Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Characterization of Gene Expression Patterns for Classification of Breast Carcinomas

  • Chapter
Expression Profiling of Human Tumors

  • 80 Accesses

Abstract

Breast cancer is an important health problem that has proven to be a challenge for clinical and basic science research because of intrinsic tumor and cellular heterogeneity. In addition, the large number of genes potentially involved in controlling cell physiology complicates the accurate prediction of clinical behavior of breast carcinomas. The advent of gene expression microarray technology, which can be used for analyses of thousands of genes, provides a powerful tool to assist in determination of diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Fisher, B., Bauer, M., Wickerham, D. L., et al. (1983) Relation of number of positive axillary nodes to the prognosis of patients with primary breast cancer. An NSABP update. Cancer 52, 1551–1557.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Carter, C. L., Allen, C., and Henson, D. E. (1989) Relation of tumor size, lymph node status, and survival in 24,740 breast cancer cases. Cancer 63, 181–187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Fisher, B., Redmond, C., Dimitrov, N. V., et al. (1989) A randomized clinical trial evaluating sequential methotrexate and fluorouracil in the treatment of patients with node-negative breast cancer who have estrogen-receptor-negative tumors. N. Engl. J. Med. 320, 473–478.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Fisher, B., Costantino, J., Redmond, C., et al. (1989) A randomized clinical trial evaluating tamoxifen in the treatment of patients with node-negative breast cancer who have estrogen-receptor-positive tumors. N. Engl. J. Med. 320, 479–484.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Mansour, E. G., Gray, R., Shatila, A. H., et al. (1989) Efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk node-negative breast cancer. An intergroup study. N. Engl. J. Med. 320, 485–490.

    Google Scholar 

  6. The Ludwig Breast Cancer Study Group. (1989) Prolonged disease-free survival after one course of perioperative adjuvant chemotherapy for node-negative breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 320, 491–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group. (1992) Systemic treatment of early breast cancer by hormonal, cytotoxic, or immune therapy. 133 randomised trials involving 31,000 recurrences and 24,000 deaths among 75,000 women. Lancet 339, 71–85.

    Google Scholar 

  8. McGuire, W. L., Clark, G. M., Dressler, L. G., and Owens, M. A. (1986) Role of steroid hormone receptors as prognostic factors in primary breast cancer. NCI Monogr. 1, 19–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Henson, D. E., Ries, L., Freedman, L. S., and Carriaga, M. (1991) Relationship among outcome, stage of disease, and histologic grade for 22,616 cases of breast cancer. The basis for a prognostic index. Cancer 68, 2142–2149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Osborne, C. K. (1991) Receptors, in Breast Diseases ( Harris, J. R., Hellman, S., Henderson, I. C., and Kinee, D. W., eds.), J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp. 301–325.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Fisher, B., Costantino, J. P., Wickerham, D. L., et al. (1998) Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 90, 1371–1388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Sommer, S. and Fuqua, S. A. (2001) Estrogen receptor and breast cancer. Semin. Cancer Biol. 11, 339–352.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Meyer, J. S. (1986) Cell kinetics in selection and stratification of patients for adjuvant therapy of breast carcinoma. NCI Monogr. 1, 25–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Clark, G. M., Dressler, L. G., Owens, M. A., Pounds, G., Oldaker, T., and McGuire, W. L. (1989) Prediction of relapse or survival in patients with node-negative breast cancer by DNA flow cytometry. N. Engl. J. Med. 320, 627–633.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Slamon, D. J., Clark, G. M., Wong, S. G., Levin, W. J., Ullrich, A., and McGuire, W. L. (1987) Human breast cancer: correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene. Science 235, 177–182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Slamon, D. J., Godolphin, W., Jones, L. A., et al. (1989) Studies of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer. Science 244, 707–712.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Andrulis, I L., Bull S. B., Blackstein, M. E., et al. (1998) neu/erbB-2 amplification identifies a poor-prognosis group of women with node-negative breast cancer. Toronto Breast Cancer Study Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 16 1340–1349.

    Google Scholar 

  18. van de Vijver, M. J., Peterse, J. L., Mooi, W. J., et al. (1988) Neu-protein overexpression in breast cancer. Association with comedo-type ductal carcinoma in situ and limited prognostic value in stage II breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 319, 1239–1245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Paik, S., Hazan, R., Fisher, E. R., et al. (1990) Pathologic findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project: prognostic significance of erbB-2 protein overexpression in primary breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 8, 103–112.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Wright, C., Angus, B., Nicholson, S., et al. (1989) Expression of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein: a prognostic indicator in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 49, 2087–2090.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Allred, D. C., Clark, G. M., Tandon, A. K., et al. (1992) HER-2/neu in node-negative breast cancer: prognostic significance of overexpression influenced by the presence of in situ carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 10, 599–605.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Paterson, M. C., Dietrich, K. D., Danyluk, J., et al. (1991) Correlation between c-erbB-2 amplification and risk of recurrent disease in node-negative breast cancer. Cancer Res. 51, 556–567.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Horak, E., Smith, K., Bromley, L., et al. (1991) Mutant p53, EGF receptor and c-erbB-2 expression in human breast cancer. Oncogene 6, 2277–2284.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Gusterson, B. A., Gelber, R. D., Goldhirsch, A., et al. (1992) Prognostic importance of c-erbB-2 expression in breast cancer. International (Ludwig) Breast Cancer Study Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 10, 1049–1056.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Sainsbury, J. R., Nicholson, S., Angus, B., Farndon, J. R., Malcolm, A. J., and Harris, A. L. (1988) Epidermal growth factor receptor status of histological sub-types of breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer 58, 458–460.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Nicholson, S., Wright, C., Sainsbury, J. R., et al. (1990) Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) as a marker for poor prognosis in node-negative breast cancer patients: neu and tamoxifen failure. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 37, 811–814.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Fisher, E. R., Redmond, C., Fisher, B., and Bass G. (1990) Pathologic findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Projects (NSABP). Prognostic discriminants for 8-year survival for node-negative invasive breast cancer patients. Cancer 65, 2121–2128.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Thor, A. D., Moore, D. H. II, Edgerton, S. M., et al. (1992) Accumulation of p53 tumor suppressor gene protein: an independent marker of prognosis in breast cancers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 84, 845–855.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Allred, D. C., Clark, G. M., Elledge, R., et al. (1993) Association of p53 protein expression with tumor cell proliferation rate and clinical outcome in node-negative breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85, 200–206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Sommer, S. S., Cunningham, J., McGovern, R. M., et al. (1992) Pattern of p53 gene mutations in breast cancers of women of the midwestern United States. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 84, 246–252.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Hartmann, A., Blaszyk, H., Kovach, J. S., and Sommer, S. S. (1997) The molecular epidemiology of p53 gene mutations in human breast cancer. Trends Genet. 13, 27–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Spyratos, F., Maudelonde, T., Brouillet, J. P., et al. (1989) Cathepsin D: an independent prognostic factor for metastasis of breast cancer. Lancet 2, 1115–1118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Tandon, A. K., Clark, G. M., Chamness, G. C., Chirgwin, J. M., and McGuire, W. L. (1990) Cathepsin D and prognosis in breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 322, 297–302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ravdin, P. M., Tandon, A. K., Allred, D. C., et al. (1994) Cathepsin D by western blotting and immunohistochemistry: failure to confirm correlations with prognosis in node-negative breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 12, 467–474.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ferrandina, G., Scambia, G., Bardelli, F., Benedetti, P. P., Mancuso, S., and Messori, A. (1997) Relationship between cathepsin-D content and disease-free survival in node-negative breast cancer patients: a meta-analysis. Br. J. Cancer 76, 661–666.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Catzavelos, C., Bhattacharya, N., Ung, Y. C., et al. (1997) Decreased levels of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27Kipl protein: prognostic implications in primary breast cancer. Nat. Med. 3, 227–230.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Porter, P. L., Malone, K. E., Heagerty, P. J., et al. (1997) Expression of cell-cycle regulators p27Kipl and cyclin E, alone and in combination, correlate with survival in young breast cancer patients. Nat. Med. 3, 222–225.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Weidner, N., Semple, J. P., Welch, W. R., and Folkman, J. (1991) Tumor angiogenesis and metastasis—correlation in invasive breast carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 324, 1–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Heimann, R., Ferguson, D., Powers, C., Recant, W. M., Weichselbaum, R. R., and Hellman, S. (1996) Angiogenesis as a predictor of long-term survival for patients with node-negative breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88, 1764–1769.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Toi, M., Inada, K., Suzuki, H., and Tominaga, T. (1995) Tumor angiogenesis in breast cancer: its importance as a prognostic indicator and the association with vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 36, 193–204.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Obermair, A., Kucera, E., Mayerhofer, K., et al. (1997) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human breast cancer: correlation with disease-free survival. Int. J. Cancer 74, 455–458.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Schuuring, E., Verhoeven, E., Mooi, W. J., and Michalides, R. J. (1992) Identification and cloning of two overexpressed genes, U21B31/PRAD1 and EMS], within the amplified chromosome 1 1 q 13 region in human carcinomas. Oncogene 7, 355–361.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Lammie, G. A., Fantl, V., Smith, R., et al. (1991) Dl 1 S287, a putative oncogene on chromosome 11g13, is amplified and expressed in squamous cell and mammary carcinomas and linked to BCL-1. Oncogene 6, 439–444.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Tsuda, H., Hirohashi, S., Shimosato, Y., et al. (1989) Correlation between long-term survival in breast cancer patients and amplification of two putative oncogene-coamplification units: hst-1/int-2 and c-erbB-2/ear-1. Cancer Res. 49, 3104–3108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Lammie, G. A. and Peters, G. (1991) Chromosome 11g13 abnormalities in human cancer. Cancer Cells 3, 413–420.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Wang, E., Miller, L. D., Ohnmacht, G. A., Liu, E. T., and Marincola, F. M. (2000) Highfidelity mRNA amplification for gene profiling. Nat. Biotechnol. 18, 457–459.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Ross, D. T., Scherf, U., Eisen, M. B., et al. (2000) Systematic variation in gene expression patterns in human cancer cell lines. Nat. Genet. 24, 227–235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Alizadeh, A. A., Ross, D. T., Perou, C. M., and van de Rijn, M. (2001) Towards a novel classification of human malignancies based on gene expression patterns. J. Pathol. 195, 41–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Simon, R., Radmacher, M. D., and Dobbin, K. (2001) Design of studies using DNA microarrays. National Cancer Institute Biometric Research Branch, Technical Report 004.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Perou, C. M., Sorlie, T., Eisen, M. B., et al. (2000) Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 406, 747–752.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Sorlie, T., Perou, C. M., Tibshirani, R., et al. (2001) Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 10,869–10, 874.

    Google Scholar 

  52. van’t Veer, L. J., Dai, H., van de Vijver, M. J., et al. (2002) Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer. Nature 415, 530–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Dudoit, S., Yang, Y. H., Callow, M. J., and Speed, T. P. (2000) Statistical methods for identifying differentially expressed genes in replicated cDNA microarray experiments. University of California, Berkeley, Department of Statistics, Technical Report 578.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Wu, T. D. (2001) Analysing gene expression data from DNA microarrays to identify candidate genes. J. Pathol. 195, 53–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Sgroi, D C., Teng, S., Robinson, G., LeVangie, R., Hudson, J. R., Jr., and Elkahloun, A. G. (1999) In vivo gene expression profile analysis of human breast cancer progression. Cancer Res 59 5656–5661.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Martin, K. J., Kritzman, B. M., Price, L. M., et al. (2000) Linking gene expression patterns to therapeutic groups in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 60, 2232–2238.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Bertucci, F., Houlgatte, R., Benziane, A., et al. (2000) Gene expression profiling of primary breast carcinomas using arrays of candidate genes. Hum. Mol. Genet. 9, 29812991.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Hedenfalk, I Duggan, D., Chen, Y., et al. (2001) Gene-expression profiles in hereditary breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 344 539–548.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Kerr, M. K. and Churchill, G. A. (2001) Statistical design and the analysis of gene expression microarray data. Genet. Res. 77, 123–128.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Kerr, M. K., Martin, M., and Churchill, G. A. (2000) Analysis of variance for gene expression microarray data. J. Comput. Biol. 7, 819–837.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Lee, M. L., Kuo, F. C., Whitmore, G. A., and Sklar, J. (2000) Importance of replication in microarray gene expression studies: statistical methods and evidence from repetitive cDNA hybridizations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 9834–9839.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. McShane, L. M., Radmacher, M. D., Freidlin, B., Yu, R., Li, M. C., and Simon, R. (2001) Methods for assessing reproducibility of clustering patterns observed in analyses of microarray data. National cancer Institute Biometric Research Branch, Technical Report 002.

    Google Scholar 

  63. van der Laan, M. and Bryan, J. (2001) Gene expression analysis with the parametric bootstrap. Biostatistics 2, 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Tusher, V. G., Tibshirani, R., and Chu, G. (2001) Significance analysis of microarrays applied to the ionizing radiation response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 5116–5121.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Eisen, M. B., Spellman, P. T., Brown, P. 0., and Botstein, D. (1998) Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 14, 86314, 868.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R Eisen, M. B., et al. (2000) `Gene shaving’ as a method for identifying distinct sets of genes with similar expression patterns. Geuome Biol 1 RESEARCH0003.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Gruvberger, S., Ringner, M., Chen, Y., et al. (2001) Estrogen receptor status in breast cancer is associated with remarkably distinct gene expression patterns. Cancer Res. 61, 5979–5984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Perou, C. M., Jeffrey, S. S., van de, R. M., et al. (1999) Distinctive gene expression patterns in human mammary epithelial cells and breast cancers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 9212–9217.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Garcia, R. and Jove, R. (1998) Activation of STAT transcription factors in oncogenic tyrosine kinase signaling. J. Biomed. Sci. 5, 79–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Heatley, M., Maxwell, P., Whiteside, C., and Toner, P. (1995) Cytokeratin intermediate filament expression in benign and malignant breast disease. J. Clin. Pathol. 48, 26–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Su, A. I., Welsh, J. B., Sapinoso, L. M., et al. (2001) Molecular classification of human carcinomas by use of gene expression signatures. Cancer Res. 61, 7388–7393.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Diez-Itza, I., Vizoso, F., Merino, A. M., et al. (1994) Expression and prognostic significance of apolipoprotein D in breast cancer. Am. J. Pathol. 144, 310–320.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Chiba, H., Muramatsu, M., Nomoto, A., and Kato, H. (1994) Two human homologues of Saccharomyces cerevisiae SWI2/SNF2 and Drosophila brahma are transcriptional coactivators cooperating with the estrogen receptor and the retinoic acid receptor. Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 1815–1820.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Yang, X., Dale, E. C., Diaz, J., and Shyamala, G. (1995) Estrogen dependent expression of heat shock transcription factor: implications for uterine synthesis of heat shock proteins. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 52, 415–419.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Hoch, R. V., Thompson, D. A., Baker, R. J., and Weigel, R. J. (1999) GATA-3 is expressed in association with estrogen receptor in breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 84, 122–128.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Guerin, M., Sheng, Z. M., Andrieu, N., and Rion, G. (1990) Strong association between c-myb and oestrogen-receptor expression in human breast cancer. Oncogene 5, 131–135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Fernando, S. S., Wu, X., and Perera, L. S. (2000) p53 Overexpression and steroid hormone receptor status in endometrial carcinoma. Int. J. Surg. Pathol. 8, 213–222.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Ellis, M. J., Jenkins, S., Hanfelt, J., et al. (1998) Insulin-like growth factors in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 52, 175–184.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Peyrat, J. P., Bonneterre, J., Beuscart, R., Djiane, J., and Demaille, A. (1988) Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors in human breast cancer and their relation to estradiol and progesterone receptors. Cancer Res. 48, 6429–6433.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Schluter, C., Duchrow, M., Wohlenberg, C., et al. (1993) The cell proliferation-associated antigen of antibody Ki-67: a very large, ubiquitous nuclear protein with numerous repeated elements, representing a new kind of cell cycle-maintaining proteins. J. Cell Biol. 123, 513–522.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Goodson, W. H. III, Moore, D. H., Ljung, B. M., et al. (2000) The prognostic value of proliferation indices: a study with in vivo bromodeoxyuridine and Ki-67. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 59, 113–123.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Pantel, K., Schlimok, G., Braun, S., et al. (1993) Differential expression of proliferation-associated molecules in individual micrometastatic carcinoma cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85, 1419–1424.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Ross, D. T. and Perou, C. M. (2001) A comparison of gene expression signatures from breast tumors and breast tissue derived cell lines. Dis. Markers 17, 99–109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Stein, D., Wu, J., Fuqua, S. A., et al. (1994) The SH2 domain protein GRB-7 is co-amplified, overexpressed and in a tight complex with HER2 in breast cancer. EMBO J. 13, 1331–1340.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Woodward, T. L., Lu, H., and Haslam, S. Z. (2000) Laminin inhibits estrogen action in human breast cancer cells. Endocrinology 141, 2814–2821.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Das, R., Hammamieh, R., Neill, R., Melhem, M., and Jett, M. (2001) Expression pattern of fatty acid-binding proteins in human normal and cancer prostate cells and tissues. Clin. Cancer Res. 7, 1706–1715.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. May, F. E. and Westley, B. R. (1997) Trefoil proteins: their role in normal and malignant cells. J. Pathol. 183, 4–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Berns, E. M., Foekens, J. A., Vossen, R., et al. (2000) Complete sequencing of TP53 predicts poor response to systemic therapy of advanced breast cancer. Cancer Res. 60, 2155–2162.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Geisler, S., Lonning, P. E., Aas, T., et al. (2001) Influence of TP53 gene alterations and c-erbB-2 expression on the response to treatment with doxorubicin in locally advanced breast cancer. Cancer Res. 61, 2505–2512.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Pritchard, K. I. (2001) Breast cancer prevention with selective estrogen receptor modulators: a perspective. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 949, 89–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Hilsenbeck, S. G., Friedrichs, W. E., Schiff, R., et al. (1999) Statistical analysis of array expression data as applied to the problem of tamoxifen resistance. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 91, 453–459.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Spencer, V. A., Coutts, A. S., Samuel, S. K., Murphy, L. C., and Davie, J. R. (1998) Estrogen regulates the association of intermediate filament proteins with nuclear DNA in human breast cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 29,093–29, 097.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Zou, Z., Anisowicz, A., Hendrix, M. J., et al. (1994) Maspin, a serpin with tumor-suppressing activity in human mammary epithelial cells. Science 263, 526–529.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Courjal, F., Louason, G., Speiser, P., Katsaros, D., Zeillinger, R., and Theillet, C. (1996) Cyclin gene amplification and overexpression in breast and ovarian cancers: evidence for the selection of cyclin Dl in breast and cyclin E in ovarian tumors. Int. J. Cancer 69, 247–253.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Stoesz, S. P., Friedl, A., Haag, J. D., Lindstrom, M. J., Clark, G. M., and Gould, M. N. (1998) Heterogeneous expression of the lipocalin NGAL in primary breast cancers. Int. J. Cancer 79, 565–572.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Palacios, J Benito, N., Pizarro, A., et al. (1995) Anomalous expression of P-cadherin in breast carcinoma. Correlation with E-cadherin expression and pathological features. Am. J. Pathol. 146 605–612.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Marinkovich, M. P., Taylor, T. B., Keene, D. R., Burgeson, R. E., and Zone, J. J. (1996) LAD-1, the linear IgA bullous dermatosis autoantigen, is a novel 120-kDa anchoring filament protein synthesized by epidermal cells. J. Invest. Dermatol. 106 (4), 734–738.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Golub, T. R., Slonim, D. K., Tamayo, P., et al. (1999) Molecular classification of cancer: class discovery and class prediction by gene expression monitoring. Science 286, 531–537.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. West, M., Blanchette, C., Dressman, H., et al. (2001) Predicting the clinical status of human breast cancer by using gene expression profiles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 11,462–11, 467.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Berry, M., Nunez, A. M., and Chambon, P. (1989) Estrogen-responsive element of the human pS2 gene is an imperfectly palindromic sequence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 1218–1222.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Lakhani, S. R., Jacquemier, J., Sloane, J. P., et al. (1998) Multifactorial analysis of differences between sporadic breast cancers and cancers involving BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 90, 1138–1145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Geng, Y., Yu, Q., Whoriskey, W., et al. (2001) Expression of cyclins El and E2 during mouse development and in neoplasia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 13,138–13, 143.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Scorilas, A., Karameris, A., Arnogiannaki, N., et al. (2001) Overexpression of matrixmetalloproteinase-9 in human breast cancer: a potential favourable indicator in node-negative patients. Br. J. Cancer 84, 1488–1496.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. McCarthy, K., Maguire, T., McGreal, G., McDermott, E., O’Higgins, N., and Duffy, M. J. (1999) High levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 predict poor outcome in patients with breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 84, 44 48.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Kononen, J., Bubendorf, L., Kallioniemi, A., et al. (1998) Tissue microarrays for high-throughput molecular profiling of tumor specimens. Nat. Med. 4, 844–847.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Nocito, A., Kononen, J., Kallioniemi, O. P., and Sauter, G. (2001) Tissue microarrays (TMAs) for high-throughput molecular pathology research. Int. J. Cancer 94, 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Camp, R. L., Charette, L. A., and Rimm, D. L. (2000) Validation of tissue microarray technology in breast carcinoma. Lab. Invest. 80, 1943–1949.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Irene L. Andrulis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nalan Gokgoz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shelley B. Bull
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

    Marc Ladanyi MD  & William L. Gerald MD, PhD  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Andrulis, I.L., Gokgoz, N., Bull, S.B. (2003). Characterization of Gene Expression Patterns for Classification of Breast Carcinomas. In: Ladanyi, M., Gerald, W.L. (eds) Expression Profiling of Human Tumors. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-386-6_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-386-6_8

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-375-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-386-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation