Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Neurotransmitter Transporters pp 151–169Cite as

Sodium-Coupled GABA and Glutamate Transporters

Structure and Function

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Contemporary Neuroscience ((CNEURO))

Abstract

Sodium-coupled neurotransmitter transporters, located in the plasma membrane of nerve terminals and glial processes, serve to keep the extracellular transmitter levels below those which are neurotoxic. Moreover, they help, in conjunction with diffusion, to terminate its action in synaptic transmission. Such a termination mechanism operates with most transmitters, including γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), l-glutamate, glycine, dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Another termination mechanism is observed with cholinergic transmission. After dissociation from its receptor, acetylcholine is hydrolyzed into choline and acetate. The choline moiety is then recovered by sodium-dependent transport as described. Since the concentration of the transmitters in the nerve terminals is typically as much as four orders of multitude higher than in the cleft, energy input is required. The transporters that are located in the plasma membranes of nerve endings and glial cells obtain this energy by coupling the flow of neurotransmitters to that of sodium. The (Na+ + K+)-ATPase generates an inwardly-directed electrochemical sodium gradient that is utilized by the transporters to drive uphill transport of the neurotransmitters (reviewed in refs. 30–32). Neurotransmitter uptake systems have been investigated in detail by using plasma membranes obtained on osmotic shock of synaptosomes. It appears that these transporters are coupled not only to sodium, but also to additional ions like potassium or chloride (Table 1).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Amara, S. G. and Kuhar, M. J. Neurotransmitter transporters: recent progress. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 16 (1993) 73–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Arriza, J. L., Fairman, W. A., Wadiche, J. I., Murdoch, G. H., Kavanaugh, M. P., and Amara, S. G. Functional comparisons of three glutamate transporter subtypes cloned from human motor cortex. J. Neurosci. 14 (1994) 5559–5569.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Arriza, J. L., Kavanaugh, M. P., Fairman, W. A., Wu, Y.- N., Murdoch, G. H., North, R. A., and Amara, S. G. Cloning and expression of a human neutral amino acid transporter with structural similarity to the glutamate transporter gene family. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 15329–15332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Barbour, B., Brew, H., and Atwell, D. Electrogenic glutamate uptake in glial cells is activated by intracellular potassium. Nature 335 (1988) 433–435.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Barbour, B., Szatkowski, M., Ingledew, N., and Atwell, D., Arachidonic acid induces a prolonged inhibition of glutamate in glial cells. Nature 342 (1989) 918–920.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bendahan, A. and Kanner, B. I. Identification of domains of a cloned rat brain GABA transporter which are not required for its functional expression. FEES Lett. 318 (1993) 41–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Blakely, R. D., Benson, H. E., Fremeau, R. T., Jr., Caron, M. G., Peek, M. M., Prince, H. K., and Bradley, C. C. Cloning and expression of a functional serotonin transporter from rat brain. Nature 353 (1991) 66–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Borden, L. A., Smith, K. E., Hartig, P. R., Branchek, T. A., and Weinshank, R. L. Molecular heterogeneity of the GABA transport system. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 21098–21104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bouvier, M., Szatkowski, M., Amato, A., and Atwell, D. The glial cell glutamate uptake carrier countertransports pH-changing anions. Nature 360 (1992) 471–484.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Brew, H. and Atwell, D. Electrogenic glutamate uptake is a major current carrier in the membrane of axolotl retinal glial cells. Nature 327 (1987) 707–709.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Casado, M., Bendahan, A., Zafra, F., Danbolt, N. C., Aragon, C., Gimenez, C., and Kanner, B. I. Phosphorylation and modulation of brain glutamate transporters by protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 27313–27317.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Casado, M., Zafra, F., Aragon, C., and Gimenez, C. Activation of high-affinity uptake of glutamate by phorbol esters in primary glial cell cultures. J. Neurochem. 57 (1991) 1185–1190.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Clark, J. A., Deutch, A. Y., Gallipoli, P. Z., and Amara, S. G. Functional expression and CNS distribution of a 13-alanine-sensitive neuronal GABA transporter. Neuron 9 (1992) 337–348.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Corey, J. L., Davidson, N., Lester, H. A., Brecha, N., and Quick, M. W. Protein kinase C modulates the activity of a cloned y-aminobutyric acid transporter expressed in Xenopus oocytes via a regulated subcellular redistribution of the transporter. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 14,759–14,767.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Danbolt, N. C., Pines, G., and Kanner, B. I. Purification and reconstitution of the sodium-and potassium-coupled glutamate transport glycoprotein from rat brain. Biochemistry 29 (1990) 6734–6740.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Danbolt, N. C., Storm-Mathisen, J., and Kanner, B. I. An [Na+ + K+] coupled L-transporter purified from rat brain is located in glial cell processes. Neuroscience 51 (1992) 295–310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Erecinska, M., Wantorsky, D., and Wilson, D. F. Aspartate transport in synaptosomes from rat brain. J. Biol. Chem. 258 (1983) 9069–9077.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Fairman, W. A., Vandenberg, R. J., Arriza, J. L., Kavanaugh, M. P., and Amara, S. G. An excitatory amino-acid transporter with properties of a ligand-gated chloride channel. Nature 375 (1995) 599–603.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Fremeau, R. T., Jr., Caron, M. G., and Blakely, R. D. Molecular cloning and expression of a high affinity /-proline transporter expressed in putative glutamatergic pathways of rat brain. Neuron 8 (1992) 915–926.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Graham, D., Esnaud, H., and Langer, S. Z. Partial purification and characterization of the sodium-ion-coupled 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter of rat cerebral cortex. Biochem. J. 286 (1992) 801–805.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Grunewald, M. and Kanner, B. I. Conformational changes monitored on the glutamate transporter GLT-1 indicate the existence of two neurotransitter bound states. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 17,017–17,024.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Guastella, J., Brecha, N., Weigmann, C., and Lester, H. A. Cloning, expression, and localization of a rat brain high affinity glycine transporter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1992) 7189–7193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Guastella, J., Nelson, N., Nelson, H., Czyzyk, L., Keynan, S., Miedel, M. C., Davidson, N., Lester, H., and Kanner, B. I. Cloning and expression of a rat brain GABA transporter. Science 249 (1990) 1303–1306.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Guimbal, C. and Kilimann, M. W. A Na+-dependent creatine transporter in rabbit brain, muscle, heart and kidney. cDNA cloning and functional expression. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 8418–8421.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hees, B., Danbolt, N. C., Kanner, B. I., Haase, W., Heitmann, K., and Koepsell, H. A monoclonal antibody against a Na+-L-glutamate cotransporter from rat brain. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 23,275–23,281.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Hoffman, B. J., Mezey, E., and Brownstein, M. J. Cloning of a serotonin transporter affected by antidepressants. Science 254 (1991) 579–580.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Jiang, J., Gu, B., Albright, L. M., and Nixon, B. T. Conservation between coding and regulatory elements of Rhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium leguminosarum dct genes. J. Bacteriol. 171 (1989) 5244–5253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Johnston, G. A. R. In: Roberts, P. J., Storm-Mathisen, J., and Johnston, G. A. R. (eds.), Glutamate: Transmitter in the Central Nervous System, Wiley, Chichester, UK (1981) pp. 77–87.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Kanai, Y. and Hediger, M. A. Primary structure and functional characterization of a high affinity glutamate transporter. Nature 360 (1992) 467–471.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kanner, B. I. Bioenergetics of neurotransmitter transport. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 726 (1983) 293–316.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kanner, B. I. Ion-coupled neurotransmitter transport. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1 (1989) 735–738.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kanner, B. I. and Schuldiner, S. Mechanism of transport and storage of neurotransmitters. CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 22 (1987) 1–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kanner, B. I. and Bendahan, A. Binding order of substrates to the sodium and potassium ion coupled L-glutamate transporter from rat brain. Biochemistry 21 (1982) 6327–6330.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kanner, B. I., Bendahan, A., Pantanowitz, S., and Su, H. The number of amino acid residues in hydrophillic loops connecting transmembrane domains of the GABA transporter GAT-1 is critical for its function. FEBS Lett. 356 (1994)192–194.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Kanner, B. I. and Sharon, I. Active transport of L-glutamate by membrane vesicles isolated from rat brain. Biochemistry 17 (1978) 3949–3953.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kavanaugh, M. P., Arriza, J. L., North, R. A., and Amara, S. G. Electrogenic uptake of y-aminobutyric acid by a cloned transporter expressed in oocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 22007–22009.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kerkerian, L., Dusticier, N., and Nieoullon, A. Modulatory effect of dopamine on high-affinity glutamate uptake in the rat striatum. J. Neurochem. 48 (1987) 1301–1306.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Keshet, G. I., Bendahan, A., Su, H., Mager, S., Lester, H. A., and Kanner, B. I. Glutamate 101 is critical for the function of the sodium and chloride-coupled GABA transporter GAT-1. FEBS Lett. 371 (1995) 39–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Keynan, S. and Kanner, B. I. Gamma-aminobutyric acid transport in reconstituted preparations from rat brain: coupled sodium and chloride fluxes. Biochemistry 27 (1988) 12–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kilty, J. E., Lorang, D., and Amara, S. G. Cloning and expression of a cocaine-sensitive rat dopamine transporter. Science 254 (1991) 578–579.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kitayama, S., Shimada, S., Xu, H., Markham, L., Donovan, D. M., and Uhl, G. R. Dopamine transporter site-directed mutations differentially alter substrate transport and cocaine binding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1992) 7782–7785.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Kleinberger-Doron, N. and Kanner, B. I. Identification of tryptophan residues critical for the function and targeting of the y-aminobutyric acid transporter (subtype A). J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 3063–3067.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Launay, J. M., Geoffroy, C., Mutel, V., Buckle, M., Cesura, A., Alouf, J. E., and Da-Prada, M. One-step purification of the serotonin transporter located at the human platelet plasma membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 11344–11351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Lehre, K. P., Levy, L. M., Ottersen, O. P., Storm-Mathisen, J., and Danbolt, N. C. Differential expression of two glial glutamate transporters in the rat brain: quantitative and immunocytochemical observations. J. Neurosci. 15 (1995) 1835–1853.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Liu, Q. R., Lopez-Corcuera, B., Mandiyan, S., Nelson, H., and Nelson, N. Molecular characterization of four pharmacology distinct y-amino-butyric acid transporters in mouse brain. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 2104–2112.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Liu, Q. R., Lopez-Corcuera, B., Mandiyan, S., Nelson, H., and Nelson, N. A rat brain cDNA encoding the neurotransmitter transporter with an unusual structure. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 22802–22808.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Liu, Q. R., Lopez-Corcuera, B., Nelson, H., Mandiyan, S., and Nelson, N. Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding the transporter of taurine and 3-alanine in mouse brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1992) 12145–12149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Liu, Q. R., Nelson, H., Mandiyan, S., Lopez-Corcuera, B., and Nelson, N. Cloning and expression of a glycine transporter from mouse brain. FEBS Lett. 305 (1992) 110–114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Lopez-Corcuera, B., Liu, Q. R., Mandiyan, S., Nelson, H., and Nelson, N. Expression of a mouse brain cDNA encoding novel 7-amino-butyric acid transporter. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 17491–17493.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Lopez-Corcuera, B., Vazquez, J., and Aragon, C. Purification of the sodium-and chloride-coupled glycine transporter from central nervous system. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) 24809–24814.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Mabjeesh, N. J. and Kanner, B. I. Neither amino nor carboxyl termini are required for function of the sodium-and chloride-coupled gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter from rat brain. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 2563–2568.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Mabjeesh, N. J. and Kanner, B. I. The substrates of a sodium-and chloride-coupled y-aminobutyric acid transporter protect multiple sites throughout the protein against proteolytic cleavage. Biochemistry 32 (1993) 8540–8546.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Mager, S., Min, C., Henry, D. J., Chavkin, L., Hoffman, B. J., Davidson, N., and Lester, H. A. Conducting states of a mammalian serotonin transporter. Neuron 12 (1994) 845–859.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Mager, S. J., Naeve, J., Quick, M., Guastella, J., Davidson, N., and Lester, H. A. Steady states, charge movements, and rates for a cloned GABA transporter expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Neuron 10 (1993) 177–188.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Mayser, W., Schloss, P., and Betz, H. Primary structure and functional expression of a choline transporter expressed in the rat nervous system. FEBS Lett. 305 (1992) 31–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. McBean, G. J. and Roberts, P. J. Neurotoxicity of glutamate and DL-threohydroxyaspartate in the rat striatum. J. Neurochem. 44 (1985) 247–254.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Nieoullon, A., Kerkerian, L., and Dusticier, N. Presynaptic dopaminergic control of high affinity glutamate uptake in the striatum. Neurosci. Lett. 43 (1983) 191–196.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Osawa, I., Saito, N., Koga, T., and Tanaka, C. Phorbol ester-induced inhibition of GABA uptake by synaptosomes and by Xenopus oocytes expressing GABA transporter (GAT1). Neurosci. Res. 19 (1994) 287–293.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Pacholczyk, T., Blakely, R. D., and Amara, S. G. Expression cloning of a cocaine-and antidepressant-sensitive human noradrenaline transporter. Nature 350 (1991) 350–353.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Pantanowitz, S., Bendahan, A., and Kanner, B. I. Only one of the charged amino acids located in the transmembrane a-helices of the y-aminobutyric acid transporter (subtype A) is essential for its activity. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 3222–3225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Pines, G., Danbolt, N. C., Bjoras, M., Zhang, Y., Bendahan, A., Eide, L., Koepsell, H., Storm-Mathisen, J., Seeberg, E., and Kanner, B. I. Cloning and expression of a rat brain L-glutamate transporter. Nature 360 (1992) 464–467.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Pines, G. and Kanner, B. I. Counterflow of L-glutamate in plasma membrane vesicles and reconstituted preparations from rat brain. Biochemistry 29 (1990) 11209–11214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Pines, G., Zhang, Y., and Kanner, B. I. Glutamate 404 is involved in the substrate discrimination of GLT-1, a (Na+ + K+)-coupled glutamate transporter from rat brain. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 17,093–17,097.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Radian, R., Bendahan, A., and Kanner, B. I. Purification and identification of the functional sodium-and chloride-coupled gamma-aminobutyric acid transport glycoprotein from rat brain. J. Biol. Chem. 261 (1986) 15437–15441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Radian, R., Ottersen, O. L., Storm-Mathisen, J., Castel, M., and Kanner, B. I. Immunocytochemical localization of the GABA transporter in rat brain. J. Neurosci. 10 (1990) 1319–1330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Rhoads, D. E., Ockner, B. K., Peterson, N. A., and Raghupathy, E. Modulation of membrane transport by free fatty acids: inhibition of synaptosomal sodium-dependent amino acid uptake. Biochemistry 22 (1983) 1965–1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Rothstein, J. D., Martin, L., Levey, A. I., Dykes-Hoberg, M., Jun, L., Wu, D., Nash, N., and Kuncl, R. W. Localization of neuronal and glial glutamate transporters. Neuron 13 (1994) 713–725.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Schloss, P., Mayser, W., and Betz, H. Neurotransmitter transporters. A novel family of integral plasma membrane proteins. FEBS Lett. 307 (1992) 76–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Shafqat, S., Tamarappoo, B. K., Kilberg, M. S., Puranam, R. S., McNamara, J. O., Guadarro-Ferraz, A., and Fremeau, R. T. Cloning and expression of a novel Nat-dependent neutral amino acid transporter structurally related to mammalian Na/glutamate cotransporters. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 15,351–15,355.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Shimada, S., Kitayama, S., Lin, C. L., Patel, A., Nanthakumar, E., Gregor, P., Kuhar, M., and Uhl, G. Cloning and expression of a cocaine-sensitive dopamine transporter complementary DNA. Science 254 (1991) 576–578.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Smith, K. E., Borden, L. A., Hartig, P. A., Branchek, T., and Weinshank, R. L. Cloning and expression of a glycine transporter reveal colocalization with NMDA receptors. Neuron 8 (1992) 927–935.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Stallcup, W. B., Bullock, K., and Baetge, E. E. Coupled transport of glutamate and sodium in a cerebellar nerve cell line. J. Neurochem. 32 (1979) 57–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Storck, T., Schulte, S., Hofmann, K., and Stoffel, W. Structure, expression, and functional analysis of a Nat-dependent glutamate/aspartate transporter from rat brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1992) 10955–10959.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Sussman, J. L. and Silman, I. Acetylcholinesterase: structure and use as a model for specific cation-protein interactions. Curr. Opin. Struc. Biol. 2 (1992) 721–729.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Tolner, B., Poolman, B., Wallace, B., and Konings, W. N. Revised nucleotide sequence of the gltP gene, which encodes the proton-glutamate-aspartate transport protein of Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol 174 (1992) 2391–2393.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Trotti, D., Volterra, A., Lehre, K. P., Rossi, D., Gjesdal, O., Racagni, G., and Danbolt, N. C. Arachidonic acid inhibits a purified and reconstituted glutamate transporter directly from the water phase and not via the phosholipid membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 9890–9895.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Uchida, S., Kwon, H. M., Yamauchi, A., Preston, A. S., Marumo, F., and Handler, J. S. Molecular cloning of the cDNA for an MDCK cell Na+- and Cl−-dependent taurine transporter that is regulated by hypertonicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1992) 8230–8234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Uhl, G. R. Neurotransmitter transporters (plus): A promising new gene family. Trends Neurosci. 15 (1992) 265–268.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Usdin, T. B., Mezey, E., Chen, C., Brownstein, M. J., and Hoffman, B. J. Cloning of the cocaine-sensitive bovine dopamine transporter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991) 11168–11171.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Wadiche, J. I., Arriza, J. L., Amara, S. G., and Kavanaugh, M. P. Kinetics of a human glutamate transporter. Neuron 14 (1995) 1019–1027.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Vandenberg, R. J., Arriza, J. L., Amara, S. G., and Kavanaugh, M. P. Constitutive ion fluxes and substrate binding domains of human glutamate transporters. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 17668–17671.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Wadiche, J. I., Amara, S. G., and Kavanaugh, M. P. Ion fluxes associated with excitatory amino acid transport. Neuron 15 (1995) 721–728.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Yamauchi, A., Uchida, S., Kwon, H. M., Preston, A. S., Robey, R. B., Garcia-Perez, A., Burg, M. B., and Handler, J. S. Cloning of a Na+- and Cl−-dependent betaine transporter that is regulated by hypertonicity. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 649–652.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Zafra, F., Alcantara, R., Gomeza, J., Aragon, C., and Gimenez, E. Arachidonic acid inhibits glycine transport in cultured glial cells. Biochem. J. 271 (1990) 237–242.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Zerangue, N., Arriza, J. L., Amara, S. G., and Kavanaugh, M. P. Differential modulation of human glutamate transporter subtypes by arachidonic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 6433–6435.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Zhang, Y., Pines, G., and Kanner, B. I. Histidine 326 is critical for the function of GLT-1, a (Na+ + K+)-coupled glutamate transporter from rat brain. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 19573–19577.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Baruch I. Kanner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Peoria, IL, USA

    Maarten E. A. Reith

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kanner, B.I. (1997). Sodium-Coupled GABA and Glutamate Transporters. In: Reith, M.E.A. (eds) Neurotransmitter Transporters. Contemporary Neuroscience. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-470-2_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-470-2_5

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-5980-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-470-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation