 1999;13(11):759–763.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Eissa MA, Poffenbarger T, Portman RJ. Comparison of the actigraph versus patients’ diary information in defining circadian time periods for analyzing ambulatory blood pressure monitoring data. Blood Press Monit 2001;6(1):21–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Meininger JC, Liehr P, Mueller WH, Chan W, Smith GL, Portman RJ. Stressinduced alterations of blood pressure and 24 h ambulatory blood pressure in adolescents. Blood Press Monit 1999;4(3–4):115–120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Yetman RJ, Portman RJ, Thomas VV, Chan W, Smolensky M, Franco K. Noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: effect on nocturnal sleep of children and adults. Blood Press Monit 1996;1(2):111–113.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. O’Brien E, Petrie J, Littler W, et al. The British Hypertension Society protocol for the evaluation of automated and semi-automated blood pressure measuring devices with special reference to ambulatory systems. J Hypertens 1990;8(7):607–619.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. White WB, Berson AS, Robbins C, et al. National standard for measurement of resting and ambulatory blood pressures with automated sphygmomanometers. Hypertension 1993;21(4):504–509.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Portman RJ, Yetman RJ, West MS. Efficacy of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children. J Pediatr 1991;118(6):842–849.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Sorof JM, Cardwell G, Franco K, Portman RJ. Ambulatory blood pressure and left ventricular mass index in hypertensive children. Hypertension 2002;39(4):903–908.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. de Leonardis V, De Scalzi M, Falchetti A, et al. Echocardiographic evaluation of children with and without family history of essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1988;1(3 Pt 1):305–308.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Soergel M. Development of normative ambulatory blood pressure data in children. Arbeitsgruppe Padiatrische Hypertonie. Blood Press Monit 1999;4(3–4):121–126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Soergel M, Kirschstein M, Busch C, et al. Oscillometric twenty-four hour ambulatory blood pressure values in healthy children and adolescents: a multicenter trial including 1141 subjects. J Pediatr 1997;130:178–184.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Wuhl E, Witte K, Soergel M, Mehls O, Schaefer F; German Working Group on Pediatric Hypertension. Distribution of 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in children: normalized reference values and role of body dimensions. J Hypertens 2002;20(10):1995–2007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Lurbe E, Redon J, Liao Y, Tacons J, Cooper RS, Alvarez V. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in normotensive children. J Hypertens 1994;12(12):1417–1423.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Belsha CW, Spencer HJ, 3rd, Berry PL, Plummer JK, Wells TG. Diurnal blood pressure patterns in normotensive and hypertensive children and adolescents. J Hum Hypertens 1997;11(12):801–806.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Harshfield GA, Treiber FA. Racial differences in ambulatory blood pressure monitoring-derived 24 h patterns of blood pressure in adolescents. Blood Press Monit 1999;4(3–4):107–110.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Yetman RJ, West MS, Portman RJ. Changes in circadian rhythm of blood pressure in on-call pediatric residents. Chronobiol Int 1994;11(1):54–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Yetman RJ, West MS, Portman RJ. Chronobiologic evaluation of blood pressure in school children. Chronobiol Int 1992;11(2):132–140.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Mancia G, Parati G, Castiglioni P, et al. Daily life blood pressure changes are steeper in hypertensive than in normotensive subjects. Hypertension 2003;42(3):277–282.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Verghese T, Yetman R, Kahan B, Portman RJ. Lack of correlation of blood pressure with activity in renal transplant recipients. Chronobiol Int 1995;12:419–426.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Halberg, F, Drayer JI, Cornelissen G, Weber MA. Cardiovascular reference data base for recognizing circadian mesor-and amplitude-hypertension in apparently healthy men. Chronobiologia 1984;11(3):275–298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Julius S, Krause L, Schork NJ, et al. Hyperkinetic borderline hypertension in Tecumseh, Michigan. J Hypertens 1991;9(1):77–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kumagai Y, Shiga T, Sunaga K, Cornelissen G, Ebihara A, Halberg F. Usefulness of circadian amplitude of blood pressure in predicting hypertensive cardiac involvement. Chronobiologia 1992;19(1–2):43–58.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Sorof JM, Brewer ED, Portman RJ. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and interdialytic weight gain in children receiving chronic hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1999;33(4):667–674.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Mitsnefes MM, Portman RJ. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in pediatric renal transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2003;7(2):86–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ingelfinger JA, Brewer ED. Pediatric post-transplant hypertension: a review of current standards of care. Child Nephrol Urol 1992;12(2–3):139–146.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Baluarte HJ, Gruskin AB, Ingelfinger JR, Stablein D, Tejani A. Analysis of hypertension in children post renal transplantation—a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS). Pediatr Nephrol 1994;8(5):570–573.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Young LA, Kimball TR, Daniels SR, et al. Nocturnal blood pressure in young patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: correlation with cardiac function. J Pediatr 1998;133(1):46–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Perloff D, Sokolow M, Cowan R. The prognostic value of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in treated hypertensive patients. J Hypertens Suppl 1991;9(1):S33–S39; discussion S39–S40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. White WB, Mansoor GA, Tendler BE, Anwar YA. Nocturnal blood pressure epidemiology, determinants, and effects of antihypertensive therapy. Blood Press Monit 1998;3(1):43–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Mansoor GA, Massie BM. Left ventricular hypertrophy: a potent cardiovascular risk factor and its relationship to office and ambulatory blood pressure. Blood Press Monit 1999;4(Suppl 1):S19–S22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Portman RJ. Appendix 3, Technical Report on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring. Clinical Practive Guidelines on Hypertension and Antihypertensive Agents in Chronic Kidney Disease. NKF K/DOQI. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;53(Suppl 5):S252–S261.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Schillaci G, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure. An independent predictor of prognosis in essential hypertension. Hypertension 1994;24(6):793–801.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. White WB, Lund-Johansen P, Omvik P. Assessment of four ambulatory blood pressure monitors and measurements by clinicians versus intraarterial blood pressure at rest and during exercise. Am J Cardiol 1990;65(1):60–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Sorof JM, Alexandrov AV, Garami Z, et al. Carotid ultrasonography for detection of vascular abnormalities in hypertensive children. Pediatr Nephrol 2003;18(10):1020–1024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Harshfield GA, Pulliam DA, Alpert BS. Ambulatory blood pressure and renal function in healthy children and adolescents. Am J Hypertens 1994;7(3):282–285.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Calzolari A, Giordano U, Matteucci MC, et al. Hypertension in young patients after renal transplantation: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring versus casual blood pressure. Am J Hypertens 1998;11(4 Pt 1):497–501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Lurbe E, Redon J, Kesani A, et al. Increase in nocturnal blood pressure and progression to microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2002;347:797–805.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Matsuoka S, Awazu M. Masked hypertension in children and young adults. Pediatr Nephrol 2004;19(6):651–654.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ben-Dov IZ, Ben-Arie L, Mekler J, Bursztyn M. In clinical practice, masked hypertension is as common as isolated clinic hypertension: predominance of younger men. Am J Hypertens 2005;18(5 Pt 1):589–593.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Lurbe E, Torro I, Alvarez V, et al. Prevalence, persistence, and clinical significance of masked hypertension in youth. Hypertension 2005;45(4):493–498.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Samuels JA, Franco K, Wan F, Sorof JM. Effects of stimulants on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in children with ADHD: a double blind, randomized, crossover trial. Pediatr Nephrol 2006;21:92–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Harshfield GA, Alpert BS, Willey ES, Somes GW, Murphy JK, Dupaul LM. Race and gender influence ambulatory blood pressure patterns of adolescents. Hypertension 1989;14(6):598–603.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Wilson PD, Ferencz C, Dischinger PC, Brenner JI, Zeger SL. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure in normotensive adolescent children of hypertensive and normotensive parents. Am J Epidemiol 1988;127(5):946–954.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Ravogli A, Trazzi S, Villani A, et al. Early 24-hour blood pressure elevation in normotensive subjects with parental hypertension. Hypertension 1990;16(5):491–497.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Sorof JM, Portman RJ. White coat hypertension in children with elevated casual blood pressure. J Pediatr 2000;137(4):493–497.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Julius S, Nesbitt S, Egan BM, et al. Trials of Preventing Hypertension (TROPHY) Study Investigators N Engl J Med 2006;354:1685–1697.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Harshfield GA, Treiber FA, Wilson ME, Kapuku GK, Davis HC. A longitudinal study of ethnic differences in ambulatory blood pressure patterns in youth. Am J Hypertens 2002;15(6):525–530.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Lurbe E, Sorof JM, Daniels SR. Clinical and research aspects of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children. J Pediatr 2004;144:7–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Wilson MD, Barron JJ, Johnson KA, et al. Determination of ambulatory blood pressure control in treated patients with controlled office blood pressures. Blood Press Monit 2000;5(5–6):263–269.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Divisions of Pediatric Cardiology and Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Texas - Houston, Medical School, Houston, TX

    Monesha Gupta-Malhotra MBBS (Assistant Professor of Pediatrics)

  2. Department of Pediatrics, Hypertension and Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX

    Ronald Portman MD

Authors
  1. Monesha Gupta-Malhotra MBBS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ronald Portman MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT

    William B. White MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Humana Press Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gupta-Malhotra, M., Portman, R. (2007). Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. In: White, W.B. (eds) Blood Pressure Monitoring in Cardiovascular Medicine and Therapeutics. Clinical Hypertension and Vascular Diseases. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-978-3_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-978-3_14

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-512-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-978-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation