Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Urinary Stone Disease pp 237–257Cite as

Associated Systemic Diseases

Bowel and Bones

  • Chapter

  • 1288 Accesses

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Urology ((CCU))

Abstract

Stone diseases have had known affinities to other systemic diseases for a large portion of written medical history. The first known stone to afflict a human was probably a metabolic product of uric acid metabolism in a boy of the predynastic Egyptian period, almost 7000 years ago. Galen (131–201 ad) proposed the concept that etiologic aspects of stone formation include heredity, climatic, and nutritional factors. Van Helmont (1577–1644) noted that kidney stones were products of undesirable minerals within the urine. Thomas Sydenham (1624–1689) suffered from gout and recurrent urolithiasis. He describes his own disease process with clarity and proposed three hypotheses for the pathophysiology of stone disease and other systemic illnesses. On his disquisition into gout he states: “... the gout breeds the stone in the kidneys in many subjects, either (1) because the patient is obliged to lie long on his back, or (2) because the secretory organs have ceased performing their proper functions; else (3) because the stones is formed from a part of the same morbific matter...”(1).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Moran, ME. The founding fathers of calculous chemistry. Submitted to Urology.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Lindahl WW, Bargen, JA. Nephrolithiasis complicating chronic ulcerative colitis after ileostomy. J Urol 1941;46: 183–192.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Worcester EM. Stones due to bowel disease. In: Kidney Stones: Medical and Surgical Management, (Coe FL, Favus MJ, Pak CYC, Park JH, Preminger GM, eds.). Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA, 1996; pp. 883–885.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Kreutzer N, Kruis W, Haupt G, Engelmann U. Kidney calculi in patients with Crohn’s disease. J Urol 2002; 167: 270.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Deren JJ, Porush JG, Levitt MF, Khilani MT. Nephrolithiasis as a complication of ulcerative colitis and regional enteritis. Ann Intern Med 1962; 56: 843–853.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Grossman MS, Nugent FW. Urolithiasis as a complication of chronic diarhheal disease. Am J Digest Dis 1967; 12: 491–498.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Glezayd EA, Breuer RI, Kirsner JB. Nephrolithiasis in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Digest Dis 1968; 13: 1027–1034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Shield DE, Lytton B, Weiss RM, Schiff M Jr. Urologie complications of inflammatory bowel disease. J Urol 1976; 115: 701–706.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Smith LH, Hofmann AF, McCall JT, Thomas PJ. Secondary hyperoxaluria in patient with ileal resection and oxalate nephrolithiasis. Clin Res 1970; 18: 541.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Dowling RH, Rose GA, Sutor DJ. Hyperoxaluria and renal calculi in ileal disease. Lancet 1971; 1: 1103–1106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Admirand WH, Ernest DL, Williams HE. Hyperoxaluria and bowel disease. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1971; 84: 307–312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. McLeod RS, Churchill DN. Urolithiasis complicating inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Digest Dis 1968; 13: 1027–1034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Dick WH, Lingeman JE, Preminger GM, Smith LH, Wilson DM, Shirrell WL. Laxative abuse as a cause for ammonium urate renal calculi. J Urol 1990; 143: 244–247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Saito M, Takahashi C, Ishida G, Kadowaki H, Hirakawa S, Miyagana I. Acute renal failure associated with sulfur calculi. J Urol 2001; 165: 1985–1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Sillar DB, Kleining D. Sulphur calculi from ingestion of sulphasalazine. B J Urol 1993; 71: 750.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Allison MJ, Cook HM, Milne DB, Gallagher S, Clayman RV. Oxalate degradation by gastrointestinal bacteria from humans. Nutrition 1986; 116: 455–460.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bargen JA, Jackman RJ, Kerr JG. Studies on the life histories of patients with chronic ulcerative colitis (thrombo-ulcerative colitis) with some suggestions for treatment. Ann Intern Med 1938; 12: 339–352.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kennedy HJ, Al-Dujaili EAS, Edwards CRW, Truelove SC. Water and electrolyte balance in subjects with a permanent ileostomy. Gut 1983; 24: 702–705.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kanaghinis T, Lubran M, Coghill NF. The composition of ileostomy fluid. Gut 1963; 4: 322–338.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Clarke AM, Chirnside A, Hill GL, Pope G, Stewart MK. Chronic dehydration and sodium depletion in patients with established ileostomies. Lancet 1967; 2: 740–743.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Turnberg LA, Morris AI, Hawler PC, Herman KJ, Shields RA, Horth CE. Intracellular electrolyte depletion in patients with ileostomies. Gut 1978; 19: 563–568.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Isaacs PET, Horth CE, Turnberg LA. The electrical potential difference across human ileostomy mucosa. Gastroenterol 1976; 70: 52–58.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Clarke AM, McKenzie RG. Ileostomy and the risk of uric acid stones. Lancet 1969; 2: 395–397.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bambach CP, Robertson WG, Peacock M, Hill GL. Effect of intestinal surgery on the risk of urinary stone formation. Gut 1981; 22: 257–263.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Nicar MJ, Hill K, Pak CYC. Inhibition by citrate of spontaneous precipitation of calcium oxalate. J Bone Min Res 1987; 2: 215–220.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Caudarella R, Rizzoli E, Pironi N, et al. Renal stone formation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scan Microsc 1993; 7: 371–380.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Galland L. Magnesium and inflammatory bowel disease. Magnesium 1988; 7: 78–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Seltzer MA, Low RK, McDonald M, Shami GS, Stoller ML. Dietary manipulation with lemonade to treat hypocitraturia. J Urol 1996; 156: 907–909.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Wabner CL, Pak CYC. Effect of orange juice consumption on urinary stone risk factors. J Urol 1993; 149: 1405–1408.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Pak CYC, Sakhaee K, Fuller C. Successful management of uric acid nephrolithiasis with potassium citrate. Kidney Int 1966; 30: 422–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Jendle-Bengton C, Tiselius HG. Long-term follow-up of stone formers trated with low dose of sodium potassium citrate. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2000; 34: 36–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Lee YH, Huang WC, Tsai JY, Huang JK. The efficiency of potassium citrate based medical prophylaxis for preventing upper urinary tract calculi: a midterm followup study. J Urol 1999; 161: 1453–1457.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Moran ME, Abrahams HM, Burday DE, Greene TD. Utility of oral dissolution therapy in the management of referred patients with secondarily treated uric acid stones. Urology 2002; 59: 206–210.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Cramer JA, Mattson RH, Prevey ML, Scheyer RD, Ouellete VL. How often is medication taken as prescribed? A novel assessment technique. JAMA 1989; 261: 3273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Staroscik JA, Gregorio FU Jr, Reeder SK. Nutrients in fresh peeled oranges and grapefruit from California and Arizona. J Am Diet Assoc 1980; 77: 567–569.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Schneider HJ, Hesse A, Berg W, Kirsten J, Nickel H. Animal experimental studies on the effect of magnesium and vitamin B6 on calcium-oxalate nephrolithiasis. Zeit Urolog Nephrol 1977; 70: 419–427.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Gershoff SN, Prien EL. Effect of daily MgO and vitamin B6 administration to patients with recurring calcium oxalate kidney stones. Am J Clin Nutrit 1967; 20: 393–399.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Pak CYC. Citrate and renal calculi: an update. Mineral Electr Metab 1994; 20: 371–377.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Pak CYC. Correction of thiazide-induced hypomagnesemia by potassium-magnesium citrate from review of prior trials. Clin Nephrol 2000; 54: 271–275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ruml LA, Gonzalez G, Taylor R, Wuermser LA, Pak CY. Effect of varying doses of potassiummagnesium citrate on thiazide-induced hypokalemia and magnesium loss. Am J Therap 1999; 6: 45–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. McDonagh AJ, Singh P, Pilbrow WJ, Youngs GR. Safety of Picolax (sodium picosulphate-magnesium citrate) in inflammatory bowel disease. Brit Med J 1989; 299: 776–777.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Christie PM, Knight GS, Hill GL. Comparison of relative risks of urinary stone formation after surgery for ulcerative colitis: conventional ileostomy vs. J-pouch. Dis Colon Rectum 1996; 39: 50–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Christie PM, Knight GS, Hill GL. Metabolism of body water and electrolytes after surgery for ulcerative colitis conventional versus J-pouch. Br J Surg 1990; 77: 149–151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Ranganath L, Gould SR, Goddard PF. Renal calculi following superior mesenteric artery occlusion. Postgrad Med J 1998; 74: 303–305.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Gama R, Schweitzer FA. Renal calculus: a unique presentation of coeliac disease. Brit J Urol Int 1999; 84: 528–529.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Sarioglu A, Tanyel FC, Buyukpamukcu, N, Hicsonmez, A. Urolithiasis in patients with Hirschsprung’s disease. Eur J Pediatr Surg 1997; 7: 149–151.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Nguyen NT, Wolfe BM. Laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Adv Surg 2002; 36: 39–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Fisher BL, Schauer P. Medical and surgical options in the treatment of severe obesity. Am J Surg 2002; 184: S9–S16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Sugerman HL, Sugerman EL, DeMaria EJ, et al. Bariatric surgery for severely obese adolescents. J Gastointest Surg 2003; 7: 102–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Baddeley RM. An epilogue to jejunoileal bypass. World J Surg 1985; 9: 842–849.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Payne JM, DeWind LT. Surgical treatment of obesity. Am J Surg 1969; 118: 141–147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Eriksson F. Biliointestinal bypass. Int J Obes 1981; 5: 437–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Annuk M, Backman U, Holmgren K, Vessby B. Urinary calculi and jejunoileal bypass operation. A long-term follow-up. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1998; 32: 177–180.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Nordenvall B, Backman L, Larsson L. The influence of gastrointestinal anatomy on oxalate excretion and kidney stone incidence in patients with enteric hyperoxaluria. Plenum Press

    Google Scholar 

  55. Hofmann AF, Poley JR. Role of bile acids malabsorption pathogenesis of diarrhea and steatorrhea in patients with ileal bowel resection. Gastroenterology 1972; 62: 918–934.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Earnest DL, Williams HE, Admirand WH. Treatment of enteric hyperoxaluria with calcium and medium chain triglycerides (MCT). Clin Res 1975; 23: 130A.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Rucker RD Jr, Horstmann J, Schneider BD, Varco RL, Buchwald H. Comparison between jejunoileal and gastric bypass operations for morbid obesity. Surgery 1982; 92: 241–249.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Hassan I, Jacobs LA, Milliner DS, Sarmiento JM, Sarr MG. Chronic renal failure secondary to oxalate nephropathy: apreventable complication after jejunoileal bypass. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76: 758–760.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Shah GM, Winer RL. Reversible acute renal failure after jejunoileal bypass for obesity. South Med J 1981; 74: 1535–1536.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Korzets Z, Smorjik Y, Zahavi T, Bernheim J. Renal AA amyloidosisa long-term sequela of jejuno-ileal bypass. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 1843–1845.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Smith CL, Linner JH. Dissolution of calcium oxalate renal stones in patients with jejunoileal bypass after reanastomosis. Urology 1982; 19: 21–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Economou TP, Cullen W, Mason EE, Scott DH, Doherty C, Maher JW. Reversal of small intestinal bypass operations and concomitant vertical banded gastroplasty: long-term outcome. J Am Coll Surg 1995; 181: 160–164.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Paul HE. Bone suppuration the basic cause of renal calculus in twenty cases following war wounds. J Urol 1922; 9: 345–362.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Pyrah LN, Fowweather FS. Urinary calculi developing in recumbent patients. Brit J Surg 1938; 26:98–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Pulvertaft RG. Nephrolithiasis occurring in recumbency. J Bone Joint Surg 1939; 21:559–575.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Deitrick JE, Wheden GD, Shorr E. Effect of immobilization upon various metabolic and physiologic functions in normal men. Am J Med 1948; 4: 3–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Smith PH, Cook JB, Roberston WG. Stone formation in paraplegia. Paraplegia 1969; 7: 77–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Elliot JS, Todd HE. Calculus disease in patients with poliomyelitis. J Urol 1961; 86: 484–488.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Gallacher S J, Ralston SH, Dryburgh FJ, et al. Immobilization-related hypercalceemiaa possible novel mechanism and response to pamidronate. Postgrad Med J 1990; 66: 918–922.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Gordon DL, Reinstein L. Rehabilitation of the trauma patient. Am Surg 1979; 45: 223–227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Slemenda CW, Reister TK, Hui SL, Miller JZ, Christian JC, Johnston CC Jr. Influences on skeletal mineralization in children and adolescents: evidence for varying effects of sexual maturation and physical activity. J Pediatr 1994; 125: 201–207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Weaver CM. Calcium requirements of physically active people. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 579S–584S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Whitson PA, Pietrzyk RA, Pak CYC, Cintron NM. Alterations in renal stone risk factors after space flight. J Urol 1993; 150: 803.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Pietrzyk RA, Feiveson AH, Whitson PA. Mathematical model to estimate risk of calcium-containing renal stones. Mineral Electrol Metab 1999; 25: 199–203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Whitson PA, Pietrzyk RA, Pak CYC. Renal stone risk assessment during Space Shuttle flights. J Urol 1997; 158: 2305–2310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Zerwekh JE. Nutrition and renal stone disease in space. Nutrition 2002; 18: 857–863.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Garilevich B A, Olefir IuV. Urolithiasis in flight personnel. Aviak Ekolog Medit 2002; 36: 49–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Arzamazov GS, Witson PA, Lavina ON, Pastushkova LKh, Pak CT. Assessment of the risk factors for urolithiasis in cosmonauts during long space flights. Aviak Ekolog Medit 1996; 30: 24–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Nicogossian AE, Rummel JD, Leveton L, Teeter R. Development of countermeasures for medical problems encountered in space flight. Adv Space Res 1992; 12: 329–337.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Pak CY, Hill K, Cintron NM, Huntoon C. Assessing applicants to the NASA flight program for their renal stone-forming potential. Aviat Space Environ Med 1989; 60: 157–161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Harrell GT, Fisher S. Blood chemical changes in Boeck’s sarcoid with particular reference to protein, calcium and phophotase values. J Clin Inves 1939; 18: 678–693.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Henneman PH, Dempsey EF, Carol EJ et al. The causes of hypercalcemia in sarcoidosis and its treatment with cortisone and sodium phytate. J Clin Invest 1956; 35: 1229–1242.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Taylor RL, Lynch JJ Jr, Winsor WG. Seasonal influence of sunlight on the hypercalcemia in sarcoidosis. Clin Res 1963; 11: 220–225.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Adams J, Sharma OP, Gacad M, et al. Metabolism of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 by cultured pulmonary alveolar macrophages in sarcoidosis. J Clin Inves 1983; 72: 1856–1860.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Rizzato G, Fraioli P, Montemurro L. Nephrolithiasis as a presenting feature of chronic sarcoidosis. Thorax 1995; 50: 555–559.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Muther R, McCarron D, Bennett W. Renal manifestation of sarcoidosis. Arch Intern Med 1981; 141:643–645.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Sharma OP. Vitamin D, calcium, and sarcoidosis. Chest 1996; 109: 535–539.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Sharma OP. Pulmonary sarcoidosis and corticosteroids. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 1598–1600.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Adams JS, Diz MM, Sharma OP. Effective reduction in the serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and calcium concentrations in sarcoidosis-associated hypercalcemia with short course chloroquine therapy. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111: 437, 438.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Glass AR, Eil C. Ketoconoazole-induced reduction in serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D. J Clin Endocrin Metab 1986; 63: 766–768.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Saltini C, Amicosante M. Beryllium disease. Am J Med Scie 2001; 321: 89–98.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Zerwekh JE, Pak CYC, Kaplan RA, et al. Pathogenetic role of lα,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in sarcoidosis and absorptive hypercalciuria: differentresponse to prednisolone therapy. J Clin Endoc Metab 1980; 51: 381–386.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Maierhoger W, Gray RW, Lemann Jr, J. Phosphate deprivation increases serum 1,25 (OH)2-vitamin D concentrations in healthy men. Kid Internat 1984; 25: 57.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Haddad JG. Vitamin D-solar rays, the milky way, or both? NEnglJ Med 1992; 326: 1213–1215.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Jacobus CH, Holick MF, Shao Q, et al. Hypervitaminosis D associated with drinking milk. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1173–1177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Holick MF, Shao Q, Liu WW, Chen TC. The vitamin D content in fortified milk and infant formula. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1178–1181.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Allen Sh, Shah JH. Calcinosis and metastatic calcification due to vitamin D intoxication. Horm Res 1992; 37: 68–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Stamp TC. Calcitriol dosage in osteomalacia, hypoparathyroidism and attempted treatment of myositis ossificans progressiva. Curr Med Res Opin 1981; 7: 316–336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Ichioka K, Moroi S, Yamamoto S, et al. A case of urolithiasis due to vitamin D intoxication in a patient with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. Acta Urolog Japon 2002; 48: 231–234.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Sato K, Emoto N, Toraya S, et al. Progressively increased serum 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D2 concentration in a hypoparathyroid patient with protracted hypercalcemia due to vitamin D2 intoxication. Endoc J 1994; 41: 329–337.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Adams JS, Lee G. Gains in bone mineral density with resolution of vitamin D intoxication. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127: 203–206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Koutkia P, Chen TC, Holick MF. Vitamin D intoxication associated with an over-the-counter supplement. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 66, 67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Boland RL. Solanum malacoxyIon: a toxic plant which affects animal calcium metabolism. Biomed Environ Sci 1988; 1: 414–423.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Streck WF, Waterhouse C, Haddad JG. Glucocorticoid effects in vitamin D intoxication. Arch Intern Med 1979; 139: 974–977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Lee DC, Lee GY. The use of pamidronate for hypercalcemia secondary to acute vitamin D intoxication. J Toxicol 1998; 36: 719–721.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Selby PL, Davies M, Marks JS, Mawer EB. Vitamin D intoxication causes hypercalcaemia by increased bone resorption which responds to pamidronate. Clin Endocrin 1995;43:;531–536.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Pak CYC, Britton F, Peterson R, et al. Ambulatory evaluation of nephrolithiasis. Classification, clinical presentation and diagnostic criteria. Am J Med 1980; 69: 19–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement. Osteoporosis. Conference Statement 5(3), 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Recker RR. Continuous treatment of osteoporosis: current status. Orthop Clin N A 1981; 12: 611–627.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Optimal Calcium Intake. Optimal calcium intake. JAMA 1994; 272: 1942–1948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Fournier A, Ghazali, A, Bataille P, et al. Bone involvement in idiopathic calcium-stone formers. In: Kidney Stones: Medical and Surgical Management, (Coe FL, Pavus MJ, Pak CYC, Park JH, Preminger GM, eds.). Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA, 1996; pp. 927.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Prie D, Huart V, Bakouh N, et al. Nephrolithiasis and osteoporosis associated with hypophosphatemia caused by mutations in the type 2a sodium-phosphate cotransporter. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 983–991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Bataille P, Chavasad G, Gregoire I, et al. Effect of calcium restriction on renal oxalate and the probability of stones in various pathophysiological groups with calcium stones. J Urol 1983; 130: 218–223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Curhan GC, Willet WC, Rimm EB, Stampeer JM. A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones. J Engl J Med 1993; 328: 833–838.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Lingeman JE, Saywell RM Jr, Woods JR, Newman DM. Cost analysis of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy relative to other surgical and nonsurgical treatment alternatives for urolithiasis. Med Care 1986; 24: 1151–1160.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Michael E. Moran MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA

    Marshall L. Stoller MD  & Maxwell V. Meng MD  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Humana Press Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Moran, M.E. (2007). Associated Systemic Diseases. In: Stoller, M.L., Meng, M.V. (eds) Urinary Stone Disease. Current Clinical Urology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-972-1_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-972-1_12

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-219-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-972-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation