Skip to main content

Antimetastasis

  • Chapter
Cancer Gene Therapy

Part of the book series: Contemporary Cancer Research ((CCR))

  • 1010 Accesses

Abstract

Metastasis is the major cause of death for cancer patients. The presence of metastatic tumors often indicates the late stage of the disease progression in which the tumor cells have undergone multiple genetic changes that may have contributed to resistance to radiation and chemotherapy treatment. To treat the elusive metastatic tumors, an efficient systemic delivery system that carries the therapeutic payload to multiple tumor targets in a patient would be needed. The therapeutic agent has to be powerful enough to inhibit the tumor growth or to eliminate it. In this chapter, we focus the discussion on our experience using adenovirus E1A (Ad.E1A) as a therapeutic gene in cancer gene therapy treatment for metastatic tumors. Finally, we describe our findings that show the antitumor and antimetastasis activities of a novel therapeutic gene, p202, and its potential use against metastatic tumors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Ben-Israel, H. and Kleinberger, T. (2002) Adenovirus and cell cycle control. Front. Biosci. 7, d1369–1395.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Frisch, S. M. and Mymryk, J. S. (2002) Adenovirus-5 E1A: paradox and paradigm. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3, 441–452.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Frisch, S. M. (1996) Reversal of malignancy by the adenovirus E1a gene. Mutat. Res. 350, 261–266.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Houweling, A., van den Elsen, P. J., and van der Eb, A. J. (1980) Partial transformation of primary rat cells by the leftmost 4.5% fragment of adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology 105, 537–550.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Howe, J. A., Mymryk, J. S., Egan, C., Branton, P. E., and Bayley, S. T. (1990) Retinoblastoma growth suppressor and a 300-kDa protein appear to regulate cellular DNA synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 5883–5887.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ruley, H. E. (1983) Adenovirus early region 1A enables viral and cellular transforming genes to transform primary cells in culture. Nature 304, 602–606.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Pozzatti, R., McCormick, M., Thompson, M. A., and Khoury, G. (1988) The E1a gene of adenovirus type 2 reduces the metastatic potential of ras-transformed rat embryo cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 2984–2988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Steeg, P. S., Bevilacqua, G., Pozzatti, R., Liotta, L. A., and Sobel, M. E. (1988) Altered expression of NM23, a gene associated with low tumor metastatic potential, during adenovirus 2 Ela inhibition of experimental metastasis. Cancer Res. 48, 6550–6554.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Pozzatti, R., McCormick, M., Thompson, M. A., Garbisa, S., Liotta, L., and Khoury, G. (1988) Regulation of the metastatic phenotype by the E1A gene of adenovirus-2. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 233, 293–301.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Yu, D., Hamada, J., Zhang, H., Nicolson, G. L., and Hung, M. C. (1992) Mechanisms of c-erbB2/neu oncogene-induced metastasis and repression of metastatic properties by adenovirus 5 E1A gene products. Oncogene 7, 2263–2270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Frisch, S. M., Reich, R., Collier, I. E., Genrich, L. T., Martin, G., and Goldberg, G. I. (1990) Adenovirus E1A represses protease gene expression and inhibits metastasis of human tumor cells. Oncogene 5, 75–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Frisch, S. M. (1994) E1a induces the expression of epithelial characteristics. J. Cell Biol. 127, 1085–1096.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hennig, G., Behrens, J., Truss, M., Frisch, S., Reichmann, E., and Birchmeier, W. (1995) Progression of carcinoma cells is associated with alterations in chromatin structure and factor binding at the E-cadherin promoter in vivo. Oncogene 11, 475–484.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Santoro, M., Battaglia, C., Zhang, L., et al. (1994) Cloning of the rat tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases type 2 (TIMP-2) gene: analysis of its expression in normal and transformed thyroid cells. Exp. Cell Res. 213, 398–403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Offringa, R., Smits, A. M., Houweling, A., Bos, J. L., and van der Eb, A. J. (1988) Similar effects of adenovirus E1A and glucocorticoid hormones on the expression of the metalloprotease stromelysin. Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 10,973–10,984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Linder, S., Popowicz, P., Svensson, C., Marshall, H., Bondesson, M., and Akusjarvi, G. (1992) Enhanced invasive properties of rat embryo fibroblasts transformed by adenovirus E1A mutants with deletions in the carboxy-terminal exon. Oncogene 7, 439–443.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Garbisa, S., Pozzatti, R., Muschel, R. J., et al. (1987) Secretion of type IV collagenolytic protease and metastatic phenotype: induction by transfection with c-Ha-ras but not c-Ha-ras plus Ad2-E1a. Cancer Res. 47, 1523–1528.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Offringa, R., Gebel, S., van Dam, H., et al. (1990) A novel function of the transforming domain of E1a: repression of AP-1 activity. Cell 62, 527–538.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bernhard, E. J., Muschel, R. J., and Hughes, E. N. (1990) Mr 92,000 gelatinase release correlates with the metastatic phenotype in transformed rat embryo cells. Cancer Res. 50, 3872–3877.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bernhard, E. J., Hagner, B., Wong, C., Lubenski, I., and Muschel, R. J. (1995) The effect of E1A transfection on MMP-9 expression and metastatic potential. Int. J. Cancer 60, 718–724.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hofmann, M., Rudy, W., Gunthert, U., et al. (1993) A link between ras and metastatic behavior of tumor cells: ras induces CD44 promoter activity and leads to low-level expression of metastasis-specific variants of CD44 in CREF cells. Cancer Res. 53, 1516–1521.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Yu, D., Shi, D., Scanlon, M., and Hung, M. C. (1993) Reexpression of neu-encoded oncoprotein counteracts the tumor-suppressing but not the metastasis-suppressing function of E1A. Cancer Res. 53, 5784–5790.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Yu, D. H., Scorsone, K., and Hung, M. C. (1991) Adenovirus type 5 E1A gene products act as transformation suppressors of the neu oncogene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11, 1745–1750.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Chen, H., Yu, D., Chinnadurai, G., Karunagaran, D., and Hung, M. C. (1997) Mapping of adenovirus 5 E1A domains responsible for suppression of neu-mediated transformation via transcriptional repression of neu. Oncogene 14, 1965–1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Deng, J., Xia, W., and Hung, M. C. (1998) Adenovirus 5 E1A-mediated tumor suppression associated with E1A-mediated apoptosis in vivo. Oncogene 17, 2167–2175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Frisch, S. M. (1991) Antioncogenic effect of adenovirus E1A in human tumor cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 9077–9081.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Yu, D., Wolf, J. K., Scanlon, M., Price, J. E., and Hung, M. C. (1993) Enhanced c-erbB-2/neu expression in human ovarian cancer cells correlates with more severe malignancy that can be suppressed by E1A. Cancer Res. 53, 891–898.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Frisch, S. M. and Dolter, K. E. (1995) Adenovirus E1a-mediated tumor suppression by a c-erbB-2/neu-independent mechanism. Cancer Res. 55, 5551–5555.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Dickopp, A., Esche, H., Swart, G., Seeber, S., Kirch, H. C., and Opalka, B. (2000) Transformation-defective adenovirus 5 E1A mutants exhibit antioncogenic properties in human BLM melanoma cells. Cancer Gene Ther. 7, 1043–1050.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Chinnadurai, G. (1992) Adenovirus E1a as a tumor-suppressor gene. Oncogene 7, 1255–1258.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Mymryk, J. S. (1996) Tumour suppressive properties of the adenovirus 5 E1A oncogene. Oncogene 13, 1581–1589.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Yu, D. and Hung, M. C. (1998) The erbB2 gene as a cancer therapeutic target and the tumor-and metastasis-suppressing function of E1A. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 17, 195–202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Yan, D.-H., Shao, R., and Hung, M.-C. (2001) E1A cancer gene therapy. In Gene Therapy of Cancer, 2nd ed. (Lattime, E. C. and Gerson, S. L., eds.), Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Ueno, N. T., Yu, D., and Hung, M. C. (2001) E1A: tumor suppressor or oncogene? Preclinical and clinical investigations of E1A gene therapy. Breast Cancer 8, 285–293.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Chang, J. Y., Xia, W., Shao, R., et al. (1997) The tumor suppression activity of E1A in HER-2/neu-overexpressing breast cancer. Oncogene 14, 561–568.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Zhang, Y., Yu, D., Xia, W., and Hung, M. C. (1995) HER-2/neu-targeting cancer therapy via adenovirus-mediated E1A delivery in an animal model. Oncogene 10, 1947–1954.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Yu, D., Matin, A., Xia, W., Sorgi, F., Huang, L., and Hung, M. C. (1995) Liposome-mediated in vivo E1A gene transfer suppressed dissemination of ovarian cancer cells that overexpress HER-2/neu. Oncogene 11, 1383–1388.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Chang, J. Y., Xia, W., Shao, R., and Hung, M. C. (1996) Inhibition of intratracheal lung cancer development by systemic delivery of E1A. Oncogene 13, 1405–1412.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Nevins, J. R., Imperiale, M. J., Feldman, L. T., and Kao, H. T. (1984) Role of the adenovirus transforming gene (E1A) in the general control of gene expression. Transplant. Proc. 16, 438–440.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Nevins, J. R. (1995) Adenovirus E1A: transcription regulation and alteration of cell growth control. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 199, 25–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Slamon, D. J., Clark, G. M., Wong, S. G., Levin, W. J., Ullrich, A., and McGuire, W. L. (1987) Human breast cancer: correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene. Science 235, 177–182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Slamon, D. J. and Clark, G. M. (1988) Amplification of c-erbB-2 and aggressive human breast tumors? Science 240, 1795–1798.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. McCann, A. H., Dervan, P. A., O’Regan, M., et al. (1991) Prognostic significance of c-erbB-2 and estrogen receptor status in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 51, 3296–3303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Gusterson, B. A., Gelber, R. D., Goldhirsch, A., et al. (1992) Prognostic importance of c-erbB-2 expression in breast cancer. International (Ludwig) Breast Cancer Study Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 10, 1049–1056.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Slamon, D. J., Godolphin, W., Jones, L. A., et al. (1989) Studies of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer. Science 244, 707–712.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Berchuck, A., Kamel, A., Whitaker, R., et al. (1990) Overexpression of Her-2/neu is associated with poor survival in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 50, 4087–4091.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Zhang, X., Silva, E., Gershenson, D., and Hung, M. C. (1989) Amplification and rearrangement of c-erb B proto-oncogenes in cancer of human female genital tract. Oncogene 4, 985–989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Schneider, P. M., Hung, M. C., Chiocca, S. M., et al. (1989) Differential expression of the c-erbB-2 gene in human small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res. 49, 4968–4971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Weiner, D. B., Nordberg, J., Robinson, R., et al. (1990) Expression of the neu gene-encoded protein (p185neu) in human non-small cell carcinomas of the lung. Cancer Res. 50, 421–425.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Yokota, J., Yamamoto, T., Miyajima, N., et al. (1988) Genetic alterations of the c-erbB-2 oncogene occur frequently in tubular adenocarcinoma of the stomach and are often accompanied by amplification of the v-erbA homologue. Oncogene 2, 283–287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Zhau, H. E., Zhang, X., von, E. A., Scorsone, K., Babaian, R. J., Ro, J. Y., and Hung, M. C. (1990) Amplification and expression of the c-erb B-2/neu proto-oncogene in human bladder cancer. Mol. Carcinog. 3, 254–257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hou, L., Shi, D., Tu, S. M., Zhang, H. Z., Hung, M. C., and Ling, D. (1992) Oral cancer progression and c-erbB-2/neu proto-oncogene expression. Cancer Lett. 65, 215–220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Xia, W. Y., Lau, Y. K., Zhang, H. Z., et al. (1997) Strong correlation between c-Erbb-2 overexpression and overall survival of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 3, 3–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Xia, W., Lau, Y. K., Zhang, H. Z., et al. (1999) Combination of EGFR, HER-2/neu, and HER-3 is a stronger predictor for the outcome of oral squamous cell carcinoma than any individual family members. Clin. Cancer Res. 5, 4164–4174.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Eccles, S. A. (2001) The role of c-erbB-2/HER2/neu in breast cancer progression and metastasis. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 6, 393–406.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Menard, S., Tagliabue, E., Campiglio, M., and Pupa, S. M. (2000) Role of HER2 gene overexpression in breast carcinoma. J. Cell. Physiol. 182, 150–162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Revillion, F., Bonneterre, J., and Peyrat, J. P. (1998) ERBB2 oncogene in human breast cancer and its clinical significance. Eur. J. Cancer 34, 791–808.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Yu, D., Wang, S. S., Dulski, K. M., Tsai, C. M., Nicolson, G. L., and Hung, M. C. (1994) c-erbB-2/neu overexpression enhances metastatic potential of human lung cancer cells by induction of metastasis-associated properties. Cancer Res. 54, 3260–3266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Tan, M., Yao, J., and Yu, D. (1997) Overexpression of the c-erbB-2 gene enhanced intrinsic metastasis potential in human breast cancer cells without increasing their transformation abilities. Cancer Res. 57, 1199–1205.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hung, M.-C., Wang, S.-C., and Hortobagyi, G. (1999) Targeting HER-2/neu-overexpressing cancer cells with transcriptional repressor genes delivered by cationic liposome. In Nonviral Vectors for Gene Therapy (Hung, M.-C., Huang, L., and Wagner, E., eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 357–375.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Yu, D. and Hung, M.-C. (2000) Therapeutic resistance of erbB-2-overexpressing cancers and strategies to overcome this resistance. In DNA Alterations in Cancer (Ehrlich, M., ed.), Eaton, Natick, MA, pp. 457–470.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Slamon, D., Leyland-Jones, B., Shak, S., et al. (1998) Addition of Herceptinâ„¢ (humanized anti-HER2 antibody) to first line chemotherapy for HER2 overexpressing metastatic breast cancer (HER2+/MBC) markedly increase anticancer activity: a randomized, multinational controlled phase III trial. Proc. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 376.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Yu, D., Suen, T. C., Yan, D. H., Chang, L. S., and Hung, M. C. (1990) Transcriptional repression of the neu protooncogene by the adenovirus 5 E1A gene products. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 4499–4503.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Yan, D. H., Chang, L. S., and Hung, M. C. (1991) Repressed expression of the HER-2/c-erbB-2 proto-oncogene by the adenovirus E1a gene products. Oncogene 6, 343–345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Gao, X. and Huang, L. (1991) A novel cationic liposome reagent for efficient transfection of mammalian cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 179, 280–285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Xing, X., Zhang, S., Chang, J. Y., et al. (1998) Safety study and characterization of E1A-liposome complex gene delivery in an ovarian cancer model. Gene Ther. 5, 1538–1544.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Xing, X., Liu, V., Xia, W., et al. (1997) Safety studies of the intraperitoneal injection of E1A—liposome complex in mice. Gene Ther. 4, 238–243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Shao, R., Hu, M. C., Zhou, B. P., et al. (1999) E1A sensitizes cells to tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis through inhibition of IkappaB kinases and nuclear factor kappaB activities. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 21,495–21,498.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Hortobagyi, G. N., Ueno, N. T., Xia, W., et al. (2001) Cationic liposome-mediated E1A gene transfer to human breast and ovarian cancer cells and its biologic effects: a phase I clinical trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 19, 3422–3433.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Yoo, G. H., Hung, M. C., Lopez-Berestein, G., et al. (2001) Phase I trial of intratumoral liposome E1A gene therapy in patients with recurrent breast and head and neck cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 7, 1237–1245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Villaret, D., Glisson, B., Kenady, D., et al. (2002) A multicenter phase II study of tgDCC-E1A for the intratumoral treatment of patients with recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 24, 661–669.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Lengyel, P., Choubey, D., Li, S.-J., and Datta, B. (1995) The interferon-activatable gene 200 cluster: from structure toward function. Semin. Virol. 6, 203–213.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Landolfo, S., Gariglio, M., Gribaudo, G., and Lembo, D. (1998) The Ifi 200 genes: an emerging family of IFN-inducible genes. Biochimie 80, 721–728.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Rozzo, S. J., Allard, J. D., Choubey, D., et al. (2001) Evidence for an interferon-inducible gene, Ifi202, in the susceptibility to systemic lupus. Immunity 15, 435–443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Choubey, D. and Lengyel, P. (1995) Binding of an interferon-inducible protein (p202) to the retinoblastoma protein. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 6134–6140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Choubey, D., Li, S.-J., Datta, B., Gutterman, J. U., and Lengyel, P. (1996) Inhibition of E2F-mediated transcription by p202. EMBO J. 15, 5668–5678.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Choubey, D. and Gutterman, J. U. (1997) Inhibition of E2F-4/DP-1-stimulated transcription by p202. Oncogene 15, 291–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Datta, B., Li, B., Choubey, D., Nallur, G., and Lengyel, P. (1996) p202, an interferon-inducible modulator of transcription, inhibits transcriptional activation by the p53 tumor suppressor protein, and a segment from the p53-binding protein 1 that binds to p202 overcomes this inhibition. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 27,544–27,555.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Wang, H., Liu, C., Lu, Y., et al. (2000) The interferon-and differentiation-inducible p202a protein inhibits the transcriptional activity of c-Myc by blocking its association with Max. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 27,377–27,385.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Datta, B., Min, W., Burma, S., and Lengyel, P. (1998) Increase in p202 expression during skeletal muscle differentiation: inhibition of MyoD protein expression and activity by p202. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 1074–1083.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Min, W., Ghosh, S., and Lengyel, P. (1996) The interferon-inducible p202 protein as a modulator of transcription: inhibition of NFkB, c-Fos, and c-Jun activities. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 359–368.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Wen, Y., Yan, D.-H., Wang, B., et al. (2001) p202, an interferon-inducible protein, mediates multiple anti-tumor activities in human pancreatic cancer xenograft models. Cancer Res. 61, 7142–7147.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Wen, Y., Yan, D. H., Spohn, B., Deng, J., Lin, S. Y., and Hung, M. C. (2000) Tumor suppression and sensitization to tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis by an interferon-inducible protein, p202, in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 60, 42–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Choubey, D. and Gutterman, J. U. (1996) The interferon-inducible growth-inhibitory p202 protein: DNA binding properties and identification of a DNA binding domain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 221, 396–401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Gutterman, J. U. and Choubey, D. (1999) Retardation of cell proliferation after expression of p202 accompanies an increase in p21(WAF1/CIP1). Cell Growth Differ. 10, 93–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Yan, D.-H., Wen, Y., Spohn, B., Choubey, D., Gutterman, J. U., and Hung, M.-C. (1999) Reduced growth rate and transformation phenotype of the prostate cancer cells by an interferon-inducible protein, p202. Oncogene 18, 807–811.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Ding, Y., Wen, Y., Spohn, B., et al. (2002) Pro-apoptotic and anti-tumor activities of adenovirus-mediated p202 gene transfer. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 3290–3297.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Zou, Y., Peng, H., Zhou, B., et al. (2002) Systemic tumor suppression by the proapoptotic gene bik. Cancer Res. 62, 8–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Nishikawa, M. and Huang, L. (2001) Nonviral vectors in the new millennium: delivery barriers in gene transfer. Hum. Gene Ther. 12, 861–870.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Landis, S. H., Murray, T., Bolden, S., and Wingo, P. A. (1999) Cancer statistics, 1999. CA Cancer J. Clin. 49, 8–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Rosewicz, S. and Wiedenmann, B. (1997) Pancreatic carcinoma. Lancet 349, 485–489.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Staley, C. A., Lee, J. E., Cleary, K. R., et al. (1996) Preoperative chemoradiation, pancreaticoduodenectomy, and intraoperative radiation therapy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head. Am. J. Surg. 171, 118–124; discussion, 124-115.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Hanahan, D. and Folkman, J. (1996) Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell 86, 353–364.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. DeLisser, H. M., Newman, P. J., and Albelda, S. M. (1993) Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (CD31). Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 184, 37–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Reynolds, T. C., Alberts, D., Gershenson, D., et al. (2000) Activity of E1A in human clinical trials. In ASCO, abstract no. 1809.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Shao, R., Karunagaran, D., Zhou, B. P., et al. (1997) Inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activity is involved in E1A-mediated sensitization of radiation-induced apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 32,739–32,742.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Baldwin, A. S. J. (1996) The NF-kB and IkB proteins: new discoveries and insights. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14, 649–681.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Pahl, H. L. (1999) Activators and target genes of Rel/NF-kappaB transcription factors. Oncogene 18, 6853–6866.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Yan, DH., Rau, KM., Hung, MC. (2005). Antimetastasis. In: Curiel, D.T., Douglas, J.T. (eds) Cancer Gene Therapy. Contemporary Cancer Research. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-785-7_19

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics