Abstract
Craniopharyngioma, a common epithelial neoplasm of the sellar region, is the most frequent suprasellar neoplasm in children (1,2). However, neonatal or congenital tumors are very rare (3–5), as are tumors in the elderly (6).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
1.1.1. Craniopharyngioma
Hoffman HJ. Craniopharyngiomas. Prog Exp Tumor Res 1987; 30:325–334.
Richmond I, Wilson CB. Parasellar tumors in children I. Clinical presentation, preoperative assessment, and differential diagnosis. Child’s Brain 1980;7:73–84.
Yamada H, Haratake J, Narasaki T, Oda T. Embryonal craniopharyngioma. Case report of the morphogenesis of a craniopharyngioma. Cancer 1995;75:2971–2977.
Lederman GS, Recht A, Loeffler JS, Dubusson D, Kleefield J, Schnitt SJS. Craniopharyngioma in an elderly patient. Cancer 1987;60:1077–1080.
Petito CK, DeGirolami U, Earle KM. Craniopharyngiomas. Cancer 1976;37:1944–1952.
Akimura T, Kameda H, Abiko S, Aoki H, Kido T. Intrasellar craniopharyngioma. Neuroradiology 1989;31:180–183.
Byrne MW, Sessions DG. Nasopharyngeal craniopharyngioma. Case report and literature review. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1990;99:633–639.
Neetens A, Selosse P. Oculomotor anomalies in sellar and parasellar pathology. Opthalmologia 1977;175:80–104.
Hiramatsu K, Takahashi K, Ikeda A, Arimori S. A case of intrasellar craniopharyngioma. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 1987;12:135–140.
Young SC, Zimmerman RA, Nowell MA, Hackney, Grossman RI, Goldberg HI. Giant cystic craniopharyngiomas. Neuroradiology 1987;29:468–473.
Kuwabara S, Seo H, Ishikawa S. Huge, dense, cystic craniopharyngioma with unusual extensions. Case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1987;2737–2741.
Sener RN. Giant craniopharyngioma extending to the anterior cranial fossa and nasopharynx. Am J Roentgenology 1994;162:441–442.
Sharma RR, Davis CH, Lynch PG. Intraventricular craniopharyngioma. Surg Neurol 1994;42:551–552.
Graziani N, Donnet A, Bugha TN, Dufor H, Figarella-Branger D, Grisoli F. Ectopic basisphenoidal craniopharyngioma: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 1994;34:346–349.
Kanungo N, Just N, Black M, Mohr G, Glikstein R, Rochon L. Nasopharyngeal craniopharyngioma in an unusual location. Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16:1372–1374.
Sklar CA. Craniopharyngioma: endocrine abnormalities at presentation. Pediatr Neurosurg 1994;1:18–20.
Lee JS, Tsai WY, Liu HM, Lin MY, Tu YK. Growth retardation as the initial manifestation of intracranial tumors: report of two cases. Acta Paediatr Sinica 1994;35:157–162.
Palaoglu S, Akbay A, Mocan G, Oncol B, Ozcan OE, Ozgen T, et al. Ossified adamantinomatous type craniopharyngiomas. A series of 13 patients. Acta Neurochir 1994;127:166–169.
Paja M, Lucas T, Garcia-Uria J, Salame F, Barcelo B, Estradada J. Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in patients with craniopharyngioma. Clin Endocrinol 1995;42:467–473.
Crotty TB, Scheithauer BW, Young WF Jr, Davis DH, Shaw EG, Miller GM, et al. Papillary craniopharyngioma: a clinicopathologi-cal study of 48 cases. J Neurosurg 1995;83:206–214.
Spence S A, Taylor DG, Hirsch SR. Depressive disorder due to craniopharyngioma. J Royal Soc Med 1995;88:637–638.
Yarde WL, Kepes JJ, O’Boynick P. Craniopharyngioma presenting as Koraskoff psychosis. Kansas Med 1995;96:22–23.
Kearney D, Tay-Kearney ML, Khangure MS. Craniopharyngioma and the moustache sign. Aust Radiol 1993;34:370–371.
Al-Wahhabi B, Choudhury AR, Al-Moutaery KR, Aabed M, Faqeeh A. Giant craniopharyngioma with blindness reversed by surgery. Childs Nerv System 1993;9:292–294.
Lee M, Rezai AR, Wisoff JH. Acquired Chiari-I malformation and hydromyelia secondary to a giant craniopharyngioma. Pediatr Neurosurg 1995;22:251–254.
Patrick BS, Smith RR, Bailey TO. Aseptic meningitis due to spontaneous rupture of craniopharyngioma cyst. J Neurosurg 1974;41:387–390.
Okamoto H, Harada K, Uozumi T, Goishi J. Spontaneous rupture of a craniopharyngioma cyst. Surg Neurol 1985;24:507–510.
Satoh H, Uozumi T, Arita K, Kurisu K, Hotta T, Kiya K, et al. Spontaneous rupture of craniopharyngioma cysts. A report of five cases and review of the literature. Surg Neurol 1993;40:414–419.
Harwood-Nash DC. Neuroimaging of childhood craniopharyngioma. Pediatr Neurosurg 1994;1:2–10.
Eldevik OP, Blavias M, Gabrielsen TO, Hald JK, Chandler WF. Craniopharyngioma: radiologic and histologic findings and recurrence. AJNR 1996;17:1427–1439.
Burger PC, Vogel FS. Surgical Pathology of the Nervous System and Its Coverings, 2nd ed. John Wiley, New York, 1982, p. 514.
Giangaspero F, Burger PC, Osborne DR, Stein RB. Suprasellar papillary squamous epithelioma (“papillary craniopharyngioma”). Am J Surg Pathol 1984;8:57–64.
Sziefert GT, Sipos L, Horath M, Sarker MH, Major O, Salomvary B, et al. Pathological characteristics of surgically removed cran iopharyngiomas: analysis of 131 cases. Acta Neurochirurgica 1993;124:139–143.
Miller DC. Pathology of craniopharyngiomas: clinical import of pathological findings. Pediatr Neurosurg 1994;21:11–17.
Tsunoda S, Sakaki T, Tsutsumi A, Eguchi T, Takeshima T, Morimoto T, et al. Clinicopathological study on craniopharyngioma with sebaceous differentiation. Noshyuo Byori 1993;10:69–74.
Goodrich JT, Post KD, Duffy P. Ciliated craniopharyngioma. Surg Neurol 1985;24:105–111.
Oka H, Kawano N, Tagishita S, Kobayashi I, Saegusa H, Fujii K. Ciliated craniopharyngioma indicates histogenetic relationship to Rathke cleft epithelium. Clin Neuropathol 1997;16:103–106.
Puchner MJ, Ludecke DK, Saeger W. The anterior pituitary lobe in patients with cystic craniopharyngiomas: three cases of associated lymphocytic hypophysitis. Acta Neurochir 1994;126:38–43.
Aza SL, Kovaks K, Bilbao JM, Penz G. Immunohistochemical localization of keratin in craniopharyngiomas and squamous cell nests of the human pituitary. Acta Neuropathol 1981;54:257–260.
Kubo O, Tajika Y, Uchimuno H, Muragaki Y, Shimoda M, Kiyama H, et al. Immunochemical study of craniopharyngiomas. Noshuyo Byori 1993;10:131–114.
Uematsu Y, Komai N, Tanaka Y, Shimizu M, Naka D, Yukawa S, et al. Cellular differentiation, secretory and proliferative activities of craniopharyngiomas. Noshuyo Byori 1994;11:43–50.
Szeifert GT, Pasztor E. Could craniopharyngiomas produce pituitary hormones? Neurol Res 1993;15:68–69.
Tachibana O, Yamashima T, Yamashita J, Takabatake Y. Immunohistochemical expression of human chorionic gonadotropin and P-glycoprotein in human pituitary glands and craniopharyngiomas. J Neurosurg 1994;80:79–84.
Honegger J, Mann K, Thierauf P, Zrinzo A, Fahlbusch R. Human chorionic gonadotropin immunoactivity in cystic intracranial tumours. Clin Endocrinol 1995;42:235–241.
Sato K, Kubota T, Yamamoto S, Ishikura A. An ultrastructural study of mineralization in craniopharyngioma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1986;45:463–470.
Launay M, Fredy D, Merland JJ, Bories J. Narrowing and occlusion of arteries by intracranial tumors: Review of the literature and report of 25 cases. Neuroradiology 1977;14:117–126.
Nelson GA, Bastian FO, Schlitt M, White RL. Malignant transformation in craniopharyngioma. Neurosurgery 1988;22:427–429.
Hetelekidis S, Barnes PD, Tao ML, Fischer EG, Schneider L, Scott RM, et al. 20-year experience in childhood craniopharyngioma. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 1993;27:189–195.
Regine WF, Mohiuddin M, Kramer S. Long term results of pediatric and adult craniopharyngiomas treated with combined surgery and radiation. Radiat Ther Oncol 1993;27:13–21.
Rajan B, Ashley S, Gorman C, Jose CC, Horwich A, Bloom HJ, et al. Craniopharyngioma—long term results following limited surgery and radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 1993;26:1–10.
Tomita T, McLone DG. Radical resections of childhood craniopharyngiomas. Pediatr Neurosurg 1993;19:6–14.
Weiner HL, Wisoff JH, Rosenberg ME, Kupersmith MJ, Cohen H, Zagzag D, et al. Craniopharyngiomas: a clinicopathological analysis of factors predictive of recurrence and functional outcome. Neurosurgery 1994;35:1001–1010.
Mark RJ, Lutge WR, Shimizu KT, Tran LM, Selch MT, Parker RG. Craniopharyngioma: treatment in the CT and MR imaging era. Radiology 1995;197:195–198.
DeVile CJ, Grant DB, Kendall BE, Neville BG, Stanhope R, Watkins KE, et al. Management of childhood craniopharyngioma. J Neurosurg 1996;85:73–81.
Adamson TE, Wiestler OD, Kleihues P, Tasargil MG. Correlation of clinical and pathological features in surgically treated craniopharyngiomas. J Neurosurg 1990;73:12–17.
Kahn EA, Gosch HH, Seeger JF, Hicks SP. Forty-five years experience with the craniopharyngiomas. Surg Neurol 1973;1:5–12.
Kawano N, Oka H, Suwa T, Ito H, Yada K, Kameya T, et al. Origin of craniopharyngioma: an electron microscopic study. Noshuyo Byori 1993;10:117–123.
Hoffman HJ. Surgical management of craniopharyngioma. Pediatr Neurosurg 1994;21:44–49.
Cavalheiro S, Sparapani FV, Franco JO, da Silva MC, Braga FM. Use of bleomycin in intratumoral chemotherapy for cystic craniopharyngioma. Case report. J Neurosurg 1996;84:124–126.
Lange M, Kirsch CM, Steude U, Oeckler R. Intracavitary treatment of intrasellar cystic craniopharyngiomas with 90-Yttrium by transsphenoidal approach—a technical note. Acta Neurochirurgica 1995;135:206–209.
Pollock BE, Lunsford LD, Kondziolka D, Levine G, Flickinger JC. Phosphorus-32 intracavitary irradiation of cystic craniopharyngiomas: current technique and long-term results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995;33:437–446.
Liu Z, Tian Z, Yu X, Li S, Huang H, Kang G, Xu Y, et al. Stereotactic intratumour irradiation with nuclide for craniopharyngiomas. Chinese Med J 1996;109:219–222.
Abdullah J, Caemaert J. Endoscopic management of craniopharyngiomas: a review of 3 cases. Minimally Invasive Neurosurg 1995;38:79–84.
Kobayashi T, Tanaka T, Kida Y. Stereotactic gamma radiosurgery of craniopharyngiomas. Pediatr Neurosurg 1994;21:69–74.
Yamamoto M, Ide M, Umebara Y, Hagiwara S, Jimbo M, Takakura K. Gamma knife radiosurgery for brain tumors: postirradiation volume changes compared with preradiosurgical growth fractions. Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica 1996;36:358–363.
Tolnay M, Kaim A, Probst A, Ulrich J. Subependymoma of the third ventricle after partial resection of a craniopharyngioma and repeated postoperative irradiation. Clin Neuropath 1995;15:63–66.
1.1.2. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC)
Million RR. The myth regarding bone and cartilage involvement by cancer and the likelihood of cure by radiotherapy. Head Neck 1989;11:30–40.
Miura T, Hirabuki N, Hisiyama K, Hasimoto T, Kawai R, Yoshida J, Sasaki R, Matsunaga T, Kozuka T. Computed tomographic findings of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with skull base and intracranial involvement. Cancer 1990;65:29–37.
Hsu YC, Chen CL, Hsu MM, Lynn TC, Tu SM, Huang SC. Pathology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Proposal of new histologic classification correlated with prognosis. Cancer 1987;59:945–951.
Komoroski EM. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: early warning signs and symptoms. Pediatric Emergency Care 1994;10:284–286.
Mills SE, Fechner RE. Undifferentiated neoplasms of the sinonasal region: Differential diagnosis based on clinical, light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features. Semin Diagn Pathol 1989;6:316–328.
McKeever PE, Blaivas M, Sima AAF. Neoplasms of the sellar region. In: Lloyd RV, ed. Surgical Pathology of the Pituitary Gland. Major Problems in Pathology Series. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1993, pp. 141–210.
Lopategui JR, Gaffey MJ, Frierson HF, Chan JKC, Mills SE, Chang KL, et al. Detection of Epstein-Barr viral RNA in sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma from Western and Asian patients. Am J Surg Pathol 1994;18:391–398.
Wick MR, Stanley SJ, Swanson PE. Immunohistochemical diagnosis of sinonasal melanoma, carcinoma, and neuroblastoma with monoclonal antibodies HMB-45 and anti-synaptophysin. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1988;112:616–620.
Taxy JB, Hidvegi DF, Battifora H. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Antikeratin immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Am J Clin Pathol 1985;83:320–325.
Shanmugaratham K, Chan SH, De-The G, Goj JE, Khor TH, Simons MJ. Histopathology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Correlations with epidemiology, survival rates and other biological characteristics. Cancer 1979;44:1029–1044.
Yeung WM, Zong YS, Chiu CT, Chan KH, Sham JS, Choy DT, et al. Epstein-Barr virus carriage by nasopharyngeal carcinoma in situ. International Journal of Cancer 1993;53:746–750.
Lung ML, Sham JS, Lam WP, Choy DT. Analysis of Epstein-Barr virus in localized nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumors. Cancer 1993;71:1190–1192.
Niemhom S, Maeda S, Raksakait K, Petchclai B. Epstein-Barr virus DNA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Thai patients at Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 26 Suppl 1995;1:325–328.
Choi PHK, Suen MWM, Huang DP, Lo K-W, Lee JCK. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: genetic changes, Epstein-Barr virus infection, or both. Cancer 1993;72:2873–2878.
Lin CT, Chan WY, Chen W, Huang HM, Wu HC, Hsu MM, et al. Characterization of seven newly established nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines. Lab Invest 1993;68:716.
Austin MB, Mills SE. Neoplasms and neoplasm-like lesions involving the skull base. Ear, Nose and Throat 1986;65:25–52.
Ward PH, Thompson R, Calcaterra T, Kadin MR. Juvenile angiofibroma: A more rational therapeutic approach based upon clinical and experimental evidence. Laryngoscope 1974;84:2181–2194.
Franquemont DW, Fechner RE, Mills SE. Histologic classification of sinonasal intestinal-type adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1991;15:368–375.
Yu L, Fleckman AM, Chadha M, Sacks E, Levetan C, Vikram B. Radiation therapy of metastatic pheochromocytoma: case report and review of the literature. Am J Clin Oncol 1996;19:389–392.
Dickhoff P, Wallace CJ, MacRae ME, Campbell WN. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: an unusual sellar mass. Can Assoc Radiol J 1993;44:393–395.
Sim RS, Tan HK. A case of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma of the sphenoid sinus. J Laryngol Otol 1994;108:503,504.
Izumihara A, Orita T, Tsurutani T, Kajiwara K, Matsunaga T, Hatano M. Pineal and suprasellar metastasis of lung cancer: case report and review of the literature. Comput Med Imaging Graph 1995;19:435–437.
Struk DW, Knapp TR, Munk PL, Poon PY. Pituitary and intradural spinal metastases: an unusual initial presentation of lung cancer. Can Assoc Radiol J 1995;46:118–121.
Kida A, Endo S, Iida H, Yamada Y, Sakai F, Furusaka T, et al. Clinical assessment of squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal cavity proper. Auris, Nasus, Larynx. 1995;22:172–177.
Tong MC, van Hasselt CA, Woo JK. Preliminary results of photo-dynamic therapy for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol 1996;253:189–192.
Chua DT, Sham JS, Kwong DL, Choy DT, Au GK, Wu PM. Prognostic value of paranasopharyngeal extension of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 1996;78:202–210.
1.2.1. Rathke’s Cleft Cyst
Kucharczyk W, Peck WW, Kelly WM, Norman D, Newton TH. Rathke cleft cysts: CT, MR imaging, and pathologic features. Radiology 1987;165:491–495.
Graziani N, Dufour H, Figarella-Branger D, Donnet A, Bouillot P, Grisoli F. Do the suprasellar neurenteric cyst, the Rathke cleft cyst and the colloid cyst constitute a same entity? Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1995;133:174–180.
Cavallo AV, Murphy MA, McKelvie PA, Cummins JT. An epithelial cyst of the suprasellar region. Aust N Z J Surg 1993;63: 490–493.
Yamamoto M, Jimbo M, Ide M, Umebara Y, Hagiwara S, Kubo O. Recurrence of symptomatic Rathke’s cleft cyst: a case report. Surg Neurol 1993;39:263–268.
Teramoto A, Hirakawa K, Sanno N, Osamura Y. Incidental pituitary lesions in 1,000 unselected autopsy specimens. Radiology 1994;193:161–164.
Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Lillehei KO, Stears JC. The pathologic, surgical, and MR spectrum of Rathke cleft cysts. Surg Neurol 1995;44:19–27.
Rao GP, Blyth CP, Jeffreys RV. Ophthalmic manifestations of Rathke’s cleft cysts. Am J Ophthalmol 1995;119:86–91.
Eguchi K, Uozumi T, Arita K, Kurisu K, Yano T, Sumida M, et al. Pituitary function in patients with Rathke’s cleft cyst: significance of surgical management. Endocr J 1994;41:535–540.
Matsushima T, Fukui M, Fujii K, Kinoshita K, Yamakawa Y. Epithelial cells in symptomatic Rathke’s cleft cysts. A light- and electron-microscopic study. Surg Neurol 1988;30:197–203.
Yoshida J, Kobayashi T, Kageyama N, Kanzaki M. Symptomatic Rathke’s cleft cyst. Morphological study with light and electron microscopy and tissue culture. J Neurosurg 1977;47:451–458.
Hayashi Y, Yamashita J, Muramatsu N, Sakuda K, Nitta H. Symptomatic Rathke’s cleft cysts in identical twins. Case illustration. J Neurosurg 1996;84:710.
Nishio S, Fujiwara S, Morioka T, Fukui M. Rathke’s cleft cysts within a growth hormone producing pituitary adenoma. Br J Neurosurg 1995;9:51–55.
Arita K, Uozumi T, Takechi A, Hirohata T, Pant B, Kubo K, et al. A case of Cushing’ s disease accompanied by Rathke’s cleft cyst: the usefulness of cavernous sinus sampling in the localization of microadenoma. Surg Neurol 1994;42:112–116.
Ikeda H, Yoshimoto T, Katakura R. A case of Rathke’s cleft-cyst within a pituitary adenoma presenting with acromegaly. Do “transitional cell tumors of the pituitary gland” really exist? Acta Neuropathol 1992;83:211–215.
Pearl GS, Takei Y, Kurisaka M, Seyama S, Tindall GT. Cystic prolactinoma: a variant of “transitional cell tumor” of the pituitary. Am J Surg Pathol 1981;5:85–91.
Kepes JJ. Transitional cell tumor of the pituitary gland developing from a Rathke’s cleft cyst. Cancer 1978;41:337–343.
Nishio S, Mizuno J, Barrow DL, Takei Y, Tindall GT. Pituitary tumors composed of adenohypophysial adenoma and Rathke’ s cleft cyst elements: a clinicopathological study. Neurosurgery 1987;21: 371–377.
Ikeda H, Niizuma H, Fujiwara S, Suzuki J, Sasano N. A case of prolactinoma in close association with Rathke’s cleft cyst. No Shinkei Geka 1987;15:999–1003.
Miyagi A, Iwasaki M, Shibuya T, Kido G, Kushi H, Miyagami H, et al. Pituitary adenoma combined with Rathke’s cleft cyst. Case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1993;33:643–650.
Nakasu S, Nakasu Y, Kyoshima K, Watanabe K, Handa J, Okabe H. Pituitary adenoma with multiple ciliated cysts: transitional cell tumor? Surg Neurol 1989;31:41–48.
Oka H, Kawano N, Suwa T, Yada K, Kan S, Kameya T. Radiological study of symptomatic Rathke’s cleft cysts. Neurosurgery 1994;35:632–637.
Naylor MF, Scheithauer BW, Forbes GS, Tomlinson FH, Young WF. Rathke cleft cyst: CT, MR, and pathology of 23 cases. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1995;19:853–859; Erratum 20:171.
Okamoto S, Handa H, Yamashita J, Ishikawa M, Nagasawa S. Computed tomography of intra- and suprasellar epithelial cysts (symptomatic Rathke cleft cysts). Am J Neuroradiol 1985;6: 515–519.
McKeever PE, Blaivas M. The brain, spinal cord, and meninges. In: Sternberg SS, Antonioli DA, Carter D, Mills SE, Oberman HA, eds. Diagnostic Surgical Pathology. Raven, New York, 1994, pp. 409–492.
Sumida M, Uozumi T, Yamanaka M, Mukada K, Arita K, Kurisu K, et al. Displacement of the normal pituitary gland by sellar and juxtasellar tumors: surgical-MRI correlation and use in differential diagnosis. Neuroradiology 1994;36:372–375.
Seidel FG, Towbin R, Kaufman RA. Normal pituitary stalk size in children: CT study. Am J Roentgenol 1985;145:1297–1302.
Sumida M, Uozumi T, Mukada K, Arita K, Kurisu K, Eguchi K. Rathke cleft cysts: correlation of enhanced MR and surgical findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1994;15:525–532.
Meyer JR, Quint DJ, McKeever PE, Boland M, Ross DA. Giant Rathke cleft cyst. AJRN Am J Neuroradiol 1994;15:533–536.
Skjodt K, Loft Edal A, Nepper-Rasmussen HJ, Skjdt K. Rathke’s cleft cyst. Two cases with uncommon MR signals. Acta Radiol 1996;37:596–598.
Christophe C, Flamant-Durand J, Hanquinet S, Heinrichs C, Raftopoulos C, Sariban E, et al. MRI in seven cases of Rathke’s cleft cyst in infants and children. Pediatr Radiol 1993;23:79–82.
Wearne MJ, Barber PC, Johnson AP. Symptomatic Rathke’s cleft cyst with hypophysitis. Br J Neurosurg 1995;9:799–803.
Marin F, Boya J, Lopez-Caronell AL, Borregon A. Immunohis-tochemical localization of intermediate filament and S-100 proteins in several non-endocrine cells of the human pituitary gland. Arch HistolCytol 1989;52:241–248.
Kasper M, Karsten U. Coexpression of cytokeratin and vimentin in Rathke’s cysts of the human pituitary gland. Cell Tissue Res 1988;253:419–424.
Lach B, Scheithauer BW, Gregor A, Wick MR. Colloid cyst of the third ventricle. A comparative immunohistochemical study of neuraxis cysts and choroid plexus epithelium. J Neurosurgery 1993;78:101–111.
Uematsu Y, Komai N, Hirano A, Shimizu M, Tanaka Y, Naka D, et al. Cytokeratin immunohistochemical study of epithelial cysts in the central nervous system: with special reference to origins of colloid cyst of the third ventricle and Rathke’s cleft cyst in the sella. NoshuyoByori 1993;10:43–52.
Inoue T, Matsushima T, Fukui M, Iwaki T, Takeshita I, Kuromatsu C. Immunohistochemical study of intracranial cysts. Neurosurgery 1988;23:576–581.
Ikeda H, Yoshimoto T, Suzuki J. Immunohistochemical study of Rathke’s cleft cyst. Acta Neuropathol 1988;77:33–38.
Niikawa S, Yamada H, Sakai N, Ando T, Zhang W, Hara A, et al. Distribution of cellular carbohydrate moieties in human dysontogenetic brain tumors, especially in craniopharyngioma and epidermoid/dermoid. Acta Neuropathol (Bed) 1992;85:71–78.
Miyagami M, Tsubokawa T. Histological and ultrastructural findings of benign intracranial cysts. Noshuyo Byori 1993; 10:151–160.
Diengdoh JV, Scott T. Electron-microscopical study of a Rathke’s cleft cyst. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1983;60:14–18.
Lach B, Scheithauer BW. Colloid cyst of the third ventricle: a comparative ultrastructural study of neuraxis cysts and choroid plexus epithelium. Ultrastruct Pathol 1992;16:331–349.
Hirano A, Hirano M. Benign cystic lesions in the central nervous system. Light and electron microscopic observations of cyst walls. Child’s Nerv Syst 1988;4:325–333.
Cinti S, Sbarbati A, Balercia G, Cigolini M. An ultrastructural study on muciparous microcysts of the human adenohypophysis. Acta Anat 1985;121:94–98.
Barrow DL, Spector RH, Takei Y, Tindall GT. Symptomatic Rathke’s cleft cysts located entirely in the suprasellar region: review of diagnosis, management, and pathogenesis. Neurosurgery 1985;16:766–772.
Schaeffer BT, Som PM, Sacher M, Lanzieri CF, Solodnik P, Lawson W, et al. Coexistence of a nasal mucoepidermoid carcinoma and sphenoid mucoceles: CT diagnosis and treatment implications. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1985;9:803–805.
Alleva MD, Werber JL, Kimmelman CP. Pathologic quiz case 2. Fibromyxoma of the ethmoidal sinus with secondary sphenoidal sinus mucocele. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989;115: 878–879.
Karnaze MG, Sartor K, Winthrop JD, Gado MH, Hodges FJ. Suprasellar lesions: Evaluation with MR imaging? Radiology 1986; 161:77–82.
Verkijk A, Bots GT. An intrasellar cyst with both Rathke’s cleft and epidermoid characteristics. Acta Neurochir 1980;51:203–207.
Fischer EG, DeGirolami U, Suojanen JN. Reversible visual deficit following debulking of a Rathke’s cleft cyst: a tethered chiasm? J Neurosurg 1994;81:459–462.
1.2.2. Epidermoid Cyst
Lana-Peixoto MA, Pittella JE, Arouca EM. Primary intracranial tumors: Analysis of a series of consecutive autopsies and biopsies. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1981;39:13–24.
Sadeh M, Goldhammer Y, Schacked I, Tadmar R, Godel V. Basal encephalocele associated with suprasellar epidermoid cyst. Arch Neurol 1983;39:250–252.
Launay M, Fredy D, Merland JJ, Bories J. Narrowing and occlusion of arteries by intracranial tumors: Review of the literature and report of 25 cases. Neuroradiology 1977;14:117–126.
Gormley WB, Tomecek FJ, Qureshi N, Malik GM. Craniocerebral epidermoid and dermoid tumours: a review of 32 cases. Acta Neurochir 1994;128:115–121.
Torbiak CW, Mazagri R, Tchang SP, Clein LJ. Parasellar epidermoid cyst presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Can Assoc Radiol J 1995;46:392–394.
Horowitz BL, Chari MV, James R, Bryan RN. MR of intracranial epidermoid tumors: correlation of in vivo imaging with in vitro 13C spectroscopy. Am J Neuroradiol 1990;11:299–302.
Mafee MF, Kumar A, Heffner DK. Epidermoid cyst (cholesteatoma) and cholesterol granuloma of the temporal bone and epidermoid cysts affecting the brain. Neuroimaging Clin North Am 1994;4: 561–578.
Salyer D, Carter D. Squamous carcinoma arising in the pituitary gland. Cancer 1973;31:713–718.
Lewis AJ, Cooper PW, Kassel EE, Schwartz ML. Squamous cell carcinoma arising in suprasellar epidermoid cysts. J Neurosurg 1983;59:538–541.
Nakasu S, Matsumura K, Nioka H, Handa J. Lectin histochemistry of dermoid and epidermoid cysts of the central nervous system. NoshuyoByori 1993;10:11–17.
Petito CK, DeGirolami U, Earle KM. Craniopharyngiomas. Cancer 1976;37:1944–1952.
Bejarano PA, Broderick DF, Gado MH. Infected epidermoid cyst of the sphenoid bone. Am J Neurol 1993;14:771–773.
1.2.3. Dermoid Cyst
Klonoff DC, Kahn DG, Rosenzweig W, Wilson CB. Hyper-prolactinemia in a patient with a pituitary and an ovarian dermoid tumor: Case report. Neurosurgery 1990;26:335–339.
Mortada A. Dermoid cysts of great wing of sphenoid bone. Br J Ophthalmol 1970;2:131–133.
McKeever PE, Blaivas M. The brain, spinal cord, and meninges. In: Sternberg SS, Antonioli DA, Carter D, Mills SE, Oberman HA, eds. Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 2nd ed. Raven, New York, 1994, pp. 409–492.
Hashimoto T, Kubota S, Shimizu T, Beppu T. A case of suprasellar tumor associated with so-called atypical angina pectoris. No Shinkei Geka (Neurol Surg) 1976;4:979–984.
Graham DV, Tampieri D, Villemure JG. Intramedullary dermoid tumor diagnosed with the assistance of magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurgery 1988;23:765–767.
Smith AS, Benson JE, Blasner SI, Mizushima A, Tarr RW, Bellon EM. Diagnosis of ruptured intracranial dermoid cyst: value of MR over CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1991;12:175–180.
Hirano A, Hirano M. Benign cystic lesions in the central nervous system. Light and electron microscopic observations of cyst walls. Child’s Nerv Cyst 1988;4:325–333.
2.1.1. Gangliocytoma
Scheithauer BW, Kovacs K, Randall RV, Horvath E, Okazaki H, Laws ER. Hypothalamic neuronal hamartoma and adenohypophy-seal neuronal choristoma: their association with growth hormone adenoma of the pituitary gland. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1983;42: 644–648.
Beal MF, Kleinman GM, Ojemann RG, Hochberg FH. Gangliocytoma of third ventricle: hyperphagia, somnolence, and dementia. Neurology 1981;31:1224–1228.
Russel DS, Rubinstein LJ. Pathology of Tumours of the Nervous System. Williams and Wilkins, London, 1989.
Burchield KJ, Shaw COM, Kelly WA. A mixed functional microadenoma and ganglioneuroma of the pituitary fossa. Case Report. J Neurosurg 1983;58:416–420.
Towfighi J, Salam MM, McLendon RE, Powers S, Page RB. Ganglion cell-containing tumors of the pituitary gland. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1996;120:369–377.
Li JY, Racadot O, Kujas M, Kouadri M, Peillon F, Racadot J. Immunocytochemistry of four mixed pituitary adenomas and intrasellar gangliocytomas associated with different clinical syndromes: acromegaly, amenorrhea-galactorrhea, Cushing’s disease and isolated tumoral syndrome. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1989;77: 320–328.
Horvath E, Kovacs K, Scheithauer BW, Lloyd RV, Smyth HS. Pituitary adenoma with neuronal choristoma (PANCH): composite lesion or lineage infidelity? Ultrastruct Pathol 1994;18:565–574.
Saeger W, Puchner MJ, Ludecke DK. Combined sellar gangliocytoma and pituitary adenoma in acromegaly or Cushing’s disease. A report of 3 cases. Virchows Arch 1994;425:93–99.
Asa SL, Scheithauer BW, Bilbao JM, Horvath E, Ryan N, Kovacs K, et al. A case of hypothalamic acromegaly: A clinicopathologic study of six patients with hypothalamic gangliocytomas producing growth hormone-releasing factor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;58: 796–803.
Shuangshoti S, Samranvej P. Hypothalamic and pancreatic lesions with diabetes mellitus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975;38: 1003–1007.
Zulch KJ. Biologie und Pathologie der Hirngeschwulste. In: Olivecrona H, Tonnis W, eds. Handuch der Neurochirugie, vol. 3. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956, p. 381.
Kamel OW, Horoupian DS, Silverberg GD. Mixed gangliocytoma-adenoma: a distinct neuroendocrine tumor of the pituitary fossa. Hum Pathol 1989;20:1198–203.
2.1.2. Hypothalamic Hamartoma
Iwase T, NishizawaS, BabaS, HinokumaK, SugimuraH, Nakamura SI, et al. Intrasellar neuronal choristoma associated with growth hormone-producing pituitary adenoma containing amyloid deposits. Hum Pathol 1995;62:925–928.
Scheithauer BW, Kovacs K, Randall RV, Horvath E, Okazaki H, Laws ER. Hypothalamic neuronal hamartoma and adenohypophy-seal neuronal choristoma: their association with growth hormone adenoma of the pituitary gland. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1983;42: 644–648.
Slowik F, Fazekas I, Balint K, Gazso L, Pasztor E, Czirjak D, Lapis K. Intrasellar hamartoma associated with pituitary adenoma. Acta Neuropathol 1990;80:328–333.
Colaco MP, Desai MP, Choksi CS, Shah KN, Mehta RU. Hypothalamic hamartomas and precocious puberty. Indian J Pediatr 1993;60:445–450.
Cheng K, Sawamura Y, Yamauchi T, Abe H. Asymptomatic large hypothalamic hamartoma associated with Polydactyly in an adult. Neurosurgery 1993;32:458–460.
Valdueza JM, Cristante L, Dammann O, Bentele K, Vortmeyer A, Saeger W, et al. Hypothalamic hamartomas: with special reference to gelastic epilepsy and surgery. Neurosurgery 1994;34:949–958.
Turjman F, Xavier JL, Froment JC, Tran-Minh VA, David L, Lapras C. Late MR follow-up of hypothalamic hamartomas. Child’s Nervous System 1996;12:63–68.
Hamilton RL. Precocious puberty. (Case of the month). Brain Pathol 1997;7:711,712.
Hall JG, Pallister PD, Clarren SK, Beckwith JB, Wiglesworth FW, Fraser FL, et al. Congenital hypothalamic hamartoblastoma, hypopituitarism, imperforate anus, and postaxial Polydactyly—a new syndrome? 1. Clinical causal and pathogenic considerations. Am J Med Genet 1980;7:47–74.
Nurbai MA, Tomlinson BE, Lorigan-Forsythe B. Infantile hypothalamic hamartoma with multiple congenital abnormalities. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1985;11:61–70.
Asa SL, Bilbao JM, Kovacs K, Linfoot JA. Hypothalmic neuronal hamartoma associated with pituitary growth hormone cell adenoma and acromegaly. Acta Neuropathol 1980;52:231–234.
2.1.3. Olfactory Neuroblastoma
Rodas RA, Erkman-Balis B, Cahill DW. Late intracranial metastasis from esthesioneuroblastoma: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 1986;19:622–627.
Burke DP, Gabrielsen TO, Knake JE, Seeger JF, Oberman HA. Radiology of olfactory neuroblastoma. Radiology 1980;137:367–372.
Jakumeit HD. Neuroblastoma of the olfactory nerve. Acta Neurochir 1971;25:99–108.
Sarwar M. Primary sellar-parasellar esthesioneuroblastoma. AJR 1979;133:140,141.
Elkon D, Hightower SI, Lim ML, Cantrell RN, Constable WC. Esthesioneuroblastoma. Cancer 1979;44:1087–1094.
Schochet SS Jr, Peters B, O’Neal J, McCormick WF. Intracranial esthesioneuroblastoma. A light and electron microscopic study. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1975;31:181–118.
Rosengren JE, Jing BS, Wallace S, Danziger J. Radiographic features of olfactory neuroblastoma. Am J Roentgenology 1979; 132: 945–948.
Reznik M, Melon J, Lambricht M, Kaschten B, Beckers A. Neuroendocrine tumor of the nasal cavity (esthesioneuroblastoma). Apropos of a case with paraneoplastic Cushing’s syndrome. Ann Pathol 1987;7:137–142.
Ng KH, Poon WS, Poon CYF, South JR. Intracranial olfactory neuroblastoma mimicking carcinoma: report of two cases. Histopa-thology 1988;12:393–403.
Takahashi H, Wakabayashi K, Ikuta F, Tanimura K. Esthesioneuroblastoma: a nasal catecholamine-producing tumor of neural crest origin. Demonstration of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreac-tive tumor cells. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1988;75:522–527.
Levine PA, Paling MR, Black WC, Cantrell RW. MRI vs high resolution CT scanning: Evaluation of the anterior skull base. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987;96:260–267.
Mills SE, Firerson HF Jr. Olfactory neuroblastoma. A clinicopathologic study of 21 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1985;9:317–327.
Mills SE, Fechner RE. “Undifferentiated” neoplasms of the sinonasal region: Differential diagnosis based on clinical, light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features. Semin Diagn Pathol 1989;6:316–328.
Taxy JB, Bharani NK, Mills SE, Frierson HF, Gould VE. The spectrum of olfactory neural tumors. A light-microscopic immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis. Am J Surg Path 1986;10:687–695.
Frierson HF Jr, Ross GW, Mills SE, Frankfurter A. Olfactory neuroblastoma. Additional immunohistochemical characterization. Am J Clin Pathol 1990;94:547–553.
Perentes E, Rubinstein LJ. Immunohistochemical recognition of human neuroepithelial tumors by anti-Leu 7 (HNK-1) monoclonal antibody. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1986;69:227–233.
Durham JC, Olfactory neuroblastoma. Ear Nose Throat J 1989; 68:185,186.
Miyaguchi M, Kitaouku S, Sakai S, Uda H. Clinical and histopatho-logical studies of olfactory neuroblastoma. Auris Nasus Larynx 1989;16:157–163.
Curtis JL, Rubinstein LJ. Pigmented olfactory neuroblastoma. A new example of melanotic neuroepithelial neoplasm. Cancer 1982;49:2136–2143.
Takahashi H, Ohara S, Yamada M, Ikuta F, Tanimura K, Honda Y. Esthesioneuroepithelioma: a tumor of true olfactory epithelium origin. An ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1987;75:147–155.
Ferris CA, Schnadig VJ, Quinn FB, Des Jardins L. Olfactory neuroblastoma. Cytodiagnostic features in a case with ultrastructural and immunohistochemical correlation. Acta Cytol 1988;32:381–385.
Chaudhru AP, Haar JG, Koul A, Nickerson PA. Olfactory neuroblastoma (esthesioneuroblastoma): a light and ultrastructural study of two cases. Cancer 1979;44:554–579.
Spalke G, Mennel HD, Martin G. Histogenesis of olfactory neuroblastoma. I. Electron microscopy of typical human case. Pathol Res Pract 1985;180:516–520.
Frierson HF, Mills SE, Fechner RE, Taxy JB, Levine PA. Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma: An aggressive neoplasm derived from Schneiderian epithelium and distinct from olfactory neuroblastoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1986;10:771–779.
Payne CM, Smith WL, Grogan TM, Nagle RB, Paplanus SH, Palmer T. Ultrastructural morphometry distinguishes Burkitt’s-like lymphomas from neuroendocrine neoplasms: Useful criteria applied to the evaluation of a poorly differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasm of the nasal cavity masquerading as Burkitt’s-like lymphoma. Mod Pathol 1989;8:35–45.
Warnke RA, Gatter KC, Falini B, Hildreth P, Woolston RE, Pulford K, et al. Diagnosis of human lymphoma with monoclonal antileukocyte antibodies. N Engl J Med 1983;309:1275–1281.
Kurtin PJ, Pinkus GS. Leukocyte common antigen—a diagnostic discriminant between hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic neoplasms in paraffin sections using monoclonal antibodies: Correlation with immunologic studies and ultrastructural localization. Hum Pathol 1985;16:353–365.
McKeever PE, Lloyd RV. Tumors of the pituitary gland region. In: Garcia JH, Budka H, McKeever PE, Sarnat HB, Sima AAF, eds. Neuropathology: The Diagnostic Approach. Mosby-Yearbook, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 219–222.
2.2.1. Pilocytic Astrocytoma (Infundibuloma)
Russell DS, Rubinstein LJ. Pathology of tumours of the nervous system Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins 1988, pp. 377–378.
Scothorne CM. Glioma of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. J Pathol Bacteriol 1955;69:109–112.
Valdueza JM, Lohmann F, Dammann O, Hagel C, Eckert B, Freckmann N. Analysis of 20 primarily surgically treated chiasmatic hypotha-lamic/pilocytic astrocytomas. Acta Neurochir 1994;126:44–50.
Tekkokl H, Tahta K, Saglam S. Optic nerve glioma presenting as a huge intrasellar mass. Case report. J Neurosurg Sci 1994;38:137–140.
Janisch W. Brain tumors in infancy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1995;55s–56s.
Sorenson EJ, Silbert PL, Benarroch EE, Jack CR, Parisi JE. Transient amnestic syndrome after spontaneous hemorrhage into a hypothalamic pilocytic astrocytoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1995;58:761–763.
Hurley TR, D’Angelo CM, Clasen RA, Wilkinson SB, Passavoy RD. Magnetic resonance imaging and pathological analysis of a pituicytoma: case report. Neurosurgery 1994;35:314–317.
Sutton LN, Molloy PT, Sernyak H, Goldwein J, Phillips PL, Rorke LB, et al. Long-term outcome of hypothalamic/chiasmatic astrocytomas in children treated with conservative surgery. J Neurosurg 1995;83:583–589.
White FV, Anthony DC, Yunis EJ, Tarbell NJ, Scott RM, Schofield DE. Nonrandom chromosomal gains in pilocytic astrocytomas of childhood. Hum Pathol 1995;26:979–986.
Nishio S, Morioka T, Takeshita I, Shono T, Inamura T, Fujiwara S, et al. Chemotherapy for progressive pilocytic astrocytomas in the chiasmo-hypothalamic regions. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1995;97: 300–306.
2.2.2. Optic Nerve Glioma
Reese AB. Tumors of the Eye and Adnexa. Atlas of Tumor Pathology Fascicle 38, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington DC, 1956, pp. 31–42.
Russel DS, Rubinstein LJ. Pathology of Tumours of the Nervous System. Williams and Wilkins, London, 1989.
Rush J A, Younge BR, Campbell RJ, MacCarty CS. Optic glioma. Long-term follow-up of 85 histopathologically verified cases. Ophthalmology 1982;89:1213–1219.
Davis FA. Primary tumors of the optic nerve (a phenomenon of Recklinghausen’s disease) a clinical and pathological study with a report of five cases and review of the literature. Arch Ophthalmol 1940;23:735–821.
Borit A, Richardson EP. The biological and clinical behavior of pilocytic astrocytoma of the optic pathway. Brain 1982;105:161–187.
Rubinstein LJ. Tumeurs et hamartomes dans la neurofibromatose central. In: Michaux L, Feld M, eds. Les Phakomatoses Cerebrales. SPEI Editeurs, Paris, 1963, p. 427.
Matson D. Neurosurgery of Infancy and Childhood. Thomas, Springfield IL, 1969, pp. 523–536.
Alvord EC, Lofton S. Gliomas of the optic nerve or chiasm. Outcome by patients age, tumor site, and treatment. J Neurosurg 1988;68:85–98.
Kleihues P, Burger PC, Scheithauer BW. Histologic Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1993.
Verhoeff FH. Tumors of the optic nerve. In: Penfield W, ed. Cytology and Cellular Pathology of the Nervous System, vol. 3. Hoeber, New York, 1932, p. 1027.
Dirks PB, Jay V, Becker LE, et al. Development of anaplastic changes in low-grade astrocytomas of childhood. Neurosurgery 1994;34:68–78.
Caccamo DV, Rubinstein LJ. Tumors: Applications of immunocy-tochemical methods. In: Garcia JH, Budka H, McKeever PE, Sarnat HB, Sima AAF, eds. Neuropathology: The Diagnostic Approach. Mosby-Yearbook, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 193–218.
Clark GB, Henry JM, McKeever PE. Cerebral pilocytic astrocytoma. Cancer 1985;56:1128–1133.
Lach B, Sikorska M, Rippstein P, Gregor A, Staines W, Davie TR. Immunoelectron microscopy of Rosenthal fibers. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1991;81:503–509.
Murayama S, Bouldin TW, Suzuki K. Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies of eosinophilic granular bodies in astrocytic tumors. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1992;83:408–414.
Horwich A, Bloom HJG. Optic gliomas: radiation therapy and prognosis. Int J Radiol Oncol Biol Phys 1985;11:1067–1079.
Hoyt WF, Mechel LG, Lessell S, Schatz NJ, Suckling RD. Malignant optic glioma of adulthood. Brain 1973;96:121–132.
Spoor TL, Kernnerdell JS, Martinez AJ, Zorub D. Malignant gliomas of the optic nerve pathways. Am J Ophthalmol 1980;89:284–292.
2.2.3. High-Grade Glioma
McKeever PE, Blaivas M, Sima AAF. Neoplasms of the sellar region. In: Lloyd RV, ed. Surgical Pathology of the Pituitary Gland, vol. 27, Livolsi VA, ed. Major Problems in Pathology. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1993, pp. 141–210.
Huang CI, Chiou WH, Ho DM. Oligodendroglioma occurring after radiation therapy for pituitary adenoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987;50:1619–1624.
Kitanaka C, Shitara N, Nakagomi T, Nakamura H, Genka S, Nakagawa K, et al. Postradiation astrocytoma: Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 1989;70:469–474.
Millar WS, Tartaglino LM, Sergott RC, Friedman DP, Flanders AE. MR of malignant optic glioma of adulthood. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16:1673–1676.
Spoor TC, Kennerdell JS, Martinez AJ, Zorub D. Malignant gliomas of the optic nerve pathways. Am J Ophthalmol 1980;89: 284–292.
Harper CG, Stewart-Wynne EG. Malignant optic glioma in adults. Arch Neurol 1978;35:731–735.
Manor RS, Israeli J, Sandbank U. Malignant optic glioma in a 70 year old patient. Arch Ophthalmol 1976;94:1142–1144.
Taphoorn MJ, de Vries-Knoppert WA, Ponssen H, Wolbers JG. Malignant optic glioma in adults. Case report. J Neurosurg 1989;70:277–279.
Ushio Y, Arita N, Yoshimine T, Nagatani M, Mogami H. Glioblastoma after radiotherapy for craniopharyngioma: Case report. Neurosurgery 1987;21:33–38.
Hufnagel TJ, Kim JH, Lesser R, Miller JM, Abrahams JJ, Piepmeier J, et al. Malignant glioma of the optic chiasm eight years after radiotherapy for prolactinoma. Arch Opthalmol 1988;106:1701–1705.
Zampieri P, Zorat PL, Mingrino S, Soattin GB. Radiation-associated cerebral gliomas. A report of two cases and review of the literature. J Neurosurg Sci 1989;33:271–279.
Shimizu H, Fujiwara K, Kobayashi S, Kitahara M. A case of paraventricular anaplastic astrocytoma following radiation therapy for craniopharyngioma. No Shinkei Geka 1994;22:357–362.
Barbaro NM, Rosenblum ML, Maitland CG, Hoyt WF, Davis RL, Maroon JC. Malignant optic glioma presenting radiologically as a “cystic” suprasellar mass: Case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 1982;11:787–789.
Marus G, Levin CV, Rutherfoord GS. Malignant glioma following radiotherapy for unrelated primary tumors. Cancer 1986;58: 886–894.
Suda Y, Mineura K, Kowada M, Ohishi H. Malignant astrocytoma following radiotherapy in pituitary adenoma: Case report. No Shinkei Geka 1989;17:783–788.
Komaki S, Komaki R, Choi H, Correa-Paz F. Radiation and drug induced intracranial neoplasm with angiographic demonstration. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1977;17:55–62.
Sogg RL, Donaldson SS, Yorke CH. Malignant astrocytoma following radiotherapy of a craniopharyngioma. J Neurosurg 1978;48: 622–627.
Gutjahr P, Dieterich E, Risiko. Risk of a second malignant neoplasm after successful treatment of a malignant tumor in children. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1979;104:969–972.
Piatt JH, Bluie JM, Schold SC, Burger PC. Glioblastoma multiforme after radiotherapy for acromegaly. Neurosurgery 1983;13:85–89.
Liwnicz BH, Berger TS, Liwnicz RG, Aron BS. Radiation-associated gliomas: A report of four cases and analysis of post-radiation tumors of the central nervous system. Neurosurgery 1985;17: 436–445.
Maat-Schiemann MLC, Bots GTAM, Thomeer RTWM, Vielvoye GJ. Malignant astrocytoma following radiotherapy for craniopharyngioma. Br J Radiol 1985;48:480–482.
Committee of Authors. National Epidemiologic Study, July, 1982.
Brada M, Rajan B, Ross G, Traish D, Ashley S, Ford D. Longterm tumor control and toxicity following conservative surgery and radiotherapy in the treatment of pituitary adenoma. Br J Cancer 1993;67(SuppleXX):27.
Tsang RW, Laperriere NJ, Simpson WJ, Brierley J, Panzarella T, Smyth HS. Glioma arising after radiation therapy for pituitary adenoma. A report of four patients and estimation of risk. Cancer 1993;72:2227–2233;73:492.
Tamura M, Misumi S, Kurosaki S, Shibasaki T, Ohye C. Anaplastic astrocytoma 14 years after radiotherapy for pituitary adenoma. No Shinkei Geka 1992;20:493–497.
McKeever PE, Blaivas M, Nelson JS. The diagnosis of brain and spinal tumors by conventional light microscopic methods. In: Garcia JH, Budka H, McKeever PE, Sarnat HB, Sima AAF, eds. Neuropathology: The Diagnostic Approach. Mosby-Yearbook, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 31–96.
McLaughlin PW, Schea R, McKeever PE, Boothman DA. Radiobiological effects and changes in gene expression in the central nervous system in response to ionizing radiation. In: Levin AJ, Schmidek HH, eds. Molecular Genetics of Nervous System Tumors. Wiley-Liss, New York, 1993, pp. 163–177.
Burger PC, Scheithauer BW. Tumors of the central nervous system. In: Rosai J, Sobin LH, ed and assoc ed. Atlas of Tumor Pathology, fasc 10, 3rd ser. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, 1994.
Albers GW, Hoyt WF, Forno LS, Shratter LA. Treatment response in malignant optic glioma of adulthood. Neurology 1988;38:1071–1074.
2.2.4. Granular Cell Tumor (GCT)
Kovacs K, Horvath E. Tumors of the pituitary gland. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington DC, 1986.
McCormick WF, Hamlmi BS. Absence of chromophobe adenomas from a large series of pituitary tumors. Arch Pathol 1971;92:231–238.
Luse SA, Kernohan JW. Granular cell tumors of the stalk and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Cancer 1955;8:616–622.
Vaquero J, Leunda G, Gabezudo JM, Salazar AR, Miguel de J. Granular pituicytomas of the pituitary stalk. Acta Neurochir 1981;59:209–215.
Bakos L. Multiple cutaneous granular cell tumors with systemic defects: a distinct entity? Int J Dermatol 1993;32:432–435.
Becker DH, Wilson CB. Symptomatic parasellar granular cell tumor. Neurosurgery 1981;8:173–180.
Simsir A, Osborne BM, Greenbaum E. Malignant granular cell tumor: A case report and review of the recent literature. Hum Pathol 1996;27:853–858.
Thunold S, Von Eyben FE, Maehle B. Malignant granular cell tumor of the neck: Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies of a case. Histopathology 1989;14:655–662.
O’Donovah DG, Kell P. Malignant granular cell tumor with intraperitoneal dissemination. Histopathology 1989;14:417–428.
Lloyd RV, Warner TF. Immunohistochemistry of neuron-specific enolase. In: DeLellis RA, ed. Advances in Immunohistochemistry. Masson, New York, 1984, pp. 127–140.
Nathrath WBJ, Remberger K. Immunohistochemical study of granular cell tumors. Demonstration of neuron specific enolase, SI00 protein, laminin and alpha- 1-antichymotrypsin. Virchows Arch (Pathol Anat) 1986;408:421–434.
Liwnicz BH, Liwnicz RG, Huff JS, McBride BH, Tew JM. Giant granular cell tumor of the suprasellar area: Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies. Neurosurgery 1984;15:246–251.
Gambini C, Ruelle A, Palladino M, Boccardo M. Intracerebral granular cell tumor. Case report. Pathologica 1990;82:83–88.
Dickson DW, Suzuki KI, Kanner R, Weitz S, Horoupian DS. Cerebral granular cell tumor: Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1986;45:304–314.
Filie AC, Lage JM, Azumi N. Immunoreactivity of S100 protein, a-1-antitrypsin, and CD68 in adult and congenital granular cell tumors. Mod Pathol 1996;9:888–892.
Geddes JF, Thorn M, Robinson SFD, Revesz T. Granular cell tumor change in astrocytic tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20:55–63.
Nakamura T, Hirato J, Hotchi M, Kyoshima K, Nakamura Y. Astrocytoma with granular cell tumor-like changes. Report of a case with histochemical and ultrastructural characterization of granular cells. Acta Pathol Jpn 1990;40:206–211.
Rosenthal SA, Livolsi VA, Turrisi AT. Adjuvant radiotherapy for recurrent granular cell tumor. Cancer 1990;65:897–900.
Melaragno MJ, Prayson RA, Murphy MA, Hassenbusch SJ, Estes ML. Anaplastic astrocytoma with granular cell differentiation: Case report and review of the literature. Hum Pathol 1993;24:805–808.
2.2.5. Schwannomas
Ho K-L. Schwannoma of the trochlear nerve. J Neurosurg 1981;55: 132–134.
Lennda G, Vaquero J, Cabezudo J, Garcia-Uria J, Bravo G. Schwannoma of the oculomotor nerve. Report of four cases. J Neurosurg 1982;57:563–565.
Wilberger JE Jr. Primary intrasellar schwannoma. Case report. Surg Neurol 1989;32:156–158.
Perone TP, Robinson B, Holmes SM. Intrasellar schwannoma: Case report. Neurosurgery 1984;14:71–73.
Goebel HH, Shimokawa K, Schaake TH, Kremp A. Schwannoma of the sellar region. Acta Neurochir 1979;48:191–197.
Chadduk WN. Unusual lesions involving the sella turcica. S Med J 1973;66:948–955.
Hasegawa SL, Mentzel T, Fletcher CDM. Schwannomas of the sinonasal tract and nasopharynx. Mod Pathol 1997;10:777–784.
Ghatak NR, Norwood CW, Davis CH. Intracerebral schwannoma. Surg Neurol 1975;3:45–47.
DiNardo LJ, Mellis MG. Cystic schwannoma of the sphenoid sinus and skull base. Ear, Nose Throat J 1993;72:816–818.
Cotton RT, Goodman ML. A 12-year-old boy with progressive nasal obstruction. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1285–1291.
Benhaiem-Sigaux N, Ricolfi F, Keravel Y, Poirier J. Epithelioid schwannoma of the acoustic nerve. Clin Neuropathol 1996;15:231–233.
Kurtin PJ, Bonin DM. Immunohistochemical demonstration of the lysosome-associated glycoprotein CD68 (KP-1) in granular cell tumors and schwannomas. Hum Pathol 1994;25:1172–1184.
3.1. Meningioma
Ugrumov VM, Ignatyeva GE, Olushin VE, Tigliev GS, Polenov AL. Parasellar meningiomas: diagnosis and possibility of surgical treatment according to the place of original growth. Acta Neurochir 1979;Suppl 28:373–374.
Bonnal J, Brotchi J, Born J. Meningiomas of the lateral portion of the sella turcica. Acta Neurochirurgica 1979; 28 (Suppl):385,386.
Solero CL, Giombini S, Morello G. Suprasellar and olfactory meningiomas. Report on a series of 153 personal cases. Acta Neurochir 1983;67:181–194.
Synom L. Olfactory grove and suprasellar meningiomas. In: Krayenbuhl H, ed. Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery, vol. 4. Springer Verlag, New York, 1977, pp. 67–91.
Banna M, Baker HL, House OW. Pituitary and parapituitary tumours on computed tomography. Br J Radiol 1980;53;1123–43.
Ehlers N, Malmros R. The suprasellar meningioma. A review of the literature and presentation of a series of 31 cases. Acta Ophthalmol Suppl 1973;121:1–73.
Ley A, Gabas E. Meningiomas of the tuberculum sellae. Acta Neurochir Suppl 1979;28:402–404.
Krenkel W, Frowein RA. Suprasellar meningiomas. Acta Neurochir 1974;31:280.
Russel DS, Rubinstein LJ. Pathology of Tumours of the Nervous System. Williams and Wilkins, London, 1989.
Busch E, Mahneke A. A case of meningioma from the diaphragm of the sella turcica. Zbl Neurochir 1954;14:25–28.
Demailly PW, Guiat G. Meningiomes du diaphragme sellaire. Bull Soc D’Ophthalm 1970;2:191–193.
Kepes JJ. Meningiomas. Biology, Pathology and Differential Diagnosis. Masson, New York, 1982, pp. 64–149.
Papo I, Villani R, Giovanelli M, Scarpelli M, Salvolini V, Pasquini U, etal. Angioblastic parasellar extradural tumours. Acta Neurochirurgica, Suppl 1979;28:438–444.
Shah RP, Leavens ME, Samaan NA. Galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and hyperprolactinemia as manifestations of parasellar meningioma. Arch Int Med 1980;140:1608–1612.
Grisoli F, Vincentelli F, Raybaud C, Harter M., Guibout M, Baldini M. Intrasellar meningioma. Surg Neurol 1983;20:36–41.
Hardy J, Roberst F. Un meningiome de la sella turcique variete sous diaphragmatique (exerese par voie transphenoidale) Neurochirurgie 1969;15:535–544.
Meyrignac C, N’Guyen JP, Blatrix C, Degos JDD. Meningiome post radique. Complication tardive de 1 irradition de la sella turcique. La Nouv Presse Med 1981;10:3246–3247.
Sumida M, Uozumi T, Yamanaka M, Mukada K, Arita K, Kurisu K, et al. Displacement of the normal pituitary gland by sellar and juxtasellar tumours: surgical MRI correlation and use in differential diagnosis. Neuroradiol 1994;36:372–375.
Johnsen DE, Woodruff WW, Allen IS, Cera PJ, Funkhouser GR, Coleman LL. MR imaging of the sellar and juxtasellar regions. Radiographics 1991;11:727–758.
Hershey BL. Suprasellar masses: diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Semin Ultrasound Comput Tomogr Magn Reson 1993; 14: 215–231.
Dietemann JL, Cromero C, Tajahmady T, Baumgartner J, Gangi A, Kastler B, et al. CT and MRI of suprasellar lesions. J Neuroradiol 1992;19:1–22.
McKeever PE, Blaivas M, Nelson JS. The diagnosis of brain and spinal tumors by conventional light microscopic methods. In: Garcia JH, Budka H, McKeever PE, Sarnat HB, Sima AAF, eds. Neuropathology: The Diagnostic Approach. Mosby-Yearbook, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 31–96.
McKeever PE, Brissie NT. Scanning electron microscopy of neoplasms removed at surgery: Surface topography and comparison of meningioma, colloid cyst, ependymoma, pituitary adenoma, schwannoma and astrocytoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1977;36: 875–896.
Kleihues P, Burger PC, Scheithauer BW. Histologic Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1993.
Friede RL, Yasargil MG. Suprasellar neoplasm with a granular cell component. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1977;36:769–782.
Mitsumori K, Maronpot RR, Boorman GA. Spontaneous tumors of the meninges in rats. Vet Pathol 1987;24:50–58.
Wanschitz J, Schmidbauer M, Maier H, Rossler K, Vorkapic P, Budka H. Suprasellar meningioma with expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein: a peculiar variant. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1995;90:539–544.
Yamada K, Hatayama T, Ohta M, Sakoda K, Uozumi T. Coincidental pituitary adenoma and parasellar meningioma. Case report. Neurosurgery 1986;19:267–270.
O’Connell JEA. Intracranial meningioma associated with other tumors involving the central nervous system. Br J Surg 1961;48: 373–383.
Kitamura K, Nakamura N, Terao H, Hayakawa I, Kamano S, Ishijima T, et al. Primary brain tumors. Brain Nerve 1965; 17: 109–117.
Probst A. Combined occurrence of Cushing syndrome, hypophyseal adenoma and suprasellar meningioma. Case report. Zentralbl Neurochirurg 1971;32:75–82.
Bunick EM, Mills LC, Rose LI. Association of acromegaly and meningiomas. JAMA 1978;240:1267–1268.
Hyoda A, Nose T, Maki Y, Enomoto T. Pituitary adenoma and meningioma in the same patient. Neurochir (Stuttg) 1982;25:66–67.
Brennan TG Jr, Rao CVGK, Robinson W, Itani A. Case report: Tandem lesions. Chromophobe adenoma and meningioma. J Comput Assisted Tomogr 1977;1:517–520.
Sautner D, Saeger W, Ludecke DK. Tumors of the sellar region mimicking pituitary adenomas. Exp Clin Endocrinol 1993; 101: 283–289.
Meis JM, Ordonez NG, Bruner JM. Meningiomas: An immunohistochemical study of 50 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986;110: 934–937.
Mrak RE. Ultrastructural diagnosis of tumors of the nervous system. In: Garcia JH, Budka H, McKeever PE, Sarnat HB, Sima AAF, eds. Neuropathology: The Diagnostic Approach. Mosby-Yearbook, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 97–192.
McKeever PE, Lloyd RV. Tumors of the pituitary gland region. In: Garcia JH, Budka H, McKeever PE, Sarnat HB, Sima AAF, eds. Neuropathology: The Diagnostic Approach. Mosby-Yearbook, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 219–262.
Thomas HG, Dolman CL, Berry K. Malignant meningioma: Clinical and pathological features. J Neurosurg 1981;55:929–934.
Kinjo T, al-Mefty O, Ciric I. Diaphragma sellae meningiomas. Neurosurgery 1995;36:1082–1092.
Jallu A, Kanaan I, Rahm B, Siqueria E. Suprasellar meningioma and blindness: a unique experience in Saudi Arabia. Surg Neurol 1996;45:320–323.
4.1. Chordoma
Lana-Peixoto MA, Pittella JE, Arouca EM. Primary intracranial tumors: Analysis of a series of consecutive autopsies and biopsies. Arquivos de Neuroi-Psiquiatria 1981;39:13–24.
Volpe R, Mazabraud A. A clinicopathologic review of 25 cases of chordoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1983;7:161–170.
Austin MB, Mills SE. Neoplasms and neoplasm-like lesions involving the skull base. Ear Nose Throat J 1986;65:25–52.
McKeever PE, Blaivas M, Sima AAF. Neoplasms of the sellar region. In: Lloyd RV, ed. Surgical Pathology of the Pituitary Gland. Major Problems in Pathology Series. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1993, pp. 141–210.
Mathews W, Wilson CB. Ectopic intrasellar chordoma: Case report. J Neurosurg 1974;40:260.
Belza J. Double midline intracranial tumors of vestigial origin: Contiguous intrasellar chordoma and suprasellar craniopharyngioma: Case report. J Neurosurg 1966;25:199.
Perzin KH, Pushparaj N. Nonepithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. Cancer 1986;57:784–796.
Franquemont DW, Katsetos CD, Ross GW. Fatal acute pontocerebellar hemorrhage due to an unsuspected spheno-occipital chordoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989;113:1075–1078.
Kendall BE. Cranial chordomas. Br J Radiol 1977;50:687–698.
Launay M, Fredy D, Merland JJ, Bories J. Narrowing and occlusion of arteries by intracranial tumors: Review of the literature and report of 25 cases. Neuroradiology 1977;14:117–126.
Koga N, Kadota Y, Hatashita S, Hosaka Y, Sugamura J, Sakakibara T, et al. A case of clivus chordoma showing hemorrhage in the posterior fossa. No Shinkei Geka 1988;16:1417–1421.
Kontozoglou T, Qizilbash AH, Sianos J, Stead R. Chordoma: Cytologic and immunocytochemical study of four cases. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:55–61.
Marigil MA, Pardo-Mindan FJ, Joly M. Diagnosis of chordoma by cytologic examination of cerebrospinal fluid. Am J Clin Pathol 1983;80:402,403.
Apaja-Sarkkinen M, Vaananen K, Curran S, Siponen P, Autio-Harmainen H. Carcinomatous features of cervical chordoma in a fine needle aspirate. Acta Cytologica 1987;31:769–773.
Finley JL, Silverman JF, Dabbs DJ, West RL, Dickens A, Felman PS, et al. Chordoma: diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration biopsy with histologic, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural confirmation. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:330–337.
Bouropoulou V, Bosse A, Roessner A, et al. Immunohistochemical investigation of chordomas: Histogenetic and differential diagnostic aspects. Current Topics Pathol 1989;80:183–203.
Coindre JM, Rivel J, Trojani M, DeMascarel I, DeMascarel A. Immunohistological study in chordomas. J Pathol 1986;150:61–63.
Meis JM, Giraldo AA. Chordoma: an immunohistochemical study of 20 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1988;112:553–556.
Miettinen M, Lehto V-P, Dahl D, Virtanen I. Differential diagnosis of chordoma, chondroid, and ependymal tumors as aided by anti-intermediate filament antibodies. Am J Pathol 1983; 112:160–169.
Nakajima T, Kameya T, Watanabe S, et al. An immunoperoxidase study of S-100 protein distribution in normal and neoplastic tissues. Am J Surg Pathol 1982;6:715–727.
Nakamura Y, Becker LE, Marks A. S-100 protein in human chordoma and human and rabbit notochord. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1983;107:118–120.
Okajima K, Honda I, Kitagawa T. Immunohistochemical distribution of S-100 protein in tumors and tumor-like lesions of bone and cartilage. Cancer 1988;61:792–799.
Rutherfoord GS, Davies AG. Chordomas—ultrastructure and immunohistochemistry: a report based on the examination of six cases. Histopathology 1987;11:775–787.
Salisbury JR, Isaacson PG. Demonstration of cytokeratins and an epithelial membrane antigen in chordomas and human fetal blood. Am J Surg Pathol 1985;9:791–797.
Schmitt FC, Bacchi CE. S-100 protein: Is it useful as a tumor marker in diagnostic immunocytochemistry? Histopathology 1989;15:281–288.
Kay S, Schatzki PF. Ultrastructural observations of a chordoma arising in the clivus. Hum Pathol 1972;3:403–413.
Pardo-Mindan FJ, Guillen FJ, Villas C, Vazquez JJ. A comparative ultrastructural study of chondrosarcoma, chordoid sarcoma, and chordoma. Cancer 1981;47:2611–2619.
Erlandson RA, Tandler B, Lieberman PH, Higinbotham NL. Ultra-structure of human chordoma. Cancer Res 1968;28:2115–2125.
Ho KL. Ecchordosis physaliphora and chordoma: a comparative ultrastructural study. Clin Neuropathol 1985;4:77–86.
McKeever PE, Blaivas M, Nelson JS. The diagnosis of brain and spinal tumors by conventional light microscopic methods. In: Garcia JH, Budka H, McKeever PE, Sarnat HB, Sima AAF, eds. Neuropathology: The Diagnostic Approach. Mosby-Yearbook, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 31–96.
Mrak RE. Ultrastructural diagnosis of tumors of the nervous system. In: Garcia JH, Budka H, McKeever PE, Sarnat HB, Sima AAF, eds. Neuropathology: The Diagnostic Approach. Mosby-Yearbook, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 97–192.
Burger PC, Makek M, Kleihues P. Tissue polypeptide antigen staining of the chordoma and notochordal remnants. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1986;70:269–272.
Imrie SF, Sloane JP, Ormerod MG, Styles J, Dean CJ. Detailed investigation of the diagnostic value of tumour histopathology of ICR.2, a new monoclonal antibody to epithelial membrane antigen. Histopathology 1990;16:573–581.
McKeever PE, Lloyd RV. Tumors of the pituitary gland region. In: Garcia JH, Budka H, McKeever PE, Sarnat HB, Sima AAF, eds. Neuropathology: The Diagnostic Approach. Mosby-Yearbook, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 219–262.
Brooks JJ, LiVolsi VA, Trojanowski JQ. Does chondroid chordoma exist? Acta Neuropathol 1987;72:229–235.
Mierau GW, Weeks DA. Chondroid chordoma. Ultra Pathol 1987;11:731–737.
Ohshima T, Sakamoto M, Takasugi S, Matsumoto K, Asano N, Kouyama Y. Three cases of intracranial chordoma. Typical chordoma and chondroid chordoma. No Shinkei Geka 1984;12:591–598.
Hruban RH, Traganos F, Reuter VE, Huvos AG. Chordomas with malignant spindle cell components. A DNA flow cytometric and immunohistochemical study with histogenetic implications. Am J Pathol 1990;137:436–447.
Cho KG, De Armond SJ, Barnwell S, Edwards MSB, Hoshino T. Proliferative characteristics of intracranial and spinal tumors of developmental origin. Cancer 1988;62:740–748.
Spaar F-W, Spaar U, Markakis E. DNA in chordomas of the clivus Blumenbachi. Neurosurg Rev 1990;13:219–229.
4.2. Giant Cell Tumor of Bone (GCTB)
Viale GL. Giant cell tumours of the sellar region. Acta Neurochir 1977;38:259–268.
Jacas R, Bermejo A. Giant cell tumors of the sellar region Acta Neurochirurgica 1979;(Suppl)28:416–417.
Wolfe JT, Scheithauer BW, Dahlin DC. Giant cell tumor of the sphenoid bone. Review of 10 cases. J Neurosurg 1983;59:322–327.
Wu KK, Ross PM, Mitchell DC, Sprague HH. Evolution of a case of multicentric giant cell tumor over a 23-year period. Clin Orthop RelRes 1986;213:279–288.
Opitz H, Petersen D, Heiss E, Duffner F, Meyermann R. Giant cell tumor of the occipital bone in a case of von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis. Clin Neuropathol 1996;15:226–230.
Curilovic A, Eich GF, Stallmach T. Giant cell tumor in a skull of a 9-year-old child: immunohistochemistry to confirm a diagnosis rare for age and site. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 1995;15:769–779.
Rock JP, Mahmood A, Cramer HB. Giant cell tumor of skull base. Am J. Otol 1994;15:268–272.
Monda L, Wick MR. S-100 protein immunostaining in the differential diagnosis of chondroblastoma. Hum Pathol 1985;16:287–293.
Bertoni F, Unni KK, Beabout JW, Ebersold MJ. Giant cell tumors of the skull. Cancer 1992;70:1124–1132.
Martins AN, Dean DF. Giant cell tumor of sphenoid bone: Malignant transformation following radiotherapy. Surg Neurol 1984;2:105–107.
4.3. Hemangiopericytoma
Eichhorn JH, Dickersin GR, Bhan AK, Goodman ML. Sinonasal hemangiopericytoma. A reassessment with electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and long-term follow-up. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14:856–66.
D’Amore ES, Manivel JC, Sung JH. Soft-tissue and meningeal hemangiopericytomas: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Hum Pathol 1990;21:414–423.
Davidson GS, Hope J. Meningeal tumors of childhood. Cancer 1989;63:1205–1210.
Iwaki T, Fukui M, Takeshita I, Tsuneyoshi M, Tateishi J. Hemangiopericytoma of the meninges: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study. Clin Neuropathol 1988;7:93–99.
Austin MB, Mills SE. Neoplasms and neoplasm-like lesions involving the skull base. Ear Nose Throat J 1986;65:57–73.
Winek RR, Scheithauer B W, Wick MR. Meningioma, meningeal hemangiopericytoma (angioblastic meningioma), peripheral hemangiopericytoma, and acoustic schwannoma. A comparative immunohistochemical study. Am J Surg Pathol 1989; 13: 251–261.
Kumar PP, Good RR, Skultety FM, Masih AS, McComb RD. Spinal metastases from pituitary hemangiopericytic meningioma. Am J Clin Oncol 1987;10:422–428.
Kumar PP, Good RR, Cox TA, Leibrock LG, Skultety FM. Reversal of visual impairment after interstitial irradiation of pituitary tumor. Neurosurgery 1986;18:82–84.
Nikonov AA, Matsko DE. Pituitary hemangiopericytoma. Arkhiv Patholagii 1985;47:79–83.
Mangiardi JR, Flamm ES, Cravioto H, Fisher B. Hemangiopericytoma of the pituitary fossa: case report. Neurosurgery 1983;13:58–62.
Kumar PP, Good RR, Leibrock LG, Mawk JR, Yonkers AJ, Ogren FP. High activity iodine 125 endocurietherapy for recurrent skull base tumors. Cancer 1988;61:1518–1527.
Orf G. “Angioreticuloma” of the sella turcica. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1970;23:63–78.
Yokota M, Tani E, Maeda Y, Morimura T, Kakudo K, Uematsu K. Acromegaly associated with suprasellar and pulmonary hemangiopericytomas. Case report. J Neurosurg 1985;62:767–771.
Takahashi S, Higano S, Ishii K, Matsumoto K, Shimanuki Y, Ishibashi T, et al. CT and MR image findings of sphenoidal masses. Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi 1994;54:751–760.
McKeever PE, Blaivas M, Nelson JS. The diagnosis of brain and spinal tumors by conventional light microscopic methods. In: Garcia JH, Budka H, McKeever PE, Sarnat HB, Sima AAF, eds. Neuropathology: The Diagnostic Approach. Mosby-Yearbook, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 31–96.
Mandahl N, Orndal C, Heim S, Willen H, Rydholm A, Bauer HCF, etal. Aberrations of chromosome segment 12ql3–15 characterize a subgroup of hemangiopericytomas. Cancer 1993;71:3009–3013.
Gollin SM, Janecka IP. Cytogenetics of cranial base tumors. J Neurooncol 1994;20:241–254.
Theunissen PH, Debets-Te Baerts M, Blaauw G. Histogenesis of intracranial haemangiopericytoma and haemangioblastoma. An immunohistochemical study. Acta Neuropathol 1990;80:68–71.
Schurch W, Skalli O, Lagace R, Seemayer TA, Gabbiani G. Intermediate filament proteins and actin isoforms as markers for soft-tissue tumor differentiation and origin. III. Hemangiopericytomas and glomus tumors. Am J Pathol 1990;136:771–786.
Dardick I, Hammar SP, Scheithauer BW. Ultrastructural spectrum of hemangiopericytoma: a comparative study of fetal, adult, and neoplastic pericytes. Ultrastruct Pathol 1989;15:111–154.
Moss TH. Immunohistochemical characteristics of haemangio-pericytic meningiomas: comparison with typical meningiomas, haemangioblastomas and haemangiopericytomas from extracranial sites. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1987;13:467–480.
Miettinen M. Antibody specific to muscle actins in the diagnosis and classification of soft tissue tumors. Am J Pathol 1988; 130: 205–215.
Nakamura M, Inoue HK, Ono N, Kunimine H, Tamada J. Analysis of hemangiopericytic meningiomas by immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and cell culture. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1987;46:57–71.
Mrak RE. Ultrastructural diagnosis of tumors of the nervous system. In: Garcia JH, Budka H, McKeever PE, Sarnat HB, Sima AAF, eds. Neuropathology: The Diagnostic Approach. Mosby-Yearbook, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 97–192.
Dietemann JL, Cromero C, Tajahmady T, Baumgartner J, Gangi A, Kastler B, et al. CT and MRI of suprasellar lesions. J Neuroradiol 1992;19:1–22.
Rice CD, Kersten RC, Mrak RE. An orbital hemangiopericytoma recurrent after 33 years. Arch Opthalmol 1989;107:552–556.
4.4. Myxoma
Stout AP. Myxoma: The tumor of primitive mesenchyme. Ann Surg 1948;127:706–719.
Branch CL, Laster DW, Kelly DL. Left atrial myxoma with cerebral emboli. Neurosurgery 1985;16:675–680.
Budzilovich G, Aleksic S, Greco A, Fernandez J, Harris J, Finegold M. Malignant cardiac myxoma with cerebral metastases. Surg Neurol 1979;11:461–469.
Samaratunga H, Searle J, Cominos D, Le Fevre I. Cerebral metastasis of an atrial myxoma mimicking an epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. Am J Surg Path 1994;18:107–111.
Nagatoni M, Mori M, Takomoto N, Arita N, Ushio Y, Hayakawa T, et al. Primary myxoma in the pituitary fossa: Case report. Neurosurgery 1987;20:329–331.
Ghosh BC, Huvos AG, Gerold FP, Miller TR. Myxoma of the jaw bones. Cancer 1973;31:237–240.
4.5. Fibroma
Frank E, Derauz J-P, de Tribolet N. Chondromyxoid fibroma of the petrous-sphenoid junction. Surg Neurol 1987;27:182–186.
Sterling KM, Stollman A, Sacher M, Som PM. Ossifying fibroma of sphenoid bone with coexistent mucocele: CT and MRI. J Comput Assisted Tomogr 1993;17:492–494.
Wenig BM, Vinh TN, Smirniotopoulos JG, Fowler CB, Houston GD, Heffner DK. Aggressive psammomatoid ossifying fibromas of the sinonasal region: a clinicopathologic study of a distinct group of fibro-osseous lesions. Cancer 1995;76: 1155–1165.
Gartman JJ, Powers SK, Fortune M. Pseudotumor of the sellar and parasellar areas. Neurosurgery 1989;24:896–901.
4.6 Fibrosarcoma
McKeever PE, Blaivas M, Sima AAF. Neoplasms of the sellar region. In: Lloyd RV, ed. Surgical Pathology of the Pituitary Gland, vol. 27, Livolsi VA, ed. Major Problems in Pathology. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1993, pp. 141–210.
Huang CI, Chiou WH, Ho DM. Oligodendroglioma occurring after radiation therapy for pituitary adenoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987;50:1619–1624.
Kitanaka C, Shitara N, Nakagomi T, Nakamura H, Genka S, Nakagawa K, et al. Postradiation astrocytoma: Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 1989;70:469–474.
Shi T, Farrell MA, Kaufman JCE. Fibrosarcoma complicating irradiated pituitary adenoma. Surg Neurol 1984;22:277–283.
Powell HC, Marshall LF, Ignelzi RJ. Post-irradiation pituitary sarcoma. Acta Neuropath (Berl) 1977;39:165–167.
Martin WH, Cail WS, Morris JL, Constable WC. Fibrosarcoma after high energy radiation therapy for pituitary adenoma. AJR 1980;135:1087–1090.
Martin WH, Cail WS, Morris JL, Constable WC. Fibrosarcoma after high energy radiation therapy for pituitary adenoma. Am J Neuroradiol 1980;1:469–472.
Sato K, Hayashi M, Komai T, Kubota T, Kawano H, Handa Y. Clinical and histological study of pituitary fibrosarcoma following radiotherapy for pituitary adenoma. Case report. Neurol Med Chir (Toyko) 1990;30:888–892.
Nagatani M, Ikeda T, Otsuki H, Mizuta T, Mori S, Ushio Y, et al. Sellar fibrosarcoma following radiotherapy for prolactinoma. No Shinkei Geka 1984;12(3 Suppl):339–346.
Coppeto JR, Roberts M. Fibrosarcoma after proton-beam pituitary ablation. Arch Neurol 1979;36:380,381.
Terry RD, Hyams VJ, Davidoff LM. Combined non-metastasizing fibrosarcoma and chromophobe tumor of the pituitary. Cancer 1959;12:791–798.
Walzp TA, Brownell B. Sarcoma: A possible late result of effective radiation therapy for pituitary adenoma. Report on two cases. J Neurosurgery 1966;24:901–907.
Amendola BE, Amendola MA, McClatchey KD, Miller CH. Radiation associated sarcoma; a review of 23 patients with post-radiation sarcoma over a 50-year period. Am J Clin Oncol 1989; 12:411–415.
Amine ARC, Sugar O. Suprasellar osteogenic sarcoma following radiation for pituitary adenoma. J Neurosurg 1976;44:88–91.
Schrantz JL, Araoz CA. Radiation induced meningeal fibrosarcoma. Arch Pathol 1972;93:26–31.
Pieterse S, Dinning TAR, Blumbergs PC. Post-irradiation sarcomatous transformation of a pituitary adenoma: a combined pituitary tumor. J Neurosurg 1982;56:283–286.
Willis RA. Pathological study of tumors of the pituitary region. Med J Aust 1938;1:281–291.
Mena H, Garcia JH. Primary brain sarcomas: light and electron microscopic features. Cancer 1978;42:1298–307.
Anderson WR, Cameron JD, Tsai SH. Primary intracranial leiomyosarcoma. Case report with ultrastructural study. J Neurosurg 1980;53:401–405.
Dardick I, Hammar SP, Scheithauer BW. Ultrastructural spectrum of hemangiopericytoma: a comparative study of fetal, adult, and neoplastic pericytes. Ultrastruct Pathol 1989; 15:111–54.
4.7. Osteogenic Sarcoma
Dahlin DL, Uuni KK. Bone Tumors, 4th ed, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield IL, 1986, p. V271.
Kleinsasser O, Albrecht H. Zur Kenntnis der Osteosarcome des Stirn-und Keilbeines Arch Ohren Heilk 1957;170:595–603.
Reichenthal E, Cohen ML, Manor R, Marshak G, Matz S, Shalit MN. Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the sellar region. Case report J Neurosurg 1981;55:299–302.
Lee YY, Van Tassel P, Raymond AK, Edeiken J. Craniofacial osteosarcomas: Plain film, CT and MR findings in 46 cases. AJR 1988;150:1397–1402.
Tanaka S, Nishio S, Morioka T, Fukui M, Kitamura K, Hikita K. Radiation-induced osteosarcoma of the sphenoid bone. Neurosurgery 1989;25:640–643.
Amine ARC, Sugar O. Suprasellar osteogenic sarcoma following radiation for pituitary adenoma. Case report. J Neurosurg 1976;44: 88–91.
Mackenzie IRA, Girvin JP, Lee D. Symptomatic osteolipoma of the tuber cinereum. Clin Neuropathol 1996;15:60–62.
Shinoda J, Kimura T, Funakoshi T, Iwata H, Tange K, Kasai C, Miyata Y. Primary osteosarcoma of the skull—a case report and review of the literature. J Neuro-Oncol 1993;17:81–88.
Salvati M, Ciappetta P, Capoccia G, Capone R, Raco A. Osteosarcoma of the skull. Report of a post-Paget and post-radiation case in an elderly woman. Neurosurg Rev 1994;17:73–76.
5.1. Cavernous Angioma (CA)
Voigt K, Yasargil MG. Cerebral cavernous hemangiomas or caver-nomas. Neurochirurgia 1976;19:59–68.
Kattapong VJ, Hart BL, Davis LE. Familial cerebral cavernous angiomas: clinical and radiologic studies. Neurology 1995;45: 492–497.
Challa VR, Moody DM, Brown WR. Vascular malformations of the central nervous system. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1995;54: 609–621.
Acciarri N, Padovani R, Giulioni M, Gaist G, Acciarri R. Intracranial and orbital cavernous angiomas: a review of 74 surgical cases. Brit J Neurosurg 1993;7:529–539.
Kawai K, Fukui M, Tanaka A, Kuramoto S, Kitamura K. Extracerebral cavernous hemangioma of the middle fossa. Surg Neurol 1978;9:19–25.
Shimabukuro H, Shinoda S, Yamada N, Iwasa H, Masuzawa T, Sato F. Parasellar cavernous hemangioma presenting with hyperpro-lactinemia. Case report Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1984;24:212–216.
Sansone ME, Liwnicz BH, Mandybur TI. Giant pituitary cavernous hemangioma. Case Report J Neurosurg 1980;53:124–126.
Shen WC, Lee SK. CT and MRI of parasellar cavernous hemangioma in two cases. J Formos Med Assoc 1992;91:S165-S169.
Lombardi D, Giovanelli M, de Tribolet N. Sellar and parasellar extra-axial cavernous hemangiomas. Acta Neurochirurgica 1994; 130:47–54.
Moore T, Ganti SR, Mawad ME, Hilal SK. CT and angiography of primary extradural juxtasellar tumors. AJNR 1985;145:491–496.
Gray MH, Rosenberg AE, Dickersin GR, Bhan AK. Cytokeratin expression in epithelioid vascular neoplasms. Hum Pathol 1990;21: 212–217.
5.2. Hemangioblastoma
Rho YM. Von Hippel-Lindau’ s disease: A report of five cases. Can Med Assoc J 1969;101:135–142.
Dan NG, Smith DE. Pituitary hemangioblastoma in a patient with von Hippel-Lindau disease. Case report. J Neurosurg 1975;42:232–235.
Grisoli F, Gambarelli D, Raybaud C, Guibout M, Leclercq T. Suprasellar hemangioblastoma. Surg Neurol 1984;22:257–262.
Kupersmith MJ, Berenstein A. Visual disturbances in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Ann Ophthalmol 1981;Feb:195–197.
Kepes JJ, Rengachary SS, Lee SH. Astrocytes in hemangioblasto-mas of the central nervous system and their relationship to stromal cells. Acta Neuropathol (Berlin) 1979;47:99–104.
Tanimura A, Nakamura V, Hachisuka H, Tanimura Y, Fukumura A. Hemangioblastoma of the central nervous system: Nature of the stromal cells as studied by the immunoperoxidase technique. Hum Pathol 1984;15:866–869.
Kochi N, Tani E, Kaba K, Natsume S. Immunohistochemical study of fibronectin in hemangioblastomas and hemangiopericytomas. Acta Neuropathol (Berlin) 1984;64:229–233.
Kamitani H, Masauzawa H, Sato J, Kanazawa I. Capillary hemangioblastoma: Histogenesis of stromal cells. Acta Neuropathol (Berlin) 1987;73:370–378.
Feldenzer JA, McKeever PE. Selective localization of y-enolase in stromal cells of cerebral hemangioblastomas. Acta Neuropathol (Berlin) 1987;72:281–285.
Ironside JW, Stephenson TJ, Royds J A, Mills PM, Taylor CB, Rider CC, et al. Stromal cells in cerebellar hemangioblastomas: An immunohistochemical study. Histopathology 1988;12:29–40.
Grant JW, Gallagher PJ, Hedinger C. Hemangioblastoma. An immunohistochemical study of ten cases. Acta Neuropathol (Berlin) 1988;76:82–86.
Frank TS, Trojanowski JQ, Roberts SA, Brooks JJ. A detailed immunohistochemical analysis of cerebellar hemangioblastoma: An undifferentiated mesenchymal tumor. Mod Pathol 1989;2:638–651.
Kawamura J, Garcia JH, Kamiyjo Y. Cerebellar hemangiomas: Histogenesis of stromal cells. Cancer 1987;31:1528–1540.
Ho K-L. Ultrastructure of cerebellar capillary hemangioblastoma. I. Weibel-Palade bodies and stromal cell histiogenesis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1984;43:592–608.
Bohling T, Haltia M, Rosenlof K, Fyhrquist F. Erythropoietin in capillary hemangioblastoma. An immunochemical study. Acta Neuropathol (Berlin) 1987;74:324–328.
Nemes Z. Fibrohistiocytic differentiation in capillary hemangioblastoma. Hum Pathol 1992;23:805–810.
Bohling T, Hatva E, Kujala M, Claesson-Welsh L, Alitalo K, Haltia M. Expression of growth factors and growth factor receptors in capillary hemangioma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1996;5:522–527.
Oberstrass J, Reifenberger G, Reifenberger J, Wechsler W, Collins P. Mutation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor gene in capillary haemangioblastomas of the central nervous system. J Pathol 1996;179:151–156.
Tse J, Wong JH, Lo K-W, Poon W-S, Huang D, Ng J-K. Molecular genetic analysis of the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor gene in familial and sporadic cerebral hemangioblastomas. Am J Clin Pathol 1997;107:459–466.
Chaudhry AP, Moutes M, Cohn GA. Ultrastructure of cerebellar hemangioblastoma. Cancer 1978;42:1834–1838.
Clelland CA, Treips CS. Histological differentiation of metastatic renal carcinoma in the cerebellum from cerebellar hemangioblastoma in von Hippel-Lindau’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52:162–166.
Mills SE, Ross GW, Perentes E, Nakagawa Y, Scheithauer BW. Cerebellar hemangioblastoma: Immunohistochemical distinction from metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Surg Pathol 1990;3:121–132.
Crocker J, Carey MP, Allcock R. Hemangioblastoma and renal clear cell carcinoma distinguished by means of the AgNOR method. Am J Clin Pathol 1990;93:555–557.
5.3. Glomus Tumor (GT) Glomangioma
Enzinger FM, Weiss SW. Soft Tissue Tumors, 3rd ed. St. Louis, Mosby, 1995. pp. 704–713.
Kim YI, Kim JH, Suh JS, Ham EK, Suh KP. Glomus tumor of the trachea. Report of a case with ultrastructural observation. Cancer 1989;64:881–886.
Asa SL, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Ezrin C, Weiss MH. Sellar glioman-gioma. Ultrastruct Pathol 1984;7:49–54.
Pulitzer DR, Martin PC, Reed RJ. Epithelioid glomus tumor. Hum Pathol 1995;26:1022–1027.
Mey van der AGL, Maaswinkel-Mooy PD, Cornelisse CJ, Schmidt PH, Kamp van de JJP. Genomic imprinting in hereditary glomus tumors: Evidence for new genetic theory. Lancet 1989;8675: 1292–1294.
Brathwaite CD, Poppiti R Jr. Malignant glomus tumor: A case report of widespread metastases in a patient with multiple glomus body hamartomas. Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20:233–238.
Harvey JS, Walker F. Solid glomus tumor of the pterygoid fossa: A lesion mimicking an epithelial neoplasm of low-grade malignancy. Hum Pathol 1987;18:965–966.
Gould EW, Manivel JC, Albores-Saavedra J, Monforte H. Locally infiltrative glomus tumors and glomangiosarcomas. Cancer 1990; 65:310–318.
Nuovo MA, Grimes MM, Knowles DM. Glomus tumors: A clinico-pathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of forty cases. Surg Pathol 1990;3:31–45.
Porter PL, Bigler SA, McNutt M, Gown AM. The immuno-phenotype of hemangiopericytomas and glomus tumors, with special reference to muscle protein expression: An immunohistochemical study and review of the literature. Mod Pathol 1991; 4:46–42.
6.1. Histiocytosis
Russel DS, Rubinstein LJ. Pathology of Tumours of the Nervous System. Williams and Wilkins, London, 1989.
Scholz M, Firsching R, Feiden W, Breining H, Brechtelsbauer D, Harders A. Gagel’s granuloma (localized Langerhans cell histiocytosis) in the pituitary stalk. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1995;97:164–166.
Hou-Jensen K, Rawlinson DG, Hendrickson M. Proliferating histiocytic lesion (Histiocytosis-X?). Cancer 1973;32:809–821.
Richmond I, Wilson CB. Parasellar tumors in children. I. Clinical presentation, preoperative assessment, and differential diagnosis. Child’s Brain 1980;7:73–84.
MacCumber MW, Hoffman PN, Wand GS, Epstein JI, Beschorner WE, Green R. Opthalmic involvement in aggressive histiocytosis X. Opthalmology 1990;97:22–27.
Rimoin DL. Hereditary forms of growth hormone deficiency and resistance. Birth Defects 1976;12:15–29.
Hirata Y, Sakamoto N, Yoshimoto Y, Kato Y, Matsukura S. Diabetes insipidus and galactorrhea caused by histiocytosis X. Endocrinol Jpn 1975;22:311–318.
Schneider J, Guthert H. Histiozytosis X of the hypothalamus. Zentralb Allg Pathol 1975;119:49–55.
Gates RB, Friesen H, Samaan NA. Inappropriate lactation and amenorrhea: Pathological and diagnostic considerations. Acta Endocrinol 1973;72:101–114.
Lampert IA, Catovsky D, Bergier N. Malignant histiocytosis: A clini-copathological study of 12 cases. Br J Haematol 1978;40:65–77.
Ma JT, Ho FC, Wang C, Lam KS, Yeung RT. Primary hypothyroidism and essential hypernatremia in a patient with histiocytosis X. Aust N Z J Med 1985;15:72–74.
Asai A, Matsutani M, Kohno T, Fujimaki T, Tanaka H, Kawaguchi K, et al. Leptomeningeal and orbital benign lymphophagocytic histiocytes. J Neurosurg 1988;69:610–612.
Tabarin A, Corcuff JB, Dautheribes M, Merlio JP, Cochet C, Maire JP, et al. Histiocytosis X of the hypothalamus. J Endocrinol Invest 1991;14:139–145.
Gaines P, Chan JC, Cockram CS. Histiocytosis X involving the thyroid and hypothalamus. Postgrad Med J 1991;67:680–682.
Catalina PF, Rodriguez Garcia M, de la Torre C, Paramo C, Garcia-Mayor RV. Diabetes insipidus for five years preceding the diagnosis of hypothalamic Langerhans cell histiocytosis. J Endocrinol Invest 1995;18:663–666.
Peyster RG, Hoover ED. CT of the abnormal pituitary stalk. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1984;5:49–52.
Tien RD, Newton TH, McDermott MW, Dillon WP, Kucharczyk J. Thickened pituitary stalk on MR images in patients with diabetes insipidus and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1990;11:703–708.
Maghnie M, Arico M, Villa A, Genovese E, Beluffi G, Severi F. MR of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1992;13:1365–1371.
Schmitt S, Wichmann W, Martin E, Zachmann M, Schoenle EJ. Pituitary stalk thickening with diabetes insipidus preceding typical manifestations of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children. Eur J Pediatr 1993;152:399–401.
O’Sullivan RM, Sheehan M, Poskitt KJ, Graeb DA, Chu AC, Joplin GF. Langerhans cell histiocytosis of hypothalamus and optic chiasm: CT and MR studies. J Comput Assisted Tomogr 1991;15: 52–55.
Lopez P, Estes ML. Immunohistochemical characterization of the histiocytes in sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy: Analysis of an extranodal case. Hum Pathol 1989;20:711–715.
Broadbent V, Dunger DB, Yeomans E, Kendall B. Anterior pituitary function and computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis and diabetes insipidus. Med Pediatr Oncol 1993;21:649–654.
Mir R, Aftalion B, Kahn LB. Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy and unusual extranodal manifestations. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1985;109:867–870.
Moscinski LC, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Primary eosinophilic granuloma of frontal lobe. Cancer 1985;9:284–288.
Eriksen B, Janinis J, Variakojis D, Winter J, Russel E, Marder R, et al. Primary histiocytosis X of the parieto-occipital lobe. Hum Pathol 1988;19:611–614.
Knobler RM, Neumann RA, Gebhart W, Radaskiewicz TH, Ferenic P, Widhalm K. Xanthoma disseminatum with progressive involvement of the central nervous and hepatobiliary systems. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:341–346.
McKeever PE, Blaivas M. The brain, spinal cord, and meninges. In: Sternberg SS, Antonioli DA, Carter D, Mills SE, Oberman HA, eds. Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, Raven, New York, 1994, pp. 409–492.
Kahn HJ, Thorner PS. Monoclonal antibody MT1: A marker for Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Pathol 1990;10:375–384.
Ya-You JI, Yan-Fang L, Bo-Yun W, De-Yun Y. An immunocy-tochemical study on the distribution of ferritin and other markers in 36 cases of malignant histiocytosis. Cancer 1989;64:1281–1289.
Salisbury JR, Hall PA, Williams HC, Mangi MH, Mufti GJ. Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. Detailed immunophenotyping confirms macrophage origin. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14:687–693.
Eisen RN, Buckley PJ, Rosai J. Immunophenotypic characterization of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. Semin Diagn Pathol 1990;7:74–82.
Andreesen R, Brugger W, Sohr GW, Kross KJ. Human macrophages can express the Hodgkin’s cell-associated antigen Ki-1 (CD30). Am J Pathol 1989;134:187–192.
Rabkin MS, Kjeldsberg CR, Wittwer CT, Marty J. A comparison study of two methods of peanut agglutinin staining with S-100 immunostaining in 29 cases of histiocytosis X (Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis). Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990;114:511–515.
Ornvold K, Ralfkiaer E, Carstensen H. Immunohistochemical study of the abnormal cells in Langerhans cell histiocytosis (histiocytosis X). Virchows Arch 1990;416:403–410.
McKeever PE, Balentine JD. Histochemistry of the nervous system, In: Spicer SS, ed. Histochemistry in Pathologic Diagnosis, vol. 22, Schwartz MK, ed. Clinical and Biochemical Analysis, Marcel-Dekker, New York, 1987, pp. 871–957.
Carey MP, Case CP. Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphaden-opathy presenting as a meningioma. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1987;13:391–398.
Sacchi S, Artusi T, Selleri L, Temperani P, Zucchini P, Vecchi A, et al. Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy: immunological, cytogenetic and molecular studies. Blut 1990;60:339–344.
Nemes Z, Thomazy V. Diagnostic significance of histiocyte-related markers in malignant histiocytosis and true histiocytic lymphoma. Cancer 1988;62:1970–1980.
DiMaggio LA, Lippes HA, Lee RV. Histiocytosis X and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1995;85:806–809.
Faivre J, Pecker J, Ferrand B. Posterior fossa syndrome terminating the course of histiocytosis X. Study of lesions of the central nervous system. Association with polyvinylpyrrolidone thesaurismosis. Semaine des Hopetaux 1975;51:2229–2237.
Calzada LD, Chaussain JL, Job JC. Growth retardation in histiocytosis X. Evaluation of anterior pituitary function. Semaine des Hopitaux 1978;54:1251–1256.
6.2. Lymphoma
Jonkhoff AR, Huijgens PC, Schreuder WO, Teule GJ, Heimans JJ. Hypophyseal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma presenting with clinical panhypopituitarism successfully treated with chemotherapy. J Neurooncol 1993; 17:155,156.
Roggli VL, Suzuki M, Armstrong D, McGavran MH. Pituitary microadenoma and primary lymphoma of brain associated with hypothalamic invasion. Am J Clin Pathol 1979;71:724–727.
Patrick AW, Campbell IW, Ashworth B, Gordon A. Primary cerebral lymphoma presenting with cranial diabetes insipidus. Postgrad Med J 1989;65:771,772.
Peters FT, Keuning JJ, deRooy HA. Primary cerebral malignant lymphoma with endocrine defect. Case report and review of the literature. Neth J Med 1986;29:406–410.
Hirata K, Izaki A, Tsutsumi K, Kaminogo M, Baba H, Shibata S, et al. A case of primary hypothalamic malignant lymphoma with diabetes insipidus. No Shinkei Geka 1989;17:461–466.
Ashworth B. Cerebral histiocytic lymphoma presenting with loss of weight. Neurology 1982;32:894–896.
Anonymous. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 31–1982. A 50-year-old woman with an acute neurologic disorder and changing CT-scan findings. N Engl J Med 1982;307:359–368.
Hadfield MG, Vennart GP, Rosenblum WI. Hypoglycemia: Invasion of the hypothalamus by lymphosarcoma. Metastasis to blood glucose regulating centers. Arch Pathol 1972;94:317–321.
Shuangshoti S, Samranvej P. Hypothalamic and pancreatic lesions with diabetes mellitus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975;38: 1003–1007.
Kunze P, Hoppe W, Riedel C, Doge H. Primary malignant lymphoma of the central nervous system. Primares malignes Lymphom des Zentralnervensystems. Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol (Leipz) 1980;32:373–381.
Mills SE, Fechner RE. “Undifferentiated” neoplasms of the sinonasal region: Differential diagnosis based on clinical, light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features. Semin Diagn Pathol 1989;6:316–328.
McKeever PE, Blaivas M, Nelson JS. The diagnosis of brain and spinal tumors by conventional light microscopic methods. In: Garcia JH, Budka H, McKeever PE, Sarnat HB, Sima AAF, eds. Neuropathology: The Diagnostic Approach. Mosby-Yearbook, Philadelphia, 1997.
McKeever PE. Insights about brain tumors gained through immu-nohistochemistry and in situ hybridization of nuclear and pheno-typic markers. J Histochem Cytochem 1998; 46:585–594.
Sano T, Kovacs K, Scheithauer BW, Rosenblum MK, Petito CK, Greco CM. Pituitary pathology in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989;113:1066–1070.
Karnaze MG, Sartor K, Winthrop JD, Gado MH, Hodges FJ. Suprasellar lesions: Evaluation with MR imaging? Radiology 1986; 161: 77–82.
Marx AS, Blake P, Ross M, Atlas S, Brown D. Gadolinium enhancement of the cisternal portion of the oculomotor nerve: Clinical and pathological significance. Neuroradiology 1991;33:S 151.
Feiden W, Bise K, Steude U. Diagnosis of primary cerebral lymphoma with particular reference to CT-guided stereotactic biopsy. Virchows Arch 1990;417:21–28.
Hitchcock E, Morris CS. Immunocytochemical techniques in stereotactic biopsy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1989;53:21–28.
Nakamine H, Yokote H, Itakura T, Hayashi S, Komai N, Takano Y, et al. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma involving the brain. Diagnostic usefulness of stereotactic needle biopsy in combination with paraffin-section immunohistochemistry. Acta Neuropathol (Berlin) 1989;78:462–461.
Namiki TS, Nichols P, Young T, Martin SE, Chandrasoma P. Stereotaxic biopsy diagnosis of central nervous system lymphoma. Am J Clin Pathol 1988;90:40–45.
Murphy JK, O’Brien CJ, Ironside JW. Morphologic and immuno-phenotypic characterization of primary brain lymphomas using paraffin-embedded tissue. Histopathology 1989;15:449–460.
Nakhleh RE, Manivel JC, Hurd D, Sung JH. Central nervous system lymphomas: Immunohistochemical and clinicopathologic study of 26 autopsy cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989;113:1050–1056.
Davey FR, Elghetany MT, Kurec AS. Immunophenotyping of hematologic neoplasms in paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Am J Clin Pathol 1990;(Suppl) S17–S26.
Slowik F, Jellinger K. Membranous changes in primary malignant CNS lymphomas. Acta Neuropathol 1989;79:86–93.
Johnson PC. Ultrastructural study of two central nervous system lymphomas. Acta Neuropathol Suppl (Berlin) 1975;6:155–160.
Shibata S. Sites of origin of primary intracerebral malignant lymphoma. Neurosurg 1989;25:14–19.
Taxy JB, Bharani NK, Mills SE, et al. The spectrum of olfactory neural tumors. A light-microscopic immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis. Am J Surg Pathol 1986;10:687–695.
Ross GW, Mills SE, Frankfurter A, et al. Immunohistochemical characterization of human olfactory neuroblastomas with multiple markers. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1988;47:3479 (abstract).
Min KW. Usefulness of electron microscopy in the diagnosis of “small” round cell tumors of the sinonasal region. Ultrastruct Pathol 1995;19:347–363.
6.3. Plasmacytoma and Multiple Myeloma
Bitterman P, Ariza A, Black RA, Allen WE, Lee SH. Multiple myeloma mimicking pituitary adenoma. Computerized Radiol 1986;10:201–205.
Ariel-Sanchez J, Rahman S, Strauss RA, Kaye GI. Multiple myeloma masquerading as a pituitary tumor. Arch Pathol 1976; 101:55–56.
Goriachkina GP. Solitary plasmacytoma of the hypothalamus. Arkh Patol 1979;41:53–57.
Poon M-C, Prchal JT, Murad TM, Galbraith JG. Multiple myeloma masquerading as chromophobe adenoma. Cancer 1979;43:1513–1516.
Harrison LB, Schnall S, Cardinale FS, Farber LR. Multiple myeloma presenting as a pituitary tumor. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1987;13:653–654.
Evans PJ, Jones MK, Hall R, Scanlon MR. Pituitary function with a solitary intrasellar plasmacytoma. Postgrad Med J 1985;61: 513,514.
Losa M, Terreni MR, Tresoldi M, Marcatti M, Campi A, Triulzi F, et al. Solitary plasmacytoma of the sphenoid sinus involving the pituitary fossa: A case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol 1992;37:388–393.
Kanoh T, Okuda T, Hayashi M, Yumoto Y. Multiple myeloma presenting as parasellar syndrome and cranial nerve palsies. Rinsho Ketsueki 1996;37:260–264.
Mills SE, Fechner RE. Undifferentiated neoplasms of the sinonasal region: Differential diagnosis based on clinical, light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features. Semin Diagn Pathol 1989;6:316–328.
Fu Y-S, Perzin KH. Nonepithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx. A clinicopathologic study. IX. Plasmacytomas. Cancer 1978;42:2399–2406.
Takahashi S, Higano S, Ishii K, Matsumoto K, Shimanuki Y, Ishibashi T, et al. CT and MR imaging findings of sphenoidal masses. Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi 1994;54:751–760.
Sautner D, Saeger W, Ludecke DK. Tumors of the sellar region mimicking pituitary adenomas. Exp Clin Endocrinol 1993;101:283–289.
Urbanski SF, Bilbao JM, Horvath E, Kovacs K, So W, Ward JV. Intrasellar solitary plasmacytoma terminating in multiple myeloma: A report of a case including electron microscopical study. Surg Neurol 1980;14:223–236.
Estopinan V, Riobo P, Fernandez G, Varela C. Intrasellar plasmacytoma simulating a pituitary adenoma. Letter. Med Clin (Bare) 1987;89:128.
Murphy JK, O’Brien CJ, Ironside JW. Morphologic and immuno-phenotypic characterization of primary brain lymphomas using paraffin-embedded tissue. Histopathology 1989;15:449–460.
Roggli VL, Suzuki M, Armstrong D, McGavran, MH. Pituitary microadenoma and primary lymphoma of brain associated with hypothalamic invasion. Am J Clin Pathol 1979;71:724–727.
Kurtin PJ, Pinkus GS. Leukocyte common antigen—a diagnostic discriminant between hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic neoplasms in paraffin sections using monoclonal antibodies: Correlation with immunologic studies and ultrastructural localization. Hum Pathol 1985;16:353–365.
Pinkus GS, Kurtin PJ. Epithelial membrane antigen—a diagnostic discriminant in surgical pathology: Immunohistochemical profile in epithelial, mesenchymal, and hematopoietic neoplasms using paraffin sections and monoclonal antibodies. Hum Pathol 1985; 16:929–940.
Davey FR, Elghetany MT, Kurec AS. Immunophenotyping of hematologic neoplasms in paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Am J Clin Pathol 1990;(Suppl) S17–S26.
Van Camp B, Durie BGM, Spier C, De Waele M, Van Riet I, Vela E, et al. Plasma cells in multiple myeloma express a natural killer cell-associated antigen: CD56 (NKH-1; Leu-19). Blood 1990;76:377–382.
Dehou MF, Schots R, Lacor P, Arras N, Verhavert P, Kloppel G, Van Camp B. Diagnostic and prognostic value of the MB2 monoclonal antibody in paraffin-embedded bone marrow sections of patients with multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Am J Clin Pathol 1990;94:287–291.
Kurabayashi H, Kubota K, Murakami H, Tamura J, Sawamura M, Nogiwa E, et al. Ultrastructure of myeloma cells in patients with common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA)-positive myeloma. Cancer Res 1988;48:6234–6237.
Jacquet G, Vuillier J, Viennet A, Godard J, Steimle R. Solitary plasmacytoma simulating pituitary adenoma. Neurochirurgie 1991;37:67–71.
Guy J, Mancuso A, Beck R, Moster ML, Sedwick LA, Quisling RG, et al. Radiation-induced optic neuropathy: A magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosurg 1991;74:426–432.
7.1. Germinoma and Other Germ-Cell Tumors
Jennings MT, Gelman R, Hochberg F. Intracranial germ-cell tumors: Natural history and pathogenesis. J Neurosurg 1985;63:155–167.
Inoue HK, Haganuma H, Ono N. Pathobiology of intracranial germ-cell tumors: Immunochemical, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic investigations. J Neuro Oncol 1987;5:105–115.
Fetell MR, Stein BM. Neuroendocrine aspects of pineal tumors. Neurol Clin 1986;4:877–905.
Sugiyama K, Uozumi T, Kiya K, Mukada K, Arita K, Kurisu K, et al. Intracranial germ cell tumor with synchronous lesions in the pineal and suprasellar regions: Report of six cases and review of the literature. Surg Neurol 1992;38:114–120.
Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R, Walther M, Mann K. Endocrine disturbances in suprasellar germinomas. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1989;120:337–342.
Legido A, Packer RJ, Sutton LN, D’Angio G, Rorke LB, Bruce DA, et al. Suprasellar germinomas in childhood. Cancer 1989;63:340–344.
Nishio S, Inamura T, Takeshita I, Fukui M, Kamikaseda K. Germ cell tumor in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial region: Clinical features and treatment. Neurosurg Rev 1993;16:221–227.
Chipkevitch E. Brain tumors and anorexia nervosa syndrome. Brain Dev 1994;16:175–182.
Kidooka M, Okada T, Nakejima M, Handa J. Intra- and suprasellar germinoma mimicking a pituitary adenoma—case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1995;35:96–99.
Konig R, Schonberger W, Grimm W. Mediastinal teratocarcinoma and hypophyseal stalk germinoma in a patient with Klinefelter syndrome. Klin Padiatr 1990;202:53–56.
Sugita K, Izumi T, Yamaguchi K, Fukuyama Y, Sato A, Kajita A. Cornelia de Lange syndrome associated with a suprasellar germinoma. Brain Dev 1986;8:541–546.
Shuangshoti S. Combined occurrence of third ventricular germinoma and hypothalamic mixed glioma. J Surg Oncol 1986;31:148–152.
Sumida M, Uozumi T, Kiya K, Mukada K, Arita K, Kurisu K, et al. MRI of intracranial germ cell tumors. Neuroradiology 1995;37:32–37.
Karnaze MG, Sartor K, Winthrop JD, Gado MH, Hodges FJ. Suprasellar lesions: Evaluation with MR imaging? Radiology 1986; 161: 77–82.
Kollias SS, Barkovich AJ, Edwards MS. Magnetic resonance analysis of suprasellar tumors of childhood. Pediatr Neurosurg 1992; 17: 284–303.
Richmond I, Wilson CB. Parasellar tumors in children. I. Clinical presentation, preoperative assessment, and differential diagnosis. Child’s Brain 1980;7:73–84.
Karnaze MG, Sartor K, Winthrop JD, Gado MH, Hodges FJ. Suprasellar lesions: Evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology 1986;161:77–82.
Shen DY, Guay AT, Silverman ML, Hybels RL, Freidberg SR. Primary intrasellar germinoma in a woman presenting with secondary amenorrhea and hyperprolactemia. 1984;15:417–420.
Baskin DS, Wilson CB. Transsphenoidal surgery of intrasellar germinomas. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 1983;59:1063–1066.
Sumida M, Uozumi T, Yamanaka M, Mukada K, Arita K, Kurisu K, et al. Displacement of the normal pituitary gland by sellar and juxtasellar tumors: Surgical-MRI correlation and use in differential diagnosis. Neuroradiology 1994;36:372–375.
Fujisawa I, Asato R, Okumura R, Nakano Y, Shibata T, Hamanaka D, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of neurohypophyseal germinomas. Cancer 1991;68:1009–1014.
McKeever PE, Blaivas M, Sima AAF. Neoplasms of the sellar region. In: Lloyd RV, ed. Surgical Pathology of the Pituitary Gland. Major Problems in Pathology Series. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1993, pp. 141–210.
Ono N, Inoue HK, Naganuma H, Kunimine H, Zama A, Tamura M. Diagnosis of germinal neoplasm in the thalamus and basal ganglia. Surg Neurol 1986;26:24–28.
Koide O, Iwai S, Kanno T, Kanda S. Isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in germinoma cells. Am J Clin Pathol 1988;89:611–616.
Saint-Andre JP, Alhenc-Gelas F, Rohmer V, Chretien MF, Bigorgne JC, Corvol P. Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme in germinomas. Hum Pathol 1988;19:208–213.
Rohmer V, Saint-Andre JP, Alhenc-Gelas F, Corval P, Vigorgne JC. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme in a suprasellar germinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 1987;87:281–284.
Yamagami T, Handa H, Yamashita J, Okumura T, Paine J, Haebara H, et al. An immunohistochemical study of intracranial germ cell tumours. Acta Neurochir 1987;86:33–41.
Harms D, Janig U. Germ cell tumours of childhood. Report of 170 cases including 59 pure and partial yolk-sac tumours. Virchows Arch 1986;409:223–239.
Ulbright TM, Roth LM, Brodhecker CA. Yolk sac differentiation in germ cell tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 1986;10:151–164.
Nakagawa Y, Perentes E, Ross GW, Ross AN, Rubinstein LJ. Immunohistochemical differences between intracranial germi-nomas and their gonadal equivalents. An immunoperoxidase study of germ cell tumours with epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin, and vimentin. J Pathol 1988;156:67–72.
Vaquero J, Coca S, Magallon R, Ponton P, Martinez R. Immunohistochemical study of natural killer cells in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of primary intracranial germinomas. J Neurosurg 1990;72:616–618.
Sawamura Y, Hamou MF, Kuppner MC, de Tribolet N. Immunohistochemical and in vitro functional analysis of pineal-germinoma infiltrating lymphocytes: Report of a case. Neurosurgery 1989;25: 454–457.
Paine JT, Handa H, Yamasaki T, Yamashita J. Suprasellar germi-noma with shunt metastasis: Report of a case with an immunohistochemical characterization of the lymphocyte subpopulations. Surg Neurol 1986;25:55–61.
Saito T, Tanaka R, Kouno M, Washiyama K, Abe S, Kumanishi T. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and histocompatibility antigens in primary intracranial germinomas. J Neurosurg 1989;70:81–85.
Nitta T, Hishii M, Sato K, Okumura K. Immunohistochemical characterization of small, lymphoid-like cell populations within germinomas: immunologic and molecular approaches to diagnosis. Cancer Lett 1995;90:183–189.
Koide O, Iwai S, Matsumura H. Intranuclear membranous profiles in germinoma cells—a variant of nuclear pockets and intranuclear annulate lamellae. Acta Pathol Jpn 1985;35:605–619.
Hassoun J, Gambarelli D, Pellissier JF, Henin D, Toga M. Germinomas of the brain. Light and electron microscopic study. A report of seven cases. Acta Neuropathol Suppl (Bed) 1981;7: 105–108.
Matsumura H, Setoguti T, Mori K, Ross ER, Koto A. Endothelial tubuloreticular structures in intracranial germinomas. Acta Pathol Jpn 1984;34:1–9.
Tabuchi K, Yamada O, Nishimoto A. The ultrastructure of pinealo-mas. Acta Neuropathol (Berlin) 1973;24:117–127.
Wick MR, Swanson PE, Manivel JC. Placental-like alkaline phosphatase reactivity in human tumors: An immunohistochemical study of 520 cases. Hum Pathol 1987;18:946–954.
Jennings MT, Gelman R, Hochberg F. Intracranial germ-cell tumors: Natural history and pathogenesis. J Neurosurg 1985;63:155–67.
Ono N, Kakegawa T, Zama A, Nakamura M, Inoue HK, Tamura M, et al. Factors affecting functional prognosis in survivors of primary central nervous system germinal tumors. Surg Neurol 1994;41:9–15.
Delahunt B. Suprasellar germinoma with probable extracranial metastases. Pathology 1982;14:215–218.
7.2. Teratoma
Russell DS, Rubinstein LJ. Pathology of Tumours of the Nervous System, 5th ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1989, p. 681.
Richmond I, Wilson CB. Parasellar tumors in children I. Clinical presentation, preoperative assessment, and differential diagnosis. Child’s Brain 1980;7:73–84.
Lana-Peixoto MA, Pittella JE, Arouca EM. Primary intracranial tumors: Analysis of a series of consecutive autopsies and biopsies. Arquivos de Neuroi-Psiquiatria 1981;39:13–24.
Wilson JW, Gehweiler JA. Teratoma of the face associated with a patent canal extending into the cranial cavity (Rathke’s pouch) in a three-week old child. J Pediatr Surg 1970;5:349–359.
Senae MO, Segall HD. CT diagnosis of an atypical nasopharyngeal teratoma in a newborn. AJNR 1987;8:710–712.
Tekeuchi J, Morik, Moritake K, Tani F, Waga S, Handa H. Teratomas in the suprasellar region: Report of five cases. Surg Neurol 1975;3:247–255.
Smirniotopoulous JG, Chiechi MV. Teratomas, dermoids, and epidermoids of the head and neck. Radiographics 1995; 15(6): 1437–1455.
Page RB, Plourde PV, Coldwell D, Heald JI, Weinstein J. Intrasellar mixed germ-cell tumor. Case report. J Neurosurg 1983;58:766–770.
Merchut MP, Biller J, Ghobrial M, Fine M. Adult intrasellar teratoid tumor. J Clin Neuro-Opthalmol 1986;6:175–180.
Jennings MT, Gelman R, Hochberg F. Intracranial germ-cell tumors: Natural history and pathogenesis. J Neurosurg 1985;63:155–167.
8.1. Paraganglioma
Bilbao JM, Horvath E, Kovacs K, Singer W, Hudson AR. Intrasellar paraganglioma associated with hypopituitarism. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1978;102:95–98.
Flint EW, Claassen D, Pang D, Hirsch WL. Intrasellar and suprasellar paraganglioma: CT and MR findings. Am J Neuroradiol 1993;14:1191–1193.
Steel TR, Dailey AT, Born D, Berger MS, Mayberg MR. Paragangliomas of the sellar region: Report of two cases. Neurosurgery 1993;32:844–847.
Ho KC, Meyer G, Garancis J, Hanna J. Chemodectoma involving the cavernous sinus and semilunar ganglion. Hum Pathol 1982; 13: 942–943.
Walker PJ, Fagan PA. Catecholamine-secreting paraganglioma of the pterygopalatine fossa: Case report. Am J Otol 1993;14:306–308.
Lloyd RV, Sisson JC, Shapiro B, Verhofstad AAJ. Immunohistochemical localization of epinephrine, norepinephrine, catechola-mine-synthesizing enzymes, and chromogranin in neuroendocrine cells and tumors. Am J Pathol 1986;125:45–54.
Silverstein AM, Quint DJ, McKeever PE. Intradural paraganglioma of the thoracic spine. Am J Neuroradiol 1990; 11:614–616.
8.2. Melanoma
Wick MR, Stanley SJ, Swanson PE. Immunohistochemical diagnosis of sinonasal melanoma, carcinoma, and neuroblastoma with monoclonal antibodies HMB-45 and anti-synaptophysin. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1988;112:616–20.
Scholtz CL, Siu K. Melanoma of pituitary. Case report. J Neurosurg 1976;45:101–103.
Kasumova SIU, Inauri GA. Melanotic tumor of the hypophysis. Vopr-Onkol 1980;26:64–66.
Roos B. Isolated melanoma of the pituitary. Fortschr Hals Nasen Ohrenheilkd 1965;12:193–198.
Shinbor T, Vyama E, Eto K, Kohrogi H, Araki S. An autopsy cases of malignant melanoma possibly originating in the sphenoid sinus. Rinsho-Shinkeigaku 1988;28:636–642.
Delank KW, Ballantyne AJ. Tumors of the nasal cavity occurring after hypophysectomy. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 1993;36:203–206.
Chappell PM, Kelly WM, Ercius M. Primary sellar melanoma simulating hemorrhagic pituitary adenoma: MR and pathologic findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1990;11:1054–1056.
Neilson JM, Moffat AD. Hypopituitarism caused by a melanoma of the pituitary gland. J Clin Pathol 1963;16:144–149.
Moseley RP, Davies AG, Bourne SP, Popham C, Carrel S, Monro P, et al. Neoplastic meningitis in malignant melanoma: Diagnosis with monoclonal antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52:881–886.
Wick MR, Stanley SJ, Swanson PE. Immunohistochemical diagnosis of sinonasal melanoma, carcinoma, and neuroblastoma with monoclonal antibodies HMB-45 and anti-synaptophysin. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1988;112:616–620.
Christensen E. Two cases of primary intracranial melanoma. Acta ChirScand 1941;85:90–98.
Gibson JB, Burrows D, Weir WP. Primary melanoma of the meninges. J Pathol Bacteriol 1957;74:419–438.
McKeever PE, Blaivas M, Nelson JS. The diagnosis of brain and spinal tumors by conventional light microscopic methods. In: Garcia JH, Budka H, McKeever PE, Sarnat HB, Sima AAF, eds. Neuropathology: The Diagnostic Approach. Mosby-Yearbook, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 31–96.
Moseley RP, Davies AG, Bourne SP, Popham C, Carrel S, Monro P, et al. Neoplastic meningitis in malignant melanoma: Diagnosis with monoclonal antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52:881–886.
Shoup SA, Johnson WW, Siegler HF, Tello JW, Schlom J, Bigner DD, et al. A panel of antibodies useful in the cytologic diagnosis of metastatic melanoma. Acta Cytol 1990;34:385–392.
Hayashi K, Hoshida Y, Horie Y, Takahashi K, Taguchi K, Sonobe H, et al. Immunohistochemical study on the distribution of alpha and beta subunits of S-100 protein in brain tumors. Acta Neuropathol (Berlin) 1991;81:657–663.
Duray PH, Ernstoff MS, Titus-Ernstoff L. Immunohistochemical phenotyping of malignant melanoma: A procedure whose time has come in pathologic practice. Pathol Annu 1990;25 (pt2):351–377.
Smoller BR, Hsu A, Krueger J. HMB-45 monoclonal antibody recognizes an inducible and reversible melanocyte cytoplasmic protein. J Cutan Pathol 1991;18:315–322.
McKeever PE. Insights about brain tumors gained through immu-nohistochemistry and in situ hybridization of nuclear and pheno-typic markers. J Histochem Cytohem 1998; 46:585–594.
Erlandson RA. Diagnostic Transmission Electron Microscopy of Human Tumors: The Interpretation of Submicroscopic Structures in Human Neoplastic Cells. Masson, New York, 1983, pp 71–79.
Mrak RE. Ultrastructural diagnosis of tumors of the nervous system. In: Garcia JH, Budka H, McKeever PE, Sarnat HB, Sima AAF, eds. Neuropathology: The Diagnostic Approach. Mosby-Yearbook, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 97–192.
Burger PC, Scheithauer B W. Tumors of the central nervous system. In: Rosai J, Sobin LH, ed and assoc ed. Atlas of Tumor Pathology, fasc 10, 3rd ser. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, 1994, pp. 1–452.
McKeever PE, Spicer SS. Pituitary histochemistry. In: Spicer SS, ed. Histochemistry in Pathologic Diagnosis, vol. 22, Schwartz MK, ed. Clinical and Biochemical Analysis, Marcel-Dekker, New York, 1987, pp 603–645.
Caccamo DV, Rubinstein LJ. Tumors: Applications of immunocy-tochemical methods. In: Garcia JH, Budka H, McKeever PE, Sarnat HB, Sima AAF, eds. Neuropathology: The Diagnostic Approach. Mosby-Yearbook, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 193–218.
Moffat FL, Ketcham AS. Metastatic proclivities and patterns among APUD cell neoplasms. Semin Surg Oncol 1993;9:443–452.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McKeever, P.E., Blaivas, M., Gebarski, S.S. (2001). Sellar Tumors Other Than Adenomas. In: Thapar, K., Kovacs, K., Scheithauer, B.W., Lloyd, R.V. (eds) Diagnosis and Management of Pituitary Tumors. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-217-3_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-217-3_23
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-9693-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-217-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive