Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Infectious Disease ((ID))

  • 138 Accesses

Abstract

There are three families of ticks recognized in the world today:

  1. 1.

    Ixodidae (hard ticks).

  2. 2.

    Argasidae (soft ticks).

  3. 3.

    Nuttalliellidae (a small, curious, little-known group with some characteristics of both hard and soft ticks).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Schriefer ME, Azad AF. Changing ecology of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. In: Sonenshine DE, Mather TN, eds. Ecological Dynamics of Tickborne Zoonoses. Oxford University Press, New York, 1994, p. 317.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Goddard J, Norment BR. Spotted fever group rickettsiae in the lone star tick. J Med Entomol 1986; 23: 465–472.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Benenson AS. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual, 16th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, 1995, p. 372.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Goddard J, Norment BR. Ticks of Mississippi. Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bull. No. 935, Mississippi State University, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Goddard J. Ticks and tick-borne diseases affecting military personnel. US Air Force, USAFSAM-SR-89–2, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Spach DH, Liles WC, Campbell GL, Quick RE, Anderson DE, Fritsche TR. Tick-borne diseases in the U.S. NEJM 329: 936–947.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Walker DH, Dumler JS. Emergence of the ehrlichioses as human health problems. Emerging Infect. Dis 1996; 2: 18–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Maeda K, Markowitz N, Hawley RC, Ristic M, Cox D, McDade JE. Human infection with Ehrlichia canis, a leukocytic rickettsia. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 853–856.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Dumler JS, Bakken JS. Ehrlichial diseases of humans: emerging tick-borne infections. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 1102–1110.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Dumler JS, Chen SM, Asanovich K, Trigiani E, Popov VL, Walker DH. Isolation and characterization of a new strain of Ehrlichia chaffeensis from a patient with nearly fatal monocytic ehrlichiosis, J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 1704–1711.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Walker DH. Emerging human ehrlichioses: recently recognized, widely distributed, life-threatening, tick-borne diseases. In: Scheld WM, Armstrong D, Hughes JM, eds.Emerging Infections. ASM, Washingon, DC, 1998, Chapter 6.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Goddard J. Physician’s Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance, 2nd ed. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Unpublished data, US Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Epidemiology Services Branch, Brooks AFB, TX, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Scully RE, Mark EJ, McNeely WF, McNeely BU Patient with concurrent Lyme disease and babesiosis (case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital). N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 194–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. CDC. Provisional cases of selected notifiable diseases, United States. MMWR 1999; 47: 1121.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Steere AC, Malawista SE, Snydman DR, et al. Lyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three Connecticut communities. Arthritis Rheum 1977; 20: 7–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Burgdorfer W, Barbour AG, Hayes SF, Grunwaldt E, Davis JP: Lyme disease-A tick-borne spirochetosis? Science 1982; 216: 1317–1319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Steere AC, Grodzicki RL, Kornblatt AN, et al. The spirochetal etiology of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 733–740.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Spielman A, Clifford CM, Piesman J, Corwin MD: Human babesiosis on Nantucket island, USA: Description of the vector, Ixodes dammini N.SP. J Med Entomol 1979; 15: 218–234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Oliver JH, Owsley MR, Hutcheson HJ, et al. Conspecificity of the ticks Ixodes scapularis and I. dammini. J Med Entomol 1993; 30: 54–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Keirans JE, Hutcheson HJ, Durden LA, Klompen JSH. Ixodes scapularis: Redescription of all active stages, distribution, hosts, geographical distribution, and medical and veterinary importance. J Med Entomol 1996; 33: 297–318.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Rahn DW, Malawista SE. Lyme disease: Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 472–481.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Magnarelli LA: Current status of laboratory diagnosis for Lyme disease. Am J Med 1995; 98 (suppl 4A): 10s - 14s.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Masters EJ, Donnell D, Fobbs M. Missouri Lyme disease: 1989 through 1992. J Spiro Tick-borne Dis 1994; 1: 12, 13.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Barbour AG, Maupin GO, Teltow GJ, Carter CJ, Piesman J. Identification of an uncultivable Borrelia species in the hard tick Amblyomma americanum: Possible agent of a Lyme disease-like illness. J Infect Dis 1996; 173: 403–409.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Markowitz LE, Hynes NA, de la Cruz P, et al. Tick-borne tularemia. JAMA 1985; 254: 2922–2925.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Haake DA: Tularemia. In: Rakel RE, ed. Conri s Current Therapy. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1997: 166–168.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Infections in Medicine. 1998;15:307.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Francis E, Mayne B. The occurrence of tularemia in nature as a disease of man. Public Health Rep 1921; 36: 1731–1738.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Hopla CE. The ecology of tularemia. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 1974; 18: 2553.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Parker RR, Spencer RR, Francis E: Tularemia infection in ticks of the species Dermacentor andersoni in the Bitteroot Valley, Montana. Public Health Rep 1924; 39: 1052–1073.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Hopla CE. The transmission of tularemia organisms by ticks in the southern states. S Med J 1960; 53: 92–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cross JT. Tularemia in the United States. Infect Med 1997; 14: 881–890.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Enderlin G, Morales L, Jacobs RF, Cross JT. Streptomycin and alternative agents for the treatment of tularemia: review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19: 42–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Gorenflot A, Moubri K, Precigout E, Carcy B, Schetters TP. Human babesiosis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1998; 92: 489–501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Markell EK, Voge M, John DT. Medical Parasitology, 7th ed. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  37. CDC. Babesiosis-Connecticut. MMWR 38, 649, 650.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Spielman A, Wilson ML, Levine JF, Piesman J. Ecology of Ixodes dammini-borne human babesiosis and Lyme disease. Ann Rev Entomol 1985; 30: 439–460.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Clark IA, Jacobson LS. Do babesiosis and malaria share a common disease process? Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1998; 92: 483–488.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Thomford JW, Conrad PA, Telford SR III, et al. Cultivation and phylogenetic characterization of a newly recognized human pathogenic protozoan. J Infect Dis 1994; 169: 1050–1056.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Monath TM, Johnson KM. Diseases transmitted primarily by arthropod vectors. In: Last JM, Wallace RB, eds. Public Health and Preventive Medicine, 13th ed. Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, CT, 1992, pp. 223, 224.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Gresikova M, Calisher CH. Tick-borne encephalitis. In: Monath TP, ed. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, vol. IV. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989, pp. 177–202.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Goddard J. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases Affecting Military Personnel. U.S. Air Force, School of Aerospace Medicine, San Antonio, TX, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Nuttall PA, Labuda M. Tick-borne encephalitis subgroup. In: Sonenshine DE, Mather TN, eds. Ecological Dynamics of Tick-borne Zoonoses. Oxford University Press, New York, 1994, pp. 351–391.

    Google Scholar 

  45. US Army Publication, USACHPPM Today, April 1999: 24, 25

    Google Scholar 

  46. Emmons RW. Colorado tick fever. In: Steel JH, ed. Viral Zoonoses, vol. I. Boca Raton, FL, CRC 1979, pp. 113–124.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Telford SR III, Armstrong PM, Katavolos P, et al. A new tick-borne encephalitis-like virus infecting New England deer ticks, Ixodes dammini. J Infect Dis 1997; 3: 165–170.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Varma MGR. Ticks and mites. In: Lane RP, Crosskey RW, eds. Medical Insects and Arachnids. Chapman and Hall, London, 1993, pp. 597–658.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  49. Thompson RS, Burgdorfer W, Russell R, Francis BJ. Outbreak of tick-borne relapsing fever in Spokane County, Washington. JAMA 1969; 210: 1045–1049.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. CDC. Outbreak of relapsing fever-Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, 1990. MMWR 40, 296, 297.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Trevejo RT, Schriefer ME, Gage KL, et al: An interstate outbreak of tick-borne relapsing fever among vacationers at a Rocky Mountain cabin. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998; 58: 743–747.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. CDC. Common source outbreak of relapsing fever-California. MMWR 39, 579.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Cadavid D, Barbour AG. Neuroborreliosis during relapsing fever: review of the clinical manifestations, pathology, and treatment of infections in humans and experimental animals. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 151–164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Jongen VH, van Roosmalen J, Tiems J, Van Holten J, Wetsteyn JC. Tick-borne relapsing fever and pregnancy outcome in rural Tanzania. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; 76: 834–838.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Evans TG, Kurrus JA, Magarian S. Non-seasonal relapsing fever in Utah. Clin Microbiol News 1992; 14: 111, 112.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Kocan AA: Tick paralysis. JAVMA 1988; 192: 1498–1500.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Gregson JD. Tick paralysis: an appraisal of natural and experimental data. Canada Deptartment Agriculture Monograph No. 9, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Schmitt N, Bowmer EJ, Gregson JD. Tick paralysis in British Columbia. Cana Med Assoc J 1969; 100: 417–421.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Alexander JO. Arthropods and Human Skin. Springer-Verlag, Berlin,1984.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Stanbury JB, Huyck JH. Tick paralysis: a critical review. Medicine 1945; 24: 219–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Gothe R, Kunze K, Hoogstraal H. The mechanisms of pathogenicity in the tick paralysis. J Med Entomol 1979; 16: 357–369.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Kaire GH. Isolation of tick paralysis toxin from Ixodes holocyclus. Toxicon 1966; 4: 91–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Goddard, J. (2000). Tick-Borne Diseases. In: Infectious Diseases and Arthropods. Infectious Disease. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-721-5_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-721-5_4

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-5461-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-721-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics