Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neuroectodermal (Other than Melanocytic) and Neuroendocrine Markers

  • Chapter
Practical Immunopathology of the Skin

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Pathology ((CCPATH))

  • 149 Accesses

Abstract

Antibodies directed specifically against cytokeratin 20 (CK20) were first reported in 1992 (1). Cytokeratin 20 is a low molecular weight keratin, an intermediate filament restricted to gastrointestinal and urothelial epithelium, and Merkel cells (2). The initial antibodies worked only on frozen tissue specimens and thus had limited diagnostic utility. Subsequent antibodies that recognize epitopes that survive formalin fixation and paraffin embedding have been developed, increasing the functionality of anti-CK20 antibodies as a diagnostic tool.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Moll, R., Lowe, A., Laufer, J., and Franke, W. W. (1992) Cytokeratin 20 in human carcinomas. A new histodiagnostic marker detected by monoclonal antibodies.Am. J. Pathol. 140, 427–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Zemer, R., Fishman, A., Bernheim, J., Zimlichman, S., Markowicz, O., Altaras, M., and Klein, A. (1998) Expression of cytokeratin-20 in endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol. Oncol. 70, 410–413.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Miettinen, M. (1995) Keratin 20: immunohistochemical marker for gastrointestinal, urothelial, and Merkel cell carcinomas. Mod. Pathol. 8, 384–388.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Byrd-Gloster, A. L., Khoor, A., Glass, L. F., Messina, J. L., Whitsett, J. A., Livingston, S. K., and Cagle, P. T. (2000) Differential expression of thyroid transcription factor 1 in small cell lung carcinoma and Merkel cell tumor. Hum. Pathol. 31, 58–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Chan, J. K., Suster, S., Wenig, B. M., Tsang, W. Y., Chan, J. B., and Lau, A. L. (1997) Cytokeratin immunoreactivity distinguishes Merkel cell (primary cutaneous neuroendocrine) carcinoma and salivary small cell carcinomas from small cell carcinomas of various sites. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 21, 226–234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Scott, M. P. and Helm, K. F. (1999) Cytokeratin 20: a marker for diagnosis Merkel cell carcinoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 21, 16–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Nicholson, S. A., McDermott, M. B., Swanson, P. E., and Wick, M. R. (2000) CD99 and cytokeratin-20 in small-cell and basaloid tumors of the skin. Appl. Immunohistochem. Molecul. Morphol. 8, 37–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Cheuk, W., Kwan, M. Y., Suster, S., and Chan, J. K. (2001) Immunostaining for thyroid transcriptin factor 1 and cytokeratin 20 aids the distinction of small cell carcinoma from Merkel cell carcinoma, but not pulmonary from extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 125, 228–231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Stopyra, G. A., Worhol, M. J., and Multhaupt, H. A. (2001) Cytokeratin 20 immunoreactivity in renal oncocytomas. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 49, 19–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Jensen, K., Kohler, S., and Rouse, R. V. (2000) Cytokeratin staining in Merkel cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study of cytokeratins 5/6, 7/17, and 20. Appl. Immunohistochem. Molecul. Morphol. 8, 310–315.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Perveen, N., Ma, C. K., Linden, M. D., Zarbo, R. J., and Lee, M. W. (2001) Possible inverse relationsihp of cytokeratin and neuroendocrine markers in Merkel cell carcinoma (abstract). J. Cutan. Pathol. 28, 580.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Hanly, A. J., Elgart, G. W., Jorda, M., Smith, J., and Nadji, M. (2000) Analysis of thyroid transcription factor-1 and cytokeratin 20 separates merkel cell carcinoma from small cell carcinoma of the lung. J. Cutan. Pathol. 27, 118–120.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Chu, P., Wu, E., and Weiss, L. M. (2000) Cytokeratin 7 and cytokeratin 20 expression in epithelial neoplasms: a survey of 435 cases. Mod. Pathol. 13, 962–972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Gu, J., Polak, J. M., Tapia, F. J., Marangos, P. J., and Pearse, A. G. (1981) Neuron-specific enolase in the Merkel cells of mammalian skin. The use of specific antibody as a simple and reliable histologic marker. Am. J. Pathol. 104, 63–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Gu, J., Polak, J. M., Van Noorden, S., Pearse, A. G., Marangos, P. J., and Azzopardi, J.G. (1983) Immunostaining of neuron-specific enolase as a diagnostic tool for Merkel cell tumors. Cancer 15, 1039–1043.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Dhillon, A. P. and Rode, J. (1982) Patterns of staining for neurone specific enolase in benign and malignant melanocytic lesions of the skin. Diagn. Histopathol. 5, 169–174.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Dhillon, A. P., Rode, J., and Leathem, A. (1982) Neurone specific enolase: an aid to the diagnosis of melanoma and neuroblastoma. Histopathology 6, 81–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Argenyi, Z. B., LeBoit, P. E., Santa Cruz, D., Swanson, P. E., and Kutzner, H. (1993) Nerve sheath myxoma (neurothekeoma) of the skin: light microscopic and immunohistochemical reappraisal of the cellular variant. J. Cutan. Pathol. 20, 294–303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Argenyi, Z. B. (1990) Immunohistochemical characterization of palisaded, encapsulated neuroma. J. Cutan. Pathol. 17, 329–335.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kikuchi, A., Akiyama, M., Han-Yaku, H., Shimizu, H., Naka, W., and Hnishikawa, T. (1993) Solitary cutaneous malignant schwannoma. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 15, 15–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Argenyi, Z. B., Thiberg, M. D., Hayes, C. M., and Whitaker, D. C. 1994, Primary cutaneous meningioma associated with von Recklinghausen’s disease. J. Cutan. Pathol. 21, 549–556.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ornvold, K., Nielsen, M. H., and Clausen, N. (1985) Disseminated histiocytosis X. A clinical and immunohistochemical retrospective study. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. (A) 93, 311–316.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Swanson, S. A., Cooper, P. H., Mills, S. E., and Wick, M. R. (1988) Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the skin. Mod. Pathol. 1, 359–365.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kanitakis, J., Fantini, F., Pincelli, C., Hermier, C., Schmitt, D., and Thivolet, J. (1991) Neuron-specific enolase is a marker of cutaneous Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis (“X”) - a comparative study with S100 protein. Anticancer Res. 11, 635–639.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Wiler, R., Fischer-Colbrie, R., Schmid, K. W., Feichtinger, H., Bussolati, G., Grimelius, L., et al. (1988) Immunological studies on the occurrence and properties of chromogranin A and B and secretogranin II in endocrine tumors. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 12, 877–884.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Silver, M. M., Lines, L. D., and Hearn, S. S. (1993) Immunogold detection of chromogranin A in the neuroendocrine tumor. Ultrastruct. Pathol. 17, 83–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Mount, S. L. and Taatjes, D. J. (1994) Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin (Merkel cell carcinoma). An immunoelectron-microscopic case study. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 16, 60–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Lanzafame, S. (1990) Molecular characterization of cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma. Review of the literature and presentation of a caseload. Pathologica 82, 257–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Visscher, D., Cooper, P. H., Zarbo, R. J., and Crissman, J. D. (1989) Cutaneous neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma: an immunophenotypic, clinicopathologic, and flow cytometric study. Mod. Pathol. 2, 331–338.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Haneke, E., Schulze, H. J., and Marhle, G. (1993) Immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopic demonstration of chromogranin A in formalinfixed tissue of Merkel cell carcinoma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 28, 222–226.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Fukunaga, M. and Shinozaki, N. (1995) Immunohistochemical and flow cytometric study of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Pathol. Int. 45, 513–519.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Karabela-Bouropoulou, V., Antoniou, D., and Liapi-Avgeri, G. (1996) Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor with glandular differentiation. Report of a case with emphasis to the usefulness of immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis. Arch. Anat. Cytol. Pathol. 44, 263–268.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Chang, S. E., Lee, T. J., Ro, J. Y., Choi, J. H., Sung, K. J., Moon, K. C., and Koh, J. K. (1999) Cellular neurothekeoma with possible neuroendocrine differentiation. J. Dermatol. 26, 363–367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Bellezza, G., Sidoni, A., and Bucciarelli, E. (2000) Primary mucinous carcinoma of the skin. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 22, 166–170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Yoshimasu, T., Yamamoto, Y., Uede, K., and Furukawa, F. (2001) Skin metastasis of neuroendocrine carcinoma derived form the mediastinum. J. Dermatol. 28, 168–171.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Gown, A. M., de Wever, N., and Battifora, H. (1993) Microwave-based antigenic unmasking. A revolutionary new technique for routine immunohistochemistry. Appl. Immunohistochem. 1, 256–266.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Moll, I., Kuhn, C., and Moll, R. (1995) Cytokeratin 20 is a general marker of cutaneous Merkel cells while certain neuronal proteins are absent. J. Invest. Dermatol. 104, 910–915.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Ortonne, J. P., Petchot-Bacque, J. P., Verrando, P., Pisani, A., Pautrat, G., and Bernerd, F. (1988) Normal Merkel cells express a synaptophysin-like immunoreactivity. Dermatologica 177, 1–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Gould, V. E., Wiedenmann, B., Lee, I., Schwechheimer, K., Dockhorn Dworniczak, B., Radosevich, J. A., et al. (1987) Synaptophysin expression in neuroendocrine neoplasms as determined by immunocytochemistry. Am. J. Pathol. 126, 243–257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Buffa, R., Rindi, G., Sessa, F., Gini, A., Capella, C., Jahn, R., Bnavone, F., De Camilli, P., and Solcia, E. (1987) Synaptophysin immunoreactivity and small clear vesicles in neuroendocrine cells and related tumours. Mol. Cell. Probes. 1, 367–381.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Morgan, M. B., Stevens, L., Patterson, J., and Tannenbaum, M. (2000) Cutaneous epithelioid malignant nerve sheath tumor with rhabdoid features: a histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of three cases. J. Cutan. Pathol. 27, 529–534.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Xie, D. L., Nielsen, T. A., Pellegrini, A. E., and Hessel, A. B. (1999) Neurofollicular hamartoma with strong diffuse S100 positivity: a case report. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 21, 253–255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Banerjee, S. S., Agbamu, D. A., Eyden, B. P., and Harris, M. (1997) Clinicopathological characteristics of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Histopathology 31, 355–366.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Vega, J. A., Del Valle, M. E., Haro, J. J., Naves, F. J., Calzada, B., and Uribelarrea, R. (1994) The inner-core, outer-core and capsule cells of the human Pacinian corpuscles: an immunohistochemical study. Eur. J. Morphol. 32, 11–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Michal, M., Fanburg-Smith, J. C., Mentzel, T., Kutzner, H., Requena, L., Zamecnik, M., and Miettinen, M. (2001) Dendritic cell neurofibroma with pseudorosettes: a report of 18 cases of a distinct and hitherto unrecognized neurofibroma variant. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 25, 587–594.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Requena, L., Grosshans, E., Kutzner, H., Ryckaert, C., Cribier, B., Resnik, K. S., and LeBoit, P. E. (2000) Epithelial sheath neuroma: a new entity. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 24, 190–196.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Skelton, H. G., III and Smith, K. J. (1999) Glial heterotopia in the subcutaneous tissue overlying T-12. J. Cutan. Pathol. 26, 523–527.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Hwang, S. M., Choi, E. H., Lee, W. S., Choi, S. I., and Ahn, S. K. (1997) Nevus spilus (speckled lentignous nevus) associated with a nodular neurotized nevus. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 19, 308–311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Zelger, B. G., Steiner, H., Kutzner, H., Rutten, A., and Zelger, B. (1997) Granular cell dermatofibroma. Histopathology 31, 258–262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Zelger, B. G., Steiner, H., Kutzner, H., Rutten, A., and Zelger, B. (1997) Verocay body-prominent cutaneous schwannoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 19, 242–249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Zelger, B. W., Zelger, B. G., Steiner, H., and Ofner, D. (1996) Aneurysmal and haemangiopericytoma-like fibrous histiocytoma. J. Clin. Pathol. 49, 313–318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Williams, H. K. and Williams, D. B. (1997) Oral granular cell tumours: a histological and immunocytochemical study. J. Oral Pathol. Med. 26, 164–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Mahalingam, M., LoPiccolo, D., and Byers, H. R. (2001) Expression of PGP 9.5 in granular cell nerve sheath tumors: an immunohistochemical study of six cases. J. Cutan. Pathol. 28, 282–286.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Heenan, P. J., Cole, J. M., and Spagnolo, D. V. (1990) Primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma (Merkel cell carcinoma). An adnexal epithelial neoplasm. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 12, 7–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Sinkre, P., Yen Moore, A., and Cockerell, C. J. (2001) Expression of PGP 9.5 in desmplastic melanomas: an immunohistochemical study of five cases (abstract). J. Cutan. Pathol. 28, 586.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Dorfman, D. M., Kraus, M., Perez-Atayde, A. R., Barnhill, R. L., Pinkus, G. S., and Granter, S. R. (1997) CD99 (p30/32MIC2) immunoreactivity in the diagnosis of leukemia cutis. Mod. Pathol. 10, 283–288.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Lee, I., Kim, M. K., Choi, E. Y., Mehl, A., Jung, K. C., Gil, M. C., et al. (2001) CD99 expression is positively regulated by Spl and is negatively regulated by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 through nuclear factor-kappaB. Blood 97, 3596–3604.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Pettersen, R. D., Bernard, G., Olafsen, M. K., Pourtein, M., and Lie, S. O. (2001) CD99 signals caspase-independent T cell death. J. Immunol. 166, 4931–4942.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Boor, A., Jurkovic, I., Friedmann, I., Plank, L., and Kocan, P. (2001) Extraskeletal Ewing’s sarcoma of the nose. J. Laryngol. Owl. 115, 74–76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Chimenti, S., Fink-Puches, R., Peris, K., Pescarmona, E., Putz, B., Kerl, H., and Cerroni, L. (1999) Cutaneous involvement in lymphoblastic lymphoma. J. Cutan. Pathol. 26, 379–385.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Lucas, D. R., Bentley, G., Dan, M. E., Tabaczka, P., Poulik, J. M., and Mott, M. P. (2001) Ewing sarcoma vs. lymphoblastic lymphoma. A comparative immunohistochemical study. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 115, 11–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Fetsch, J. F., Miettinen, M., Laskin, W. B., Michal, M., and Enzinger, F. M. (2000) A clinicopathologic study of 45 pediatric soft tissue tumors with an admixture of adipose tissue and fibroblastic elements, and a proposal for classification as lipofibromatosis. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 24, 1491–1500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Alawi, F., Stratton, D., and Freedman, P. D. (2001) Solitary fibrous tumor of the oral soft tissues: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 16 cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 25, 900–910.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Zamecnik, M., Mikleova, Z., and Michal, M. (2000) Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma in adult. Report of a case with amianthoid-like fibrosis and angiectases. Cesk. Patol. 36, 163–167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Skelton, H. G., III and Smith, K. J. (2001) Spindle cell epithelioma of the vagina shows immunohistochemical staining supporting its origin from a primitive/ progenitor cell population. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 125, 547–550.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology and Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA

    Bruce R. Smoller MD

Authors
  1. Bruce R. Smoller MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Smoller, B.R. (2002). Neuroectodermal (Other than Melanocytic) and Neuroendocrine Markers. In: Practical Immunopathology of the Skin. Current Clinical Pathology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-339-2_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-339-2_7

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-389-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-339-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation