Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Prepuberty and Adolescence

  • Chapter
Calcium in Human Health

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

Abstract

Adequate intake of calcium in prepuberty and adolescence is very important while peak bone mass is being acquired. The rate of calcium accretion during growth was determined from gains in bone mineral content (BMC) taken annually in a longitudinal study of a cohort of Caucasian Canadian boys and girls (1). Because calcium is a constant component of BMC, profiles of gains in BMC as shown in Fig. 1 also reflect calcium accretion. It is clear from this figure that rates of calcium retention are not uniform across childhood. The curve has a rather sharp peak; approximately one-fourth of adult BMC is acquired in 2 yr bracketing the peak accretion rate. Likely regulators of pubertal growth spurt and skeletal maturation include insulin-like growth factor-1 and sex steroid hormones (2). The figure further shows that boys have a higher mean peak rate of BMC accretion than girls (409 vs 325 g/yr) and the peak occurs later in boys than girls (age 14 vs 12.5 yr). A nonparametric function of age using weighted and mean averages of longitudinal data in white females showed maximum bone growth occurs at age 12 yr (11–12, 90% confidence interval [CI]) for the spine and femoral neck (10–14, 90% CI), whereas cessation of growth at the spine occurred at age 36 yr (32–44, 90% CI) and at age 24 yr (19–34, 90% CI) for the femoral neck (3). Estimates of the percent of peak BMC for selected sites are illustrated in Fig. 2 taken from data reported by Teegarden (4) and Lin (5). The age of attaining peak spine BMC was beyond the age of the cohort studied by Lin et al. (5), but the age at which 90% of peak spine BMD was achieved was 15.2 yr, and 17.6 yr for 95%. Bone accretion rates with age are not available for other races and ethnic groups.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Bailey DA, Martin AD, McKay AA, Whiting S, Miriwald R. Calcium accretion in girls and boys during puberty: A longitudinal analysis. J Bone Miner Res 2000;15:2245–2250.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Weaver CM. Adolescence, the period of dramatic bone growth. Endocrine 2002;17:43–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Hui SL, Zhou L, Evans R, et al. Rates of growth and loss of bone mineral in the spine and femoral neck in white females. Osteoporosis Int 1999;9:200–205.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Teegarden D, Proulx WR, Martin BR, et al. Peak bone mass in young women. J Bone Miner Res 1995;10:711–715.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Lin Y-C, Lyle RM, Weaver CM, McCabe GP, Johnston CC Jr, Teegarden D. Peak spine and femoral neck bone mass in young women. Bone 2003;32:546–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Nicklas TA. Calcium intake trends and health consequences from childhood through adulthood. J Am Coll Nutr 2003;22:340–356.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Nutrition Assistance Program Report Series. The Office of Analysis, Nutrition and Evaluation. Children’s Diets in the Mid-1990s: Dietary Intake and its Relationship with School Meal Participation. Special Nutrition Programs Report No. CN-01-CD1, 2001. United States Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Washington, DC: January, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Johnson RK, Frary C, Wang MQ. The nutritional consequences of flavored-milk consumption by school-aged children and adolescents in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc 2002;102:853–856.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Ballow C, Kuester S, Gillespie C. Beverage choices affect adequacy of children’s nutrient intakes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000;154;1148–1152.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Mrdjenovic G, Levitsky DA. Nutritional and energetic consequences of sweetened drink consumption in 6-to 13-year old children. J Pediatr 2003;142:604–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. McGartland C, Robson PJ, Murray L, et al. Carbonated soft drink consumption and bone mineral density in adolescence: the Northern Ireland Young Hearts project. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18:1563–1569.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Whiting SJ, Healey A, Psiuk S, Mirwald R, Kowalski K, Bailey DA. Relationship between carbonated and other low nutrient dense beverages and bone mineral content of adolescents. Nutr Res 2001;21:1107–1115.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Welton DC, Kemper HC, Post GB, Van Staveren WA, Twisk JW. Longitudinal development and tracking of calcium and diary intake from teenager to adult. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997;51:612–618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Dwyer JT, Gardner J, Halvorsen K, Krall EA, Cohen A, Valadian I. Memory of food intake in the distant past. Am J Epidemiol 1989;130:1033–1046.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Teegarden D, Lyle RM, Proulx WR, Johnston CC Jr, Weaver CM. Previous milk consumption is associated with greater bone density in young women. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:1014–1017.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Lytle LA, Seifert S, Greenstein J, McGovern P. How do children’s eating patterns and food choices change over time? Results from a cohort study. Am J Health Promot 2000;14;222–228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Skinner JD, Bounds W, Carruth BR, Ziegler P. Longitudinal calcium intake is negatively related to children’s body fat indices. J Am Diet Assoc 2003;103:1026–1031.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Weaver CM, Martin BR, Plawecki KL, et al. Differences in calcium metabolism between adolescent and adult females. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:577–581.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Wastney ME, Ng J, Smith D, Martin BR, Peacock M, Weaver CM. Differences in calcium kinetics between adolescent girls and young women. Am J Physiol 1996;271:R208–R216.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bryant RJ, Wastney ME, Martin BR, et al. Racial differences in bone turnover and calcium metabolism in adolescent females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88(3):1043–1047.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Looker AC, Wahner HW, Dunn WL, et al. Updated data on proximal femur bone mineral levels of U.S. Adults. Osteoporos Int 1998;8:468–489.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Abrams SA, Copeland KC, Gunn SK, Staff JE, Clarke LL, Ellis KJ. Calcium absorption and kinetics are similar in 7-and 8-year old Mexican-American girls despite hormonal differences. J Nutr 1999;129:666–671.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Matkovic V, Heaney RP. Calcium balance during human growth: evidence for threshold behavior. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;55:992–996.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Jackman LA, Millane SS, Martin BR, et al. Calcium retention in relation to calcium intake and postmenarcheal age in adolescent females. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66:327–333.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Weaver CM, McCabe GP, Peacock M. Calcium intake and age influence calcium retention in adolescence. In: Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, eds. Nutritional Aspects of Osteoporosis. Serono Symposium, Springer-Verlag, New York: 1998; 3–10.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. National Academy Press, Washington, DC: 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Wastney ME, Martin BR, Peacock M, et al. Changes in calcium kinetics in adolescent girls induced by high calcium intake. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:4470–4475.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Abrams S, Griffin IJ, Hicks PD, Gunn SK. Pubertal girls only partially adapt to low calcium intakes. J Bone Miner Res 2004;19:759–762.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Heaney RP, Abrams S, Dawson-Hughes B, et al. Peak bone mass. Osteoporos Int 2000;11:985–1009.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Alffram PA, Bauer GCH. Epidemiology of fractures of the forearm. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1962;44:105–114.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Jones IE, Williams SM, Dow N, Goulding A. How many children remain fracture-free during growth? A longitudinal study of children and adolescents participating in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Osteoporos Int 2002;13:990–995.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bailey DA, Wedge JH, McCullough RG, Martin AD, Bernhardson SC. Epidemiology of fractures of the distal end of the radius in children as associated with growth. J Bone Joint Surg 1989;71A:1225–1231.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Goulding A, Cannan R, Williams SM, Gold EJ, Taylor RW, Lewis-Barned NJ. Bone mineral density in girls with forearm fractures. J Bone Miner Res 1998;13:143–148.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Parfitt AM. The two faces of growth: benefits and risks to bone integrity. Osteoporos Int 1994:4:382–298.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Khosla S, Melton III LJ, Delutoski MB, Achenbach SJ, Oberg AL, Riggs BL. Incidence of childhood distal forearm fractures over 30 years. JAMA 2003;290:1479–1485.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Black RE, Williams SM, Jones IE, Goulding A. Children who avoid drinking cow milk have low dietary calcium intakes and poor bone health. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:675–680.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kalkwarf HJ, Khoury JC, Lanphear BP. Milk intake during childhood and adolescence, adult bone density, and osteoporotic fractures in US women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:257–265.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Johnston CC Jr, Miller JZ, Slemenda CW, et al. Calcium supplementation and increases in bone mineral density in children. N Engl J Med 1992;327:82–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Lloyd T, Andon MB, Rollings N, et al. Calcium supplementation and bone mineral density in adolescent girls. JAMA 1993;270:841–844.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Chan GM, Hoffman K, McMurry M. Effects of dairy products on bone and body composition in pubertal girls. J Pediatr 1995;126(4):551–556.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Wang SH, et al. Double-blind controlled calcium supplementation and bone mineral accretion in children accustomed to low calcium diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60:744–752.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Cadogan J, Eastell R, Jones N, Barker ME. Milk intake and bone mineral acquisition in adolescent girls: Randomized, controlled intervention trial. Br Med J 1997;315:1255–1260.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Bonjour JP, Carrie AL, Ferrari S, et al. Calcium-enriched foods and bone mass growth in prepubertal girls—a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Invest 1997;99:1287–1294.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Dibba B, Prentice A, Ceesay M et al. Effect of calcium supplementation on bone mineral accretion in gambian children accustomed to a low-calcium diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(2):544–549.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Moyer-Mileur LJ, Xie B, Ball SD, Pratt T. Bone mass and density response to a 12-month trial of calcium and vitamin D supplementation preadolescent girls. J Musculoskel Neuron Interact 2003;3:63–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Rozen GS, Rennert G, Dodiuk-Gad R, et al. Calcium supplementation provides an extended window of opportunity for bone mass accretion after menarche. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:993–998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Stear SJ, Prentice A, Jones SC, et al. Effect of a calcium and exercise intervention on the bone mineral status of 16-18 year-old adolescent girls. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77(4):985–992.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Wosje KS, Specker BL. Role of calcium in bone health during childhood. Nutr Rev 2000;58(9):253–268.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Slemenda CW, Peacock M, Hui S, Zhou L, Johnston CC. Reduced rates of skeletal remodeling are associated with increased bone mineral density during the development of peak skeletal mass. J Bone Miner Res 1997;12:676–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Leung DMY, Cheng JCY. A follow-up study on the effect of calcium-supplement withdrawal and puberty on bone acquisition of children. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:71–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Matkovic V, Badenhop-Stevens NE, Landoll JD, Nagode LA, Goel P. Effect of calcium on bone mass of young females from childhood to young adulthood. Fifth International Symposium: Clinical Advances in Osteoporosis, National Osteoporosis Foundation, March 6–9, 2002. Abstract #1.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Matkovic V, Landoll JD, Badenkop-Stevens NE, et al. Nutrition influences skeletal development from childhood to adult: a study of hip, spine, and forearm in adolescent females. J Nutr 2004;134:701S–705S.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Peterson CA, Earell JAC, Erdman JW. Alterations in calcium intake on peak bone mass in the female rat. J Bone Miner Res 1995;10:81–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Eastell R, Lambert H. Diet and healthy bones. Calcif Tissue Int 2002;70:400–404.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Goulding A. Milk components and bone health. Aust J Dairy Technol 2003;58:73–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Lyytikäinen A, Nawa M, Kopela R, et al. Cheese as a source of calcium and its effects on body composition in pubertal Finnish girls. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18:S183, Abst# SU 010.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Haliorua L, Anderson JJ. Lifetime calcium intake and physical activity habits: independent and combined effects on the radial bone of healthy premenopasual Caucasian women. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49:534–541.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Nieves JW, Golden AL, Siris E, Kelsey JL, Lindsay R. Teenage and current calcium intake are related to bone mineral density of the hip and forearms in women aged 30—39 years. Am J Epidemiol 1995;141:342–251.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. New SA, Bolton-Smith C, Grubb DA, Reid DM. Nutritional influence on bone mineral density, a crosssectional study in pre-menopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:1831–1839.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Sandler RB, Slemenda CW, La Porter RE, et al. Postmenopausal bone density and milk consumption in childhood and adolescence. Am J Clin Nutr 1985;42:270–274.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Opotowsky AR, Bilezikian JP. Racial differences in the effect of early milk consumption on peak and postmenopausal bone mineral density. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18:1978–1988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Whiting SJ, Vatanparast H, Baxter-Jones A, Faulkner RA, Miriwald R, Bailey DA. Factors that affect bone mineral accrual in the adolescent growth spurt. J Nutr 2004;134:696S–700S.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

    Connie M. Weaver PhD

Authors
  1. Connie M. Weaver PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

    Connie M. Weaver PhD

  2. Creighton University, Omaha, NE

    Robert P. Heaney MD (John A. Creighton University Professor) (John A. Creighton University Professor)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Humman Press Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Weaver, C.M. (2006). Prepuberty and Adolescence. In: Weaver, C.M., Heaney, R.P. (eds) Calcium in Human Health. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-961-5_17

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation