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Neurotherapeutics pp 133–166Cite as

Acute and Chronic Disease

Neurological Manifestations

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Part of the book series: Contemporary Neuroscience ((CNEURO))

Abstract

Infections, injury (burns, trauma), toxins, acute and chronic inflammatory processes, immunological reactions, malignancy, and necrosis stimulate the synthesis and release of immunomodulators and growth factors that participate in cell-to-cell communication in various cell systems (Dinarello, 1992; Plata-Salamán, 1991c). The pathophysiological processes are accompanied by clinical manifestations associated with immunologic, endocrinologic, metabolic, and neurologic responses. Immunotherapy in humans (for viral diseases, cancer, or autoimmune processes) is also frequently accompanied by clinical manifestations. Experimental and clinical evidence indicates that peripheral and/or central target site monitoring of immunomodulators with either stimulating or inhibiting activities on immune system functions—contributes to the signals inducing neurological manifestations. The neurological manifestations induced by immunomodulators include food-intake suppression (PlataSalamán, 1993), fever (Lipton and Catania, 1993), sleep changes (Krueger et al., 1993), and neuroendocrine alterations (Rivier, 1993). In fact, immunomodulators (interleukins, interferons, chemokines/intercrines, and tumor necrosis factors) administered into the brain (in the nanogram range) or peripherally (in the microgram range or during immunotherapy) induce neurological manifestations that resemble those observed during disease (see Section 2.). These immunomodulator-induced neurological manifestations can be blocked with the appropriate antagonists, supporting a role during pathophysiological processes. Food-intake suppression is one of the most consistent effects induced by the exogenous administration of immunomodulators (Plata-Salamán, 1989b, 1991c). Food-intake suppression also represents one of the most consistent neurological manifestations observed during acute and chronic pathophysiological processes or during immunotherapy in humans (Kaplan et al., 1990; Meyers et al., 1991a, 1991 b). This chapter provides an integrative description of food-intake suppression induced by immunomodulators, and potential pharmacological interventions.

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  1. Department of Pharmacology, Zeneca Pharmaceuticals Group, Wilmington, DE, USA

    Linda M. Pullan  & Jitendra Patel  & 

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© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York

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Plata-Salamán, C.R. (1996). Acute and Chronic Disease. In: Pullan, L.M., Patel, J. (eds) Neurotherapeutics. Contemporary Neuroscience. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-466-5_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-466-5_4

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-5978-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-466-5

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