Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

PUFA: Mediators for the Nervous, Endocrine, and Immune Systems

  • Chapter
Fatty Acids

Part of the book series: Nutrition and Health ((NH))

  • 326 Accesses

Abstract

Three major systems in the body mediate “information” traffic, namely the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the immune system. Chemical or electrical signals to or from other cells are generated and received, signals are modified, and tissues, organs, and muscles are activated as a result of their activities. Conventional wisdom of the past considered each system as independent from the others and able to interact only with component members of its own domain. More recently, this notion has been challenged, and studies have shown that each system is able to interact with external signals and stimuli and, moreover, that each system could interact with the other two systems. Studies of individual differences in autonomic reactivity not only may help identify a disposition to long-term health changes but may better clarify the convergence of the cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, and psychoneuroimmunological systems (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1992). Representative reviews of the bidirectionalities within these systems have been provided elsewhere (Dunn, 1989;1995; Song & Leonard, 2000). The biochemical modulation and mediation of the various activities of these systems and, by extension, the behavioral consequences have received less attention than deserved among behavioral neuroscientists. In this chapter, we will attempt to focus our attention on the role of the lipids as they impact the mutifactorial world of the body economy. In addition, although the bidirectionality that exists globally between behavior and physiology is largely beyond the scope of this chapter, the considerations of stress effects on the dynamics of PUFA regulation and associated behaviors are particularly relevant.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ader R, Cohen N, Felten DL. Brain, behavior and immunity. Brain, Behav Immun 1987; 1:1–6. Alexander JW. Specific nutrients and the immune response. Nutrition 1995; 11: 229–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altier N, Stewart J. Opiate receptors in the ventral tegmental are contribute to stress-induced analgesia in formalin test for tonic pain. Brain Res 1996; 718: 203–206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altier N, Stewart J. Dopamine receptor antagonists in the nucleus accumbens attenuate analgesia induced by ventral tegmental area substance P or morphine and by nucleus accumbens amphetamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 285: 208–215.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arbogast BW, Neumann, J.K, Arbogast LY, Leeper SC, et al. Transient loss of serum protective activity following short-term stress: A possible biochemical link between stress and atherosclerosis. J Psychosom Res 1994; 38: 871–884.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Back KW, Bogdanoff MD. Plasma lipid response to leadership, conformity and deviation. In: Leiderman PH, Shapiro D, eds. Psychological Approach to Aocial Behavior. Tavistock, London, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagger JP, Botker HE, Thomassen A, Nielsen TT. Effects of ranolizine on ischemic threshold, coronary sinus blood flow, and myocardial metabolism in coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1997; 11: 479–484.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker DG, West SA, Orth DN, Hill KK, Nicholson WE, Ekhator NN, Bruce AB, Wortman MD, Keck PE, Geracioti TD. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma beta-endorphin in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Pschoneuroendocrinology, 22: 517–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behan DP, Grigoriadis DE, Lovenberg T, Chalmers D, Heinrichs S, Liaw C, et al. Neurobiology of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptors and CRF-binding protein: implications for the treatment of CNS disorders. Mol Psychiatry 1996; 1: 265–277.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belzung C, Leguisquet AM, Barreau S, Doelion-Vacassal S, Chalon S. Alpha-linoleic acid deficiency modifies distractibility but not anxiety and locomotion in rats during aging. J Nutr 1998; 128: 1537–1542.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernnan FX, Job RS, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Total plasma cholesterol levels of rats are increased following only three sessions of tailshock. Life Sci 1992; 50: 945–950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bessler H, Sztein MB, Serrate SA. Beta-endorphin modulation of IL-1-induced IL-2 production. Immunopharmacology 1990; 19: 5–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blok WL, Deslypere JP, Demacker PN, van der an Jongekrijg J, Hectors MP, van der Meer JW, et al. Pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in healthy volunteers fed various doses of fish oil for 1 year. Eur J Clin Invest 1997; 27: 1003–1008.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bourre JM, Bonnet M, Halbone G, Lafont H, Pascal G, Durand G. Essentiality of w3 fatty acids for brain structure and function. World Rev Nutr 1991; 66: 103–117.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brennan FX, Cobb CL, Silbert LE, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Peripheral beta-adrenoreceptors and stress-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Physiol Behav 1996; 60: 1307–1310.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broughton KS, Morgan LJ. Frequency of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption induces alterations in tissue lipid composition and eicosanoid synthesis in CD-1 mice. J Nutr 1994; 124: 1104–1111.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabot PJ, Carter L, Gaiddon C, Zhang Q, Schefer M, Loeffler JP, et al. Immune cell-derived beta-endorphin: Production, release, and control of inflammatory pain in rats. J Clin Invest 1997; 100: 142–148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calder PC. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and immune cell function. Adv Enzyme Regul 1997; 37: 197–237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cambromero JC, Rivas FJ, Borrell J, Guaza C. Role of arachidonic acid metabolism on corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-release induced by interleukin-1 from superfused rat hypothalami. J Neuroimmunol 1992; 39: 57–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canonico PL, Speciale C, Sortino MA, Cronin MJ, MacLeo RM, Scapagnini U. Growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) increases free arachidonate levels in the pituitary; a role for lipoxygenase products. Life Sci 1986; 38: 267–272.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catalan RE, Martinez AM, Aragones MD, Robles A, Miguel BG. Substance P induces alterations on cerebral lipids involved in membrane fluidity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 144: 232–237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caughey GE, Mantzioris E, Gibson RA, Cleland LG, James MJ. The effect on human tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta production of diets enriched in n-3 fatty acids from vegetable oil or fish oil. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63: 116–122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chavali SR, Zhong WW, Forse RA. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid increases TNF-alpha, and decreases IL-6, IL-10 in response to LPS: effects of sesamin on the delta-5 desaturation of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in mice. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids 1998; 58: 185–191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chavali SR, Forse RA. Decreased production of interleukin-6 and prostaglandins E2 associated with inhibition of delta-5 desaturation of omega-6 fatty acids in mice fed safflower oil diets supplemented with sesamol. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids 1999; 61: 347–352.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark VR, Moore CL, Adams JH. Cholesterol concentration and cardiovascular reactivity to stress in African American college volunteers. J Behav Med 1998; 21: 505–515.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis P.J. n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids have different effects on acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransfered in fatty macrophages. Biochem Cell Biol 1992; 70:1313–1318.

    Google Scholar 

  • De-Caterina R, Cybulsky MI, Clinton SK. Gimbrone MA, Libby P. The omega-3 fatty acid decosahexaenoate reduces cytokine-induced expression of proatherogenic and proinflammatory proteins im human endothial cell. Arteriosclerosis Thromb Vasc Biol 1994; 14 (11): 1829–1836.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Pablo MA, De Cienfuegos GA. Modulatory effects of dietary lipids on immune system functions. Immunol Cell Biol 2000; 78: 31–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denicoff KD, Durkin TM, Lorte MT, Quinlan PE, Davis CL, Listwak SJ, et al. The neuroendocrine effects of interleukin-2 treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 69 (2): 402–410.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deutch B. Menstrual pain in Danish women correlated with low n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake. Eur J Clin Nutr 1995; 49: 508–516.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn AJ. Psychoneuroimmunology for the psychoneuroendocrinologist. A review of animal studies of nervous system-immune system interactions. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1989; 14: 251–274.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn AJ. Interactions between the nervous system and the immune system: implications for psychopharmacology. In: Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ, eds. Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress. Raven, New York, 1995, pp. 719–731.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eguchi N, Minami T, Shirafuji N, Kanaoka Y, Tanaka T, Nagata A, et al. Lack of tactile pain (allodynia) in lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 726–730.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endres, S. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and human cytokines synthesis. Lipids 1997; 31: 5239–5242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fadda P, Martellotta MC, Gessa GE, Fratta W. Dopamine and apodes interactions in sleep deprivation. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1993; 17: 269–278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fadda P, Martellotta MC, De Montis MG, Gessa GE, Fratta W. Dopamine D1 and opioid receptor binding changes in the limbic system of sleep deprived rats. Neurochem Int 1992; 20: 153S - 156S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fagarasan MO, Arora PK, Axelrod J. Interleukin-1 potentiation of beta-endorphin secretion and the dynamics of interleukin- I internalization in pituitary cells. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1991; 15: 551–560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faletti A, Vagina JM, Gimeno MA. Beta-endorphin inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in rat ovaries and blocks induced ovulation. Prostaglandins 1995; 49: 93–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng C, Keisler DH, Fritsche KL. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce IFN-gamma receptor expression in mice. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19: 41–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Filaretov AA, Bogdanov AI, Yarushkina NL. Stress-induced analgesia. The role of hormones produced by the hypophyseal-endocortical system. Neurosci Behav Physiol 1996; 26: 527–578.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleisher-Berkovich S, Danon A. Effect of corticotropin-releasing factor on prostaglandin synthesis in endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 4068–4072.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frances H, Coudereau JP, Sandouk P, Clement M, Monier C, Bourre JM. Influence of dietary alpha-linolenic acid deficiency on learning in the Morris water maze and on the effects of morphine. Eur J Pharmacol 1996; 18: 217–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furukawa K, Tashiro T, Yamamori H, Takagi K, Morishima Y, Sugiura T, et al. Effects of soybean oil emulsion and eicosapentaenoic acid on stress response function after a severely stressful operation. Ann Surg 1999; 229: 255–261.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelfand RA, Wepsic HT, Parker LN, Jadus MR. Prostaglandin E2 induces up-regulation of murine macrophage beta-endorphin receptors. Immunol Lett 1995; 45: 143–148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grimble RF. Dietary lipids and the inflammatory response. Proc Nutr Soc 1998; 57: 535–542.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamazaki T, Sawazaki S, Nagasawa T, Nagao Y, Kanagawa Y, Yazawa K. Administration of docosahexaenoic acid influence behavior and plasma catecholamine levels at times of psychological stress. Lipids 1999; 34: S33 — S37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamzaki T, Sawazaki S, Itomura M, Asaoka E, Nagao Y, Nishimura N, et al. The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on aggression in young adults: A placebo-controlled double-blind study. J Clin Invest 1996; 97 (4): 1129–1133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanisch UK, Rowe W, Sharma S, Meaney MJ, Quirion R. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity during chronic central administration of interleukin-2. Endocrinology 1994; 135 (6): 2465–2472.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hankenson KD, Watkins BA, Schoenlein IA, Allen KG, Turek JJ. Omega-3 fatty acids enhance ligament fibroblast collagen formation in association with changes in interleukin-6 production. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 2000; 223: 88–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves KM, Flores CM, Dionne RA, Mueller GP. The role of pituitary beta-endorphin in mediating corticotropin-releasing factor-induced antinociception. Am J Physiol 1990; 258 (2): E235 — E242.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves K, Clandinin MT. Dietary lipids in relation to postnatal development of the brain. Upsala J Med Sci 1990; 48s: 79–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann G, Endres S. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and human cytokine synthesis. In: Yehuda S, Mostofsky DI, eds. Handbook of Essential Fatty Acids Biology, Humana, Totowa, NJ, 1997, pp. 103–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawranko AA, Smith DJ. Stress reduces morphine’s antinociceptive potency: dependence upon spinal cholecystokinin processes. Brain Res 1999; 824: 251–257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawranko AA, Monro PL, Smith DJ. Repetitive exposure to the hot-plate test produces stress induced analgesia and alters beta-endorphine neuronal transmission within the periaqueductal gray of the rat. Brain Res 1994; 667: 283–286.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herz A. Role of immune processes in peripheral opiate analgesia. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995; 373: 193–199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hori T, Oka T, Hosoi M, Aou S. Pain modulatory actions of cytokines and prostaglandin E2 in the brain. Ann NY Acad Sci 1998; 840: 269–281.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horrocks LA, Harder HW. Fatty acids and cholesterol. In: Lajtha A, ed. Handbook of Neurochemistry. Plenum, New York, 1983, pp. 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosoi M, Oka T, Abe M, Hori T, Yamamoto H, Mine K, et al. Prostaglandins E(2) has antinociceptive effect through EP (1) receptor in the ventromedial hypothalamus in rats. Pain 1999; 83: 221–227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang YS, Koba K, Horrobin DF, Sugano, M. Interrelationship between dietary protein, cholesterol and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 1993; 32: 123–137.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes DA, Pinder AC. N-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate the expression of functionally associated molecules on human monocytes and inhibit antigen-presentation in vitro. Clin Exp Immunol 1997; 110: 516–523.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ignatowski TA, Covey WC, Knight PR, Severin CM, Nickola TJ, Spengler RN. Brain-derived TNF-alpha mediates neuropathic pain. Brain Res 1999; 841: 70–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inglis FM, Moghaddam B. Dopaminergic innervation of the amygdala is highly responsive to stress. J Neurochem 1999; 72: 1088–1094.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James MJ, Gibson RA, Cleland LG. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory mediator production. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 343s - 348s.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones DR, Pettitt TR, Sanjuan MA, Mrida I, Wakelam MJ. Interleukin-2 causes an increase in saturated/ monounsaturated phosphatidic acid derived from 1,2-diacylglycerol and 1-o-alkyl-2-acyglycerol. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 16846–16852.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joo F. Brain microvascular cyclic nucleotides and protein phosphorylation. In: Pardridge WM, ed. Blood Brain Barrier: Cellular and Molecular Biology. Raven, New York, 1993, pp. 267–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen C, Sany J. Modulation of the immune response by the neuro-endocrine axis in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1994; 12: 435–551.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Junger H, Sorkin LS. Nociceptive and inflammatory effects of subcutaneous. Pain 2000; 85: 145–151.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan BL, Lesskin G, Hans B, Willkins J, Foy D. Elevated lipid levels in Vietnam veterans with chronic posttramutic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 45: 374–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karanath S, Lyson K, Aguila MC, McCann SM. Effects of lutenizing-hormone-releasing hormone, alphamelanocyte-stimulating hormone, naloxon, dexamethasone and indomethacin on interleukin-2-induced corticotropin-releasing factor release. Neuroimmunomodulation 1995; 2 (3): 166–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerttula T, Kaukinen S, Riutta A, Seppala F, Mucha I, Vapaatalo H, Alanko J Effects of noradrenaline and dopamine infusions on arachidonic acid metabolism in man. Thromb Res 1995; 80: 169–178.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Cacioppo JT, Malarkey WB, Glaser R. Acute psychological stressors and short term immune changes: What, why, for whom and to what extent? Psychosom Med 1992; 54: 680–685.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Konstandi M, Johnson E, Lang MA, Malamas M, Marselos M. Norarenaline, dopamine, serotonin: different effects of psychological stress on brain biogenic amines in mice and rats. Pharmacol Res 2000; 41: 341–346.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kremer JM. N-3 fatty acid supplements in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 349s - 351s.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lacroix S, Rivest S. Role of cyclo-oxygenase pathways in the stimulatory influence of immune challenge on the transcription of a specific CRF receptor subtype in the rat brain. J Chem Neuroanat 1996; 10: 53–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laiviere WR, Melzack R. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in pain and analgesia. Pain 2000; 84: 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyson K, McCann S. Involvement of arachidonic acid cascade in interleukin-6-stimulated corticotropinreleasing factor release in vitro. Neuroendocrinology 1992; 50: 708–709.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maes M. The immunoregulatory effects of antidepressants. Hum Psychophar Clin Exp 2001; 16 (1): 95–103.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maes M, Christophe A, Eugene, Bosmas E, Lin A, Neels H. In humans, serum polyunsaturated fatty acid levels predict the response of proinflammatory cytokines to psychological stress. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47 (10): 910–920.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makita K, Falck JR, Capdevile JH. Cytochrome P450: the arachidonic acid cascade, and hypertension: new vistas for an old enzyme system. FASEB J 1996; 10: 1456–1463.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsmoto K, Yobimoto K, Huong NT, Abdel-Fattah M, Van Hien T, Watanabe H. Psychological stress-induced enhancement of brain lipid peroxidation via nitric oxide systems and its modulation by anxiolytic and anxiogenic drugs in mice. Brain Res 1999; 839: 74–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGahon B, Murray CA, Clements MP, Lynch MA. Analysis of the effect of membrane arachidonic acid concentration on modulation of glutamate release by interleukin-1: an age-related study. Exp Gerontol 1998; 33: 343–354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meas et al., 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milles DE, Huang YS, Narce M, Poisson JP. Psychosocial stress catecholamines, and essential fatty acid metabolism in rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994; 205 (1): 56–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minami T, Okuda-Ashitaka E, Hori Y, Sakuma S, Sugimoto T, Sakimura K, et al. Involvement of primary afferent C-fibres in touch-evoked pain (allodynia) induced by prostaglandin E2. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11: 1849–1856.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minami T, Okuda-Ashitaka E, Nishizawa M, Mori H, Ito S. Inhibition of nociceptin-induced allodynia in conscious mice by prostaglandin D2. Br J Pharmacol 1997; 122. 605–610.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minami T, Okuda-Ashitaka E, Mori H, Ito S, Hayaishi O. Prostaglandin D2 inhibits prostaglandin E2-induced allodynia in conscious mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996; 278: 1146–1152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mizoguchi K, Yuzurihara M, Ishige A, Sasaki H, Chubi DH, Tabira T. Chronic stress induces impairment of spatial working memory because of prefrontal dopaminergic dysfunction. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 1568–1574.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohan IK, Das UN. Oxidant stress, anti-oxidants and essential fatty acids in systemic lupus erythematosus. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids 1997; 56: 193–198.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrow LE, McClellan JL, Klir JJ, Kluger MJ. The CNS site of glucocorticoid negative feedback during LPS and psychological stress induced fevers. Am J Psychol 1996; 271: 732–737.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moussa M, Le Boucher J, Garcia J, Tkaczuk J, Ragab J, Dutot G. et al. In vivo effects of olive oil-based lipid emulsion on lymphocyte activation in rats. Clin Nutr 2000; 19: 49–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy MG, Moak CM, Rao BG. Effects of membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids on opiate peptide inhibition of basal and prostaglandin E1-stimulated cyclic AMP formation in intact NIE-115 neurometabolism cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36: 4079–4084.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers M, Freire E. Calorimetric and fluorescence characterization of interactions between enkephalins and liposomal and synaptic plasma membranes containing gangliosides. Biochemistry 1995; 24: 4076–4082.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakagawassi O, Tadano T, Tan No K, Niijima F, Endo Y, Kisara K. Change in beta-endorphin and stress-induced analgesia in mice after exposure to forced waking stress. Methods Findings Exp Clin Pharmacol 1999; 21: 471–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordstrom DC, Honkanen VE, Nasu Y, Antila E, Frimen C, Konttinen YT. Alpha-linoleic acid in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized study: flaxseed vs. safflower seed. Rheumatol Int 1995; 14: 231–234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohno T, Ohinata H, Ogawa K, Kuroshima A. Fatty acid profiles of phospholipids in brown adipose tissue from rats during cold acclimation and repetitive intermittent immobilization: with special reference to docosahexaenoic acid. Jpn J Physiol 1996; 46: 265–270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oka T, Aou S, Hari T. Intracerebroventriculaer injection of interleukin-1 beta induces hyperalgesia in rats. Brain Res 1993; 624: 61–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ongini E, Bonizzoni E, Ferri N, Milani S, Trampus M. Differential effects of dopamine D-1 and D-2 receptor antagonist antipsychotics on sleep—wake patterns in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993; 266: 726–731.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Opp M, Obal, J.R, Cady AB, Johannsen L, Krueger JM. Interleukin-6 is pyrogenic but not somnogenic. Physiol Behav 1989; 45 1069–1072.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panajotova V. The effect of dopaminergic agents on cell-mediated immune response in mice. Physiol Res 1997; 46: 113–118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parsadaniantz SM, Batsch E, Gegout-Pottie P, Terlain B, Gillet P, Netter P, et al. Effects of continuous infusion of interleukin-1 beta on corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptors, proopiomelanocortin gene expression and secretion of corticotropin, beta-endorphin and corticosterone. Neuroendocrinology 1997; 65: 53–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson LD, Jeffery NM, Thies F, Sanderson P, Newsholme EA, Calder PC. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids alter rat spleen leukocyte fatty acid composition and prostaglandins E2 production but have different effects on lymphocyte functions and cell-mediated immunity. Lipids 1998; 33: 171–180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson LD, Thies F, Calder PC. Dose-dependent effects of dietary gamma-linolenic acid on rat spleen lymphocyte functions. Prostaglandins Leukotriens Essential Fatty Acids 1999; 61: 19–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petraglia F, Benedetto C, Florio P, Ambrogio G, Genazzani AD, Marozio L, et al. Effect of corticotropinreleasing factor-binding protein on prostaglandin release from cultured maternal decide and on contractile activity of human myometrium in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 3073–3076.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitman RK, van der Kolk BA, On SP, Greenberg MS. Naloxon reversible analgesia: response to combat related stimuli in posttraumatic stress order. A pilot study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47: 541–545.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raber J, Koob GF, Bloom FE. Interleukin-2 induces corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) release from the amygdala and involves a nitric oxide-mediated signaling; comparison with the hypothalamic response. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 272: 815–824.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raina N, Matsui J, Cunnane SC, Jeejeebhoy KN. Effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on triglyceride and phospholipid content and composition of liver and carcass in rats. Lipids 1995; 30: 713–718.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rivier C. Influence of immune signals on the hypothalamic—pituitary axis of the rodent. Front Neuroendocrinol 1995; 16, 151–182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzo MT, Carlo-Stella C. Arachidonic acid mediates interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced activation of the c-jun amino terminal kinases in stroma cells. Blood 1996; 10: 3792–3800.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenman RH. Do environmental effects on human emotions cause cardiovascular disorders? Acta Physiol Scand 1997; 640 (Suppl): 133–136.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossetti RG, Seiler CM, DeLuca P, Laposata M, Zurier RB. Oral administration of unsaturated fatty acids: Effects on human peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation. Leukotrienes Biol 1997; 62 (4): 438–443.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman D, Allen H, Herzog L, Pilapil A, Seiler CM, Zurier RB. Effects of unsaturated fatty acids on interleukin-1 beta production by human monocytes. Cytokine 1997; 9: 1008–1012.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman D, DeLuca P, Zurier RB. Botanical lipids: effects on inflammation, immune responses, and rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1995; 25: 87–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rouseau D, Moreau D, Raederstorff D, Sergiel, J.P, Muggli R, Grynberg A. Is a dietary n-3 fatty acid supplement able to influence the cardiac effect of the psychological stress? Mol Cell Biochem 1998; 178: 353–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salvati S, Cambegei LY, Sorcinni M, Olivieri A, DiBase A. Effects of propylthiouracial induced hypothyroidism on membranes of adult rat brain. Lipids 1993; 28: 1075–1078.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salem N Jr. The nervous system has an absolute molecular species requirement for proper function. Mol Memb Biol 1995; 12: 131–134.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanyal AK, Srivastava DN, Bhattachayarya SK. The antinociceptive effect of intracerebroventricularly administered prostaglandin E-sub-1 in the rat. Psychopharmacology 1990; 60: 159–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sawazaki S, Hamazaki T, Yazawa K, Kobayashi M. The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on plasma catecholamine concentrations and glucose tolerance during long-lasting psychological stress: a double blind placebo-controlled study. J Nutr Neurosci Vitaminol 1999; 45: 655–665.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sazontova TG, Golantsova NE, Kolmykova SN, Arkhangel’Skaia MI, Koshatskaia IL, Arkhipenko. Effect of delta sleep-inducing peptide on the status of the calcium transport system of the sarcoplasmic reticular and activity of antioxidant defense enzymes in the myocardium. Bull Exp Biol Med 1996; 121: 248–251.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer M, Mousa SA, Zhang Q, Carter L, Stein C. Expression of corticotropin-releasing factor in inflamed tissue is required for intrinsic peripheral opiod analgesia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 6096–6100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwyzer R. Estimated membrane structure and receptor subtype selection of an opioid alkaloid-peptide hybrid. Intl J Peptides Protein Res 1988; 32, 476–483.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shmalwko IP, Mikhaleva II. Antimetastatic effect of the delta-sleep peptide during stress in mice with Lewis lung carcinoma. Exp Oncol 1988; 10: 57–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shmalwko IP, Mikhaleva II. Antimetastatic effect of the delta-sleep peptide during stress in mice with Lewis’ lung carcinoma. Exp Oncol 1988; 11: 37–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer P, Richterheinrich E. Stress and fatty liver—possible indications for dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids. Med Hypotheses 1991; 36: 90–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon GF. Psychoneuroimmunology and human immunodeficiency virus infection. PsychiatrMed 1989; 7 (2): 47–57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song C, Leonard BE. Fundamentals of Psychoneuroimmunology. Wiley, New York, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starec M, Rosina J, Malek J, Krsjak M. Influence of dynorphin A (1–13) and dynorphin A (1–10) amide on stress-induced analgesia. Physiol Res 1996; 45: 433–438.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton LC, Fleshner M, Mazzeo R, Maiser SF, Watkins LR. A permissive role of corticosterone in an opioid form of stress-induced analgesia—blockade of opiate analgesia is not due to stress-induced hormone-release. Brain Res 1994; 663: 19–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tannenbaum BM, Brindley DN, Tannenbaum GS, Dallman MF, McArthur MD, Meaney MJ. High fat feeding alters both basal ans stress-induced hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal activity in the rat. Am J Physiol 1997; 273:6 Pt 1 El 168–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson ABR, Keelan M, Clandinin MT. Feeding rats a diet enriched with saturated fatty acids presents the inhibitory effects of acute and chromic ethanol exposure on the in vitro uptake of hexoses and lipids. Biochem Biophys Acta 1991; 1084: 122–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulak G, Cinek R, Sermet A, Guzel C, Ulak M, Denli O. Protective effect of fish oil against stress induced gastric injury in rats. Arzneimittelforschung 1995; 45: 1174–1175 (in German).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaccarino AL, Olson GA, Olson RD, Kastin AJ. Endogenous opiates: 1998. Peptides 1999; 20: 1527–1574.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Doornen LJ, Snieder H, Boomsma DI. Serum lipids and cardiovascular reactivity to stress. Biol Psychol 1998; 47: 279–297.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venkatraman JT, Chu WC. Effects of dietary omega-3 and omega-6 lipids and vitamin E on serum cytokines, lipid mediators and anti-DNA antibodies in a mouse model for rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Coll Nutr 1999; 18: 602–613.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volker D, Garg M. Dietary n-3 fatty acid supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis—mechanisms, clinical outcomes, controversies, and future directions. J Clin Biochem Nutr 1996; 20: 83–97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner R, Myers RR. Endoneural injection of TNF-alpha produces neuropathic pain behaviors. NeuroReport 1996; 25: 2897–2901.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe T, Clarck WG, Ceriani G, Lipton JM. Elevation of plasma ACTH concentration in rabbits made febrile by systemic injection of bacterial antitoxin. Brain Res 1994; 652: 201–206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams LY, Kiecolt Glaser JK, Horrocks LA, Hillhouse JT, Glaser R. Quantitative association between altered plasma esterfied omega-6 fatty-acid proportions and psychological stress. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids 1992; 47: 165–170.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu D, Meydani SN, Meydani M, Hayek MG, Huth P, Nicolosi RJ. Immunologic effects of marine-and plant- derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in nonhuman primates. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63: 273–280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu YL, Yoshida M, Emoto H, Tanaka M. Psychological stress selectively increases extracellular dopamine in the “shell”, but not in the “core” of the rat nucleus accumbens: a novel dual-needle probe simultaneous microdialysis study. Neurosci Lett 1999; 275: 69–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada K, Nabeshima T. Stress-induced behavioral responses and multiple opiod systems in the brain. Behav Brain Res 1995; 67: 133–145.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi K, Hama H. Evaluation for roles of brain prostaglandins in the catecholamine-induced vasopressin secretion in conscious rats. Brain Res 1993; 607: 149–153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yano M, Kishida E, Iwasaki M, Shosuke K, Masuzawa Y. Docosahexaenoic acid and vitamin E can reduce human monocytic U937 cell apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor. J Nutr 2000; 130: 1095–1101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ye H, Wolf RA, Kurz T, Corr PB. Phosphatidic acid increases in response to noradrenaline and endothelin1 in adult rabbit ventricular myocytes. Cardiovasc Res 1994; 28: 1828–1834.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda S, Carraso RL. Modulation of learning pain thresholds, and thermoregulation in the rat by preparations of free-purified a-linolenic and linoleic acids: determination of the optimal w3-to-w6 ratio. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1993; 90:10, 345–10, 349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda S, Carasso RL, Mostofsky DI. Essential fatty acid preparation (SR)-3 raises the seizure threshold in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1994; 254: 193–198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda S, Carasso RL, Mostofsky DI. Essential fatty acid preparation (SR-3) rehabilitates learning deficits induced by AF64A and 5,7-DHT. NeuroReport 1995; 6: 511–515.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda S, Leprohon-Greenwood CE, Dixon LM, Coscina DV. Effects of dietary fat on pain threshold, thermoregulation and motor activity in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1986; 24: 1775–1777.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda S, Rabinovitz S, Carasso RL, Mostofsky DI. Fatty acids and brain peptides. Peptides 1998; 19: 407–419.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda S, Rabinovitz S, Carasso RL, Mostofsky DI. Mixture of essential fatty acids rehabilitates stress effects on learning, and cortisol and cholesterol level. Intl J Neurosci 2000; 101: 73–87.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda S, Rabinovitz S, Mostofsky DI. Effects of essential fatty acid preparation (SR-3) on brain lipids, biochemistry and behavioral and cognitive functions. In: Yehuda S, Mostofsky DI, eds. Handbook of Essential Fatty Acid Biology, Biochemistry Physiology, and Behavioral Neurobiology. Humana, Totowa, NJ, 1997, pp. 427–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda S, Rabinovitz S, Mostofsky DI. Essential fatty acids and sleep: mini review and hypothesis. Med Hypothesis 1998; 50: 139–145.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young VM, Toborek M, Yang F, McClain CJ, Hennig B. Effect of linoleic acid on endothelial cell inflammatory mediators. Metabolism 1998; 47: 566–572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yukhananov R, Rebrov I, Tennila T, Maisky A. Effects of ethanol and DSIP on the 36CI-flux in synaptosomal vesicles. Mol Chem Neuropathol 1991; 15: 235–248.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmer L, Delpal S, Guiloteau D, Aioun J, Durand G, Chalon S. Chronic n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency alters dopamine vesicle density in the rat frontal cortex. Neurosci Lett 2000; 284: 25–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Shlomo Yehuda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sharon Rabinovitz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. David I. Mostofsky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA

    David I. Mostofsky PhD

  2. Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel

    Shlomo Yehuda PhD

  3. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD, USA

    Norman Salem Jr. PhD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Yehuda, S., Rabinovitz, S., Mostofsky, D.I. (2001). PUFA: Mediators for the Nervous, Endocrine, and Immune Systems. In: Mostofsky, D.I., Yehuda, S., Salem, N. (eds) Fatty Acids. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-119-0_23

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-119-0_23

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-265-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-119-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation