Abstract
The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, followed shortly thereafter by the dissemination of anthrax through the U.S. mail, has drawn considerable attention in both the medical and lay communities to the risks of bioterrorism. The word anthrax has caused hysteria in the minds of many Americans in recent months, as evidenced by the many hoaxes and false alarms dealt with by fire departments and other authorities. Anthrax remains a leading bioterrorism threat to military troops engaged in combat, as well as to civilian populations targeted by terrorists.
The opinions and assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as representing the opinion of the Department of the Army, the Department of the Air Force, or the Department of Defense.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Friedlander AM. Anthrax. In: Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR, eds. Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Borden Institute, Washington, DC, 1997, pp. 467–478.
WuDunn S, Miller J, Broad W. How Japan germ terror alerted the world. New York Times May 26, 1998;A1,6.
Carus SW. Bioterrorism and Biocrimes: The Illicit Use of Biological Agents in the 20th Century. Center for Counterproliferation Research, National Defense University, Washington, DC, 1998.
Manchee RJ, Stewart WD. The decontamination of Gruinard Island. Chem Br 1988 July:690–691.
Monterey Institute for International Studies (chemical and biological weapons resource page). Chemical and Biological Weapons. Monterey Institute for International Studies, Monterey, CA, 2001.
Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hugh-Jones M, et al. The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979. Science 1994;266:1202–1208
Inglesby TV, O’Toole T, Henderson DA, et al. Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002 updated recommendations for management. JAMA 2002;288:2236–2252.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax Connecticut, 2001. MMWR 2001;50:1077–1079.
Bartlett JG, Inglesby TV, Borio L. Management of anthrax. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:851–859.
Office of Technology Assessment, US Congress. Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1993, pp. 53–55. Publication OTA-ISC-559.
Keppie J, Harris-Smith PW, Smith H. The chemical basis of the virulence of Bacillus anthracis, IX: Its aggressins and their mode of action. Br J Exp Pathol 1963;44:446–453.
Inglesby, et al. Anthrax as a biological weapon. Medical and public health management. JAMA 1999;281:1735–1745.
Brachman P, Friedlander A. Anthrax. In: Plotkin S, Orenstein W, eds. Vaccines, 3rd ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1999, pp. 629–637.
Titball RW, Turnbull PC, Hutson RA. The monitoring and detection of Bacillus anthracis in the environment. J Appl Bacteriol. 1991;70(suppl):9S-18S.
Friedlander AM, Welkos SL, Pitt MLM, et al. Postexposure prophylaxis against inhalational anthrax. J Infect Dis 1993;167:1239–1242.
Dixon TC, Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hanna PC. Anthrax. N Engl J Med 1999;341:815–826.
Henderson DW, Peacock S, Belton FC. Observations on the prophylaxis of experimental pulmonary anthrax in the monkey. J Hyg 1956;54:28–36.
Brachman PS. Inhalational anthrax. Ann NY Acad Sci 1980;353:83–93.
Freedman A, Afonja O, Chang WU, et al. Cutaneous anthrax associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and coagulopathy in a 7-month-old infant. JAMA 2002;287:869–874
Lew D. Bacillus anthracis (anthrax). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolan R, eds. Principles and Practices of Infectious Disease. Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1995, pp. 1885–1889.
Amramova FA, Grinberg LM, Yampolskaya O, Walker DH. Pathology of inhalational anthrax in 42 cases from the Sverdlovsk outbreak in 1979. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:2291–2294.
Ross JM. The pathogenesis of anthrax following the administration of spores by the respiratory route. J Pathol Bacteriol 1957;73:485–495.
Dalldorf F, Kaufmann AF, Brachman PS. Woolsorter’s disease. Arch Pathol 1971;92:418–426.
Jernigan JA, Stephens DS, Ashford DA, et al. Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:933–944.
Barakat LA, Quentzel HL, Jernigan JA, et al. Fatal inhalational anthrax in a 94-year-old Connecticut woman. JAMA 2002;287:863–868.
Dahlgren CM, Buchanan LM, Decker HM, et al. Bacillus anthracis aerosols in goat hair processing mills. Am J Hyg 1960;72:24–31.
Borio L, Frank D, Mani V, et al. Death due to bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: report of two patients. JAMA 2001;286:2554–2559.
Defense Intelligence Agency. Soviet Biological Warfare Threat. Publication DST-1610E-057–86. US Department of Defense, Washington, DC, 1986.
Peters CJ, Hartley DM. Anthrax inhalation and lethal human infection. Lancet 2002;359:710–711.
Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for clinical evaluation of persons with possible anthrax. MMWR 2001;50:941–948.
Kuehnert MJ, Doyle TJ, Hill HA, et al. Clinical features that discriminate inhalational anthrax from other acute respiratory illnesses. CID 2003;36:328–336.
Grinberg LM, Abramova FA, Yampolskaya OV, et al. Quantitative pathology of inhalational anthrax I: Quantitative microscopic findings. Mod Pathol 2001;14:482–495.
Bush LM, Abrams BH, Beall A, Johnson CC. Index case of fatal inhalational anthrax due to bioterrorism in the United States. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1607–1610.
Stepanov AV, Marinin LI, Pomerantsev AV, Staritsin NA. Development of novel vaccines against anthrax in man. J Biotechnol 1966;44:155–160.
Lincoln R, Klein F, Walker J, et al. Successful treatment of monkeys for septicemic anthrax. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1964. American Society for Microbiology; 1965, pp. 759–763.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for exposure management and antimicrobial therapy. MMWR 2001;50:909–919.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for clinical evaluation of persons with possible anthrax. MMWR 2001;50:941–948.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Additional options for preventive treatment for exposed persons to inhalational anthrax. JAMA 2002;287:579.
Brookmeyer R, Blades N, Hugh-Jones M, Henderson D. The statistical analysis of truncated data: application to the Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak. Biostatistics. 2001;2:233–247.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Human anthrax associated with an epizootic among livestock North Dakota, 2000. MMWR 2001;50:677–680.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Evaluation of postexposure antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent anthrax. MMWR 2002;51:59.
Hail AS, Rossi CA, Ludwig GW, et al. Comparison of noninvasive sampling sites for early detection of Bacillus anthracis spores from rhesus monkeys after aerosol challenge. Mil Med 1991 164:833–837.
Borio L, Frank D, Mani V, et al. Death due to bioterrorism-related anthrax. JAMA 2001;286:2554–2559.
American Hospital Formulary Service. AHFS Drug Information. American Society of Health System Pharmacists, Bethesda, MD, 1996.
Office of the Surgeon General, United States Army, Falls Church, VA. http://www.anthrax.osd.mil.
Surveillance for adverse events associated with anthrax vaccination. MMWR 2000;49:341–345.
Hsu SS. Cost of anthrax cleanup on Hill to top $23 million, EPA says. Washington Post, March 7, 2002:A7.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Durning, S.J., Roy, M.J. (2004). Anthrax. In: Roy, M.J. (eds) Physician’s Guide to Terrorist Attack. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-663-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-663-8_5
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-9814-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-663-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive