Abstract
An almost endless variety of agents, when applied directly to the surface of the brain, are capable of producing convulsions. The most important compounds were last methodically reviewed by Ward (1972) and Prince (1972). Some of these agents produce convulsions that are immediate in onset, whereas with others there is a delay before the appearance of seizures. The convulsive episodes produced by several compounds last for only a few minutes, although the seizure states produced by others persist for the life of the animal. Some agents produce seizures in only certain species, whereas others produce convulsions in all species that have been examined. These variations should be taken into consideration when neurochemical factors responsible for the epileptogenic state are assessed, and they will be addressed in this chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aida, S.: Experimental research on the function of the amygdaloid nuclei in psychomotor epilepsy. Folia Psych. Neurol. Japonica10: 181–207, 1956.
Avoli, M.: Electroencephalographic and pathophysiologic features of rat parenteral penicillin epilepsy. Exp. Neurol. 69: 373–382, 1980.
Bakay, R. A. E. and Harris, A. B.: Neurotransmitter, receptor and biochemical changes in monkey cortical epileptic foci. Brain Res. 206: 387–404, 1981.
Balcar, V. J., Pumain, R., Mark, J., Borg, J., and Mandel, P.: GABA-mediated inhibition in the epileptogenic focus, a process which may be involved in the mechanism of the cobalt-induced epilepsy. Brain Res. 154: 182–185, 1978.
Barbeau, A. and Donaldson, J.: Zinc, taurine, and epilepsy. Arch. Neurol. 30: 52–58, 1974.
Bierkamper, G. G. and Cenedella, R. J.: Cerebral cortical cholesterol changes in cobalt-induced epilepsy. Epilepsia 19: 155–168, 1978.
Blum, B. and Liban, E.: Experimental basotemporal epilepsy in the cat. Discrete epileptogenic lesions produced in the hippocampus or amygdaloid by tungstic acid. Neurology10: 546–554, 1960.
Brotchi, J., Dresse, A., Scuvee-Moreau, J., and Gerebtzoff, M. A.: Histochemical study of cobalt-induced epilepsy. Exp. Brain Res. 32: 459–469, 1978.
Cenedella, R. J. and Craig, C. R.: Changes in cerebral cortical lipids in cobalt-induced epilepsy. J. Neurochem. 21: 743–748, 1973.
Chusid, J. G. and Kopeloff, L. M.: Epileptogenic effects of pure metals implanted in motor cortex of monkeys. J. Applied Physiol. 17, 697–700, 1962.
Chusid, J. G. and Kopeloff, L. M.: Epileptogenic effects of metal powder implants in motor cortex of monkeys. Inter. J. Neuropsychiat. 3: 24–28, 1967.
Colasanti, B. K., Hartman, E. R., and Craig, C. R.: Electrocorticogram and behavioral correlates during the development of chronic cobalt experimental epilepsy in the rat. Epilepsia 15: 361–373, 1974.
Colasanti, B. K., Kosa, J. E., and Craig, C. R.: Appearance of wet dog shake behavior during cobalt experimental epilepsy in the rat and its suppression by reserpine. Psychopharmacologia 44: 33–36, 1975.
Collins, R. C. and Mehta, S.: Effect of amino-oxyacetic acid (AOAA) on focal penicillin seizures. Brain Res. 157: 311–320, 1978.
Craig, C. R. and Hartman, E. R.: Concentration of amino acids in the brain of cobalt-epileptic rat. Epilepsia 14: 409–414, 1973.
Craig, C. R., Hoover, D. B., and Colasanti, B. K.: Appearance of epileptiform activity in the rat after bilateral cerebral implantation of cobalt. Pharmacologist 18: 127, 1976.
Curtis, D. R. and Johnston, G. A. R.: Amino acid transmitters in the mammalian central nervous system. Erg. Physiol. 69: 97–188, 1974. Davidoff, R. S.: Penicillin and inhibition in the cat spinal cord. Brain Res. 45: 638–642, 1972.
Dimov, S.: Changes in the Cerebral Bioelectric Activity of Rabbits Following Application of Cobalt to the Brain Cortex, In: Comparative and Cellular Pathophysiology of Epilepsy (Z. Servit, ed.) Experta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam, 1966.
Donaldson, J., St.-Pierre, T., Minnich, J., and Barbeau, A.: Seizures in rats associated with divalent cation inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase. Can. J. Biochem. 49: 1217–1224, 1971.
Dow, R. S., Fernandez-Guardiola, A., and Manni, E.: The production of cobalt experimental epilepsy in the rat. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 14: 399–407, 1962.
Emson, P. C.: Effects of chronic treatment with amino-oxyacetic acid or sodium n-dipropylacetate on brain GABA levels and the development and regression of cobalt epileptic foci in rats. J.Neurochem. 27: 1489–1494, 1976.
Emson, P. C. and Joseph, M. H.: Neurochemical and morphological changes during the development of cobalt-induced epilepsy in the rat. Brain Res. 93: 91–110, 1975.
Enna, S. J. and Snyder, S. H.: Properties of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor binding in rat brain synaptic membrane fractions. Brain Res. 100: 81–97, 1975.
Essig, C. F.: Focal convulsions during barbiturate abstinence in dogs with cerebro-cortical lesions. Psychopharmacology 3: 432–437, 1962.
Fischer, J. and Langmeier, M.: Changes in the number, size and shape of synaptic vesicles in an experimental projected cortical epileptic focus in the rat. Epilepsia 21: 571–585, 1980.
Frenk, H., Urca, G. and Liebeskind, J. C.: Epileptic properties of leucineand methionine-enkephalin: Comparison with morphine and reversibility by naloxone. Brain Res. 147: 327–337, 1978.
Fuller, T. A. and Olney, J. W.: Effects of morphine or naloxone on kainic acid neurotoxicity. Life Sci. 24: 1793–1798, 1979.
Gerebtzoff, M. A., Brotchi, J., Duchesne, P. Y., and Dresse, A.: Phosphorylase et glycosyltransferases au niveau des astrocytes reactionnels. Etude Histochemique. Comptes rendus des seances de la Societe de Biologie 172: 367–373, 1978.
Goldberg, A. M., Pollock, J. J., Hartman, E. R., and Craig, C. R.: Alterations in cholinergic enzymes during the development of cobaltinduced epilepsy in the rat. Neuropharmacology11: 253–259, 1972.
Harmony, T., Urba-Holmgren, R., Urbay, C. M., and Szara, S.: (Na-K)-ATPase activity in experimental epileptogenic foci. Brain Res. 11: 672–680, 1968.
Henjyoji, E. Y. and Dow, R. S.: Cobalt-induced seizures in the cat. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 19: 152–161, 1965.
Hoover, D. B., Craig, C. R., and Colasanti, B. K.: Cholinergic involvement in cobalt-induced epilepsy in the rat. Exp. Brain Res. 29: 501–513, 1977.
Hunt, W. A. and Craig, C. R.: Alterations in cation levels and Na-K-ATPase activity in rat cerebral cortex during the development of cobalt-induced epilepsy. J. Neurochem. 20: 559–567, 1973.
Joseph, M. H. and Emson, P. C.: Taurine and cobalt induced epilepsy in the rat: A biochemical and electrocorticographic study. J. Neurochem. 27: 1495–1502, 1976.
Kopeloff, L. M.: Experimental epilepsy in the mouse. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 104: 500–504, 1960.
Kopeloff, L. M., Barrera, S. E., and Kopeloff, N.: Recurrent convulsive seizures in animals produced by immunologic and chemical means. Am. J. Psychiat. 98: 881–902, 1942.
Koyama, I.: Amino acids in the cobalt-induced epileptogenic and nonepileptogenic cat’s cortex. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 50: 740–752, 1972.
Kriegstein, A. R., Suppes, T., and Prince, D. A.: Cholinergic enhancement of penicillin-induced epileptiform discharges in pyramidal neurons of the guinea pig hippocampus. Brain Res. 266: 137–142, 1983.
Lewin, E.: Epileptogenic foci induced with ouabain. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 29: 402–403, 1970.
Lockard, J. S. and Barensten, R. I.: Behavioral experimental epilepsy in monkeys. I. Clinical seizure recording apparatus and initial data. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 22: 482–486, 1967.
Lunt, G. G. and Grove, Y. K.: The effects of cobalt-induced epilepsy on the unesterified fatty acid content of rat cerebral cortex. Biochem. Soc. Proc. 3: 701–702, 1975.
Lux, H. D.: Ammonium and chloride extrusion: hyperpolarizing synaptic inhibition in spinal motoneurons. Science 175: 555–557, 1971.
Macon, J. B. and King, D. W.: Penicillin iontophoresis and the responses of somatosensory cortical neurons to amino acids. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 47: 52–63, 1979.
Marcus, E. M.: Experimental Models of Petit Mal Epilepsy, In: Experimental Models of Epilepsy — A Manual for the Laboratory Worker (D. P. Purpura, J. K. Penry, D. Tower, D. M. Woodbury, and R. Walter, eds.) Raven, New York, 1972.
Mayman, C. I., Manlapaz, J. S., Ballantine, H. T., and Richardson, E. P.: A neuropathological study of experimental epileptogenic lesions in the cat. J.Neuropath. Exp. Neurol. 24: 502–511, 1965.
Meyer, H. and Prince, D.: Convulsant action of penicillin: Effects on inhibitory mechanisms. Brain Res. 53: 477–483, 1973.
Mueller, A. L. and Dunwiddle, T. V.: Anticonvulsant and proconvulsant actions of alpha and beta-noradrenergic agonists on epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus in vitro. Epilepsia 24: 57–64, 1983.
Mutani, R., Bergamini, L., Fariello, R., and Delsedime, M.: Effects of taurine on cortical acute epileptic foci. Brain Res. 70: 170–173, 1974a.
Mutani, R., Bergamini, L., Delsedime, M., and Durelli, L.: Effects of taurine in chronic experimental epilepsy. Brain Res. 79: 330–332, 1974b.
Nadler, J.: Minireview: Kainic acid as a tool for the study of temporal lobe epilepsy. Life Sci. 29: 2031–2042, 1981.
Payan, H. M.: Cobalt experimental epilepsy in gerbils. Exp. Med. Surg. 28: 163–168, 1970.
Payan, H., Strebel, R., and Levine, S.: Epileptogenic effect of extradural and extracranial cobalt. Nature 208: 792–793, 1965.
Pei, Y., Zhao, D., Huang, J., and Cao, L.: Zinc-induced seizures: A new experimental model of epilepsy. Epilepsia 24: 160–176, 1983.
Pekoe, G. M., Craig, C. R., and Colasanti, B. K.: Epileptogenic effects of cobaltous chloride after prolonged intraventricular infusion in the rat. Fed. Proc. 37: 2110, 1978.
Prince, D. A.: Topical Convulsant Drugs and Metabolic Antagonists, In: Experimental Models of Epilepsy — A Manual for the Laboratory Worker (D. P. Purpura, J. K. Penry, D. Tower, D. M. Woodbury, and R. Walter, eds.) Raven, New York, 1972.
Raabe, W., Nicol, S., Gumnit, R. J., and Goldberg, N. D.: Focal penicillin epilepsy increases cyclic GMP in cerebral cortex. Brain Res. 144: 185–188, 1978.
Ribak, C. E., Bradburne, R. M., and Harris, A. B.: A preferential loss of GABAergic symmetric synapses in epileptic foci: A quantitative ultrastructural analysis of monkey neocortex. J. Neuroscience 2: 1725–1735, 1982.
Ribak, C. E., Harris, A. B., Vaughn, J. E., and Roberts, E.: Inhibitory, GABAergic nerve terminals decrease at sites of focal epilepsy. Science 205: 211–214, 1979.
Riedel, E., Kottler, A. H., and Wamsiedler, E.: Untersuchungen an Tieren mit experimentell erzeugter Epilepsie. Ueber Elektrolytverteilungen im Gehirn chronisch epileptischer Tiere. Pharmakopsychiat. Neuropsychopharm. 4: 22–29, 1971.
Roberts, C. A.: Anticonvulsant effects of uridine: Comparative analysis of metrazol and penicillin induced foci. Brain Res. 55: 291–308, 1973.
Ross, S. M. and Craig, C. R.: Studies on gamma-aminobutyric acid transport in cobalt experimental epilepsy in the rat. J. Neurochem. 36: 1006–1011, 1981a.
Ross, S. M. and Craig, C. R.: γ-Aminobutyric acid concentration, Lglutamate 1-decarboxylase activity, and properties of the γ-aminobutyric acid postsynaptic receptor in cobalt epilepsy in the rat. J. Neurosci.1: 1388–1396, 1981b.
Scheibel, A. B., Paul, L., and Fried, I.: Some Structural Substrates of the Epileptic State, In: Basic Mechanisms of Neuronal Hyperexcitability (H. H. Jasper and N. M. van Gelder, eds.) Alan R. Liss, New York, 1983.
Schwartzkroin, P. A. and Price, D. A.: Changes in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials leading to epileptogenic activity. Brain Res. 183: 61–78, 1980.
Seidel, J., Kastner, I., and Winkelmann, E.: A loss of GABAergic hippocampus innervation in rats with cobalt-induced epilepsy demonstrated by Wolman fluorescence method. Acta Histochemica 69: 248–254, 1981.
Servit, Z. and Sterc, J.: Audiogenic epileptic seizures evoked in rats by artificial epileptogenic foci. Nature 181: 1475–1476, 1958.
Singh, R.: Lysosomal acid phosphatase hyperactivity in cobalt epilepsy. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 18: 716–719, 1980.
Sperk, G., Berger, M., Hortnagl, H., and Hornykiewicz, O.: Kainic acidinduced changes of serotonin and dopamine metabolism in the striatum and substantia nigra of the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 74: 729–786, 1981a.
Sperk, G., Hortnagl, H., Reither, H., and Hornykiewicz, O.: Changes in histamine in the rat striatum following local injection of kainic acid. Neuroscience 6: 2669–2675, 1981b.
Sperk, G., Lassmann, H., Baran, H., Kish, S. J., Seitelberger, F., and Hornykiewicz, O.: Kainic acid induced seizures: Neurochemical and histopathological changes. Neuroscience 10: 1301–1316, 1983.
Stark, L. G., Edmonds, H. L., and Keesling, P.: Penicillin-induced epileptogenic foci. I. Time course and the anticonvulsant effects of diphenylhydantoin and diazepam. Neuropharmacology 13: 261–267, 1974.
Stercova, A.: Dynamics of Neurohistopathological Changes in an Epileptogenic Focus Produced by Alumina Cream in the Rat, In: Comparative and Cellular Pathophysiology of Epilepsy (Z. Servit, ed.) Prague, Publishing House of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague, 1966.
Sypert, G. W.: Metallic Salts and Epileptogenesis, In: Physiology and Pharmacology of Epileptogenic Phenomena (M. R. Klee, H. D. Lux, and E.-J. Speckmann, eds.) Raven, New York, 1982.
Trottier, S., Berger, B., Chauvel, P., Dedek, J., and Gay, M.: Alterations of the cortical noradrenergic system in chronic cobalt epileptogenic foci in the rat: A histofluorescent and biochemical study. Neuroscience 6: 1069–1080, 1981.
Trottier, S., Claustre, Y., Carboche, J., Dedek, J., Chauvel, P., Nassif, S., and Scatton, B.: Alterations of noradrenaline and serotonin uptake and metabolism in chronic cobalt-induced epilepsy in the rat. Brain Res. 272: 255–262, 1983.
Turkanis, S. A. and Karler, R.: Central excitatory properties of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolites in iron-induced epileptic rats. Neuropharmacology 21: 7–13, 1982.
Urca, G., Frenk, H., Liebeskind, J. C., and Taylor, A. N.: Morphine and enkephalin: Analgesic and epileptic properties. Science 197: 83–86, 1977.
Van Duijn, H., Schwartzkroin, P. A., and Prince, D. A.: A possible action of penicillin on inhibitory processes in cat cortex. Brain Res. 53: 470–476, 1973.
Van Gelder, N. M.: Antagonism by taurine of cobalt induced epilepsy in cat and mouse. Brain Res. 47: 157–166, 1972.
Van Gelder, N. M. and Courtois, A.: Close correlations between changing content of specific amino acids in epileptogenic cortex of cats, and severity of epilepsy. Brain Res. 43: 477–484, 1972.
Velasco, M., Velasco, F., Estrada-Villaneuva, F., and Olvera, A.: Aluminacream-induced focal motor epilepsy in cats. I. Lesion size and temporal course. Epilepsia 14: 3–14, 1973a.
Velasco, M., Velasco, F., Lozoya, X., Feria, A., and Gonzalez-Licea, A.: Alumina cream-induced focal motor epilepsy in cats. II. Thickness and cellularity of cerebral cortex adjacent to epileptogenic lesion. Epilepsia 14: 15–27, 1973b.
Ward, A. A. Jr.: Topical Convulsant Metals, In: Experimental Models of Epilepsy — A Manual for the Laboratory Worker (D. P. Purpura, J. K. Penry, D. B. Tower, D. M. Woodbury, and R. D. Walter, eds.) Raven, New York, 1972.
Willmore, L. J., Fuller, P. M., Butler, A. B., and Bass, N. H.: Neuronal compartmentation of ionic cobalt in rat cerebral cortex during initiation of epileptiform activity. Exp. Neurol. 47: 280–289, 1975.
Willmore, L. J. and Rubin, J. J.: Antiperoxidant pretreatment and ironinduced epileptiform discharges in the rat: EEG and histopathologic studies. Neurology 31: 63–69, 1981.
Wong, R. K. S. and Prince, D. A.: Dendritic mechanism underlying penicillin induced epileptiform activity. Science 204: 1228–1231, 1979.
Woodbury, D. M.: Role of pharmacological factors in the evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs. Epilepsia 10: 121–144, 1969.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Craig, C.R., Colasanti, B.K. (1987). Experimental Epilepsy Induced By Direct Topical Placement of Chemical Agents on the Cerebral Cortex. In: Jobe, P.C., Laird, H.E. (eds) Neurotransmitters and Epilepsy. Contemporary Neuroscience. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-462-7_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-462-7_8
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-5982-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-462-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive