Abstract
During the past two decades, a better understanding of tumor biology has led to increased interest in the concept of cancer prevention. Chemoprevention involves inhibiting carcinogenesis through application of noncytotoxic nutrients and pharmacologic compounds, thereby preventing the development and progression of malignant cells. Prostate cancer is one of the primary targets for chemopreventive studies. It has a long latency period, and autopsy series demonstrate that the probable precursors to prostate cancer are identifiable decades before presence of the disease. It was reported that prostatic epithelial neoplasia (PIN), a premalignant condition, can occur in men as young as 30 yr of age (1). Because it takes a long time to go from the precursor lesion to cancer development, therapies do not reverse the premalignant condition, though the type of disease presentation affects ultimate survival. Along with interest in cancer chemoprevention have come a number of new challenges, including identification of high-risk groups as well as assessing response to intervention. Chemoprevention should benefit men in the general population, especially those with high risk of developing cancer. Those with high-grade PIN in a prostate biopsy specimen, men with a family history of prostate cancer, and African-American men may gain additional benefits from chemopreventive measures.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Sakr WA, Haas GP, Cassin BF, et al. The frequency of carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the prostate in young male patients. J Urol 1993;150:379–385.
Smart CR. The results of prostate carcinoma screening in the US as reflected in the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program. Cancer 1997;80:1835–1844.
Eyre HJ. The American Cancer Society’s prostate cancer position (Editorial). CA Cancer J Clin 1997;47:259–260.
Mettlin CJ, Murphy GP, Babaian RJ, et al. Observations on the early detection of prostate cancer from the American Cancer Society National Cancer Detection Project. Cancer 1997;80:1814–1817.
Labrie F, Dupont A, Candas B, et al. Decrease of prostate cancer death by screening. First data from the Quebec prospective and randomized study. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1998;17:2A.
Smith DS, Humphry PA, Catalona WJ. The early detection of prostate carcinoma with prostate specific antigen. Cancer 1997;80:1852–1856.
Newcomer LM, Stanford LJ, Blumenstein BA, et al. Temporal trends in the rate of prostate cancer: declining incidence of advanced stage disease. J Urol 1997;158:1427–1430.
Reissigle A, Horninger W, Fink K, et al. Prostate carcinoma screening in the county of Tyrol, Austria: experience and results. Cancer 1997;80:1818–1829.
Lilja H. A kallikrein-like serine protease in prostatic fluid cleaves the predominant seminal vesicle protein. J Clin Invest 1985;76:1899–1903.
Lilja H, Laurell CB. Liquefaction of coagulated human semen. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1984;44:447–452.
Brawer M, Schifman R, Ahmann F, et al. The effect of digital rectal examination on serum levels of prostate-specific antigen.Arch Pathol Lab Med 1988;112:1110–1112.
Crawford ED, Schutz M, Drago J, et al. The effect of digital rectal examination on PSA. J Urol 1991;145:398A.
Ellis WJ, Brawer MK. The role of tumor markers in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. In Prostate Diseases. 1st ed. Lepor H, ed. Saunders, Philadelphia 1993, pp. 276–292.
Simak R, Madersbacher S, Zhang ZF, Maier U. The impact of ejaculation on serum prostate specific antigen. J Urol 1993;150:895–897.
Guess HA, Heyse JF, Gormley GJ, et al. Effect of finasteride on serum PSA concentration in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia: results from the North American Phase III Clinical Trial. Urol Clin North Am 1993;20:627–636.
Wener MH, Daum PR, Close B, Brawer MK. Method to method and lot to lot variation in assays for prostatic specific antigen. Am J Clin Pathol 1994;101:387–388.
Brawer MK, Daum P, Petteway JC, Wener MH. Assay variability in serum PSA determination. Prostate 1995;27:1–6.
Oesterling JE, Jacobsen SJ, Chute CG, et al. Serum PSA in a community-based population of healthy men: establishment of age-specific reference ranges. JAMA 1993;270:860–864.
Catalona WJ, Richie JP, Ahmann FR, et al. Comparison of digital rectal examination and serum prostate specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer: results of a multicenter clinical trial of 6630 men. J Urol 1994;151:1283–1290.
Littrup PJ, Kane RA, Mettlin CJ. Cost-effective prostate cancer detection. Cancer 1994;74:3146–3158.
Gann PH, Hennekens CH, Stumpfer MJ. A prospective evaluation of plasma prostate-specific antigen for detection of prostate cancer. JAMA 1995;273:289–294.
Gronberg H, Damber JE, Jonsson H, Lenner P. Patient age as a prognostic factor in prostate cancer. J Urol 1994;152:892–895.
De Antoni EP, Crawford ED, Stone NN, et al. Prostate cancer awareness week, summary of key findings. Clin Invest Med 1994;16:448–457.
Carter HB, Pearson JD, Metter EJ, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of prostate-specific antigen levels in men with and without prostate disease. JAMA 1992;267:2215–2220.
Stamey TA. Second Stanford Conference on international standardization of prostate-specific antigen immunoassays. Urology 1995;45:173–184.
Benson M, Whang I, Pantuck A, et al. Prostate specific antigen density: a means of distinguishing benign prostate hypertrophy and prostate cancer. J Urol 1992;147:815–816.
Brawer MK, Aramburu E, Chen G. The inability of prostate specific antigen index to enhance the predictive value of prostate specific antigen in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 1993;150:369–373.
Kalish J, Cooner WH, Graham SD Jr. Serum PSA adjusted for volume of transition zone (PSAT) is more accurate than PSA adjusted for total gland volume (PSAD) in detecting adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Urology 1994;43:601–606.
Djavan B, Zlotta AR, Byttebier G, et al. Prostate specific antigen density of the transition zone for early detection of prostate cancer. J Urol 1998;160:411–419.
Lin DW, Gold MH, Ransom S, et al. Transition zone PSA density. Lack of utility in prediction of prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 1998;160:77–82.
Stenman UH, Leinonen J, Afthan H, et al. A complex between prostate-specific antigen and alpha1-antichymotrypsin is the major form of prostate-specific antigen in the serum of patients with prostate cancer: assay of the complex improves clinical sensitivity for cancer. Cancer Res 1991;51:222–226.
Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Wolfert RL. Evaluation of percentage of serum prostate-specific antigen to improve specificity of prostate cancer screening. JAMA 1995;274:1214–1220.
Lilja H, Christensson A, Dahlen U. Prostate specific antigen in human serum occurs predominantly in complex with alpha1-antichymotrypsin. Clin Chem 1991;37:1618–1625.
Brawer MK, Meyer GE, Letran JE, et al. Measurement of complexed PSA improves specificity for early detection of prostate cancer. Urology 1998;52:372–378.
Smith MR, Biggar S, Hussain M. Prostate-specific antigen messenger RNA is expressed in non-prostate cells: implication for detection of micrometastasis. Cancer Res 1995;55:2640–2644.
Feigl P, Blumenstein B, Thompson I, et al. Design of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT). Control Clin Trials 1995;16:150–163.
Gann PH, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ. A prospective evaluation of plasma prostate specific antigen for detection of prostatic cancer. JAMA 1995;273:1309–1315.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Akduman, B., Errejon, A., Crawford, E.D. (2005). Use of PSA to Evaluate Risk and Progression of Prostate Cancer. In: Kelloff, G.J., Hawk, E.T., Sigman, C.C. (eds) Cancer Chemoprevention. Cancer Drug Discovery and Development. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-768-0_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-768-0_16
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-077-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-768-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)