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The Neuronal Environment pp 309–339Cite as

Circumventricular Organs

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Part of the book series: Contemporary Neuroscience ((CNEURO))

Abstract

The dominant role of the brain in the hierarchical control of the autonomic nervous system demands that it receive extensive afferent information regarding not only the external environment, but also the internal environment. The assertion for many years has been that the hypothalamus (HT) represents the apex of this hierarchy, and, as such, must represent the primary forebrain site at which such feedback occurs. However, this conclusion ignores the problematic issue that, although this region is highly vascular, HT capillaries demonstrate a normal blood—brain barrier (BBB), so that lipidinsoluble substances cannot gain direct access to HT neurons. Thus, although the BBB acts to protect and insulate the brain from large shifts in these variables, it also precludes the central nervous system (CNS) from monitoring these same important parameters. The absence of clear mechanisms through which such feedback can occur argues for the existence of additional, physiologically significant, sensory centers involved in the monitoring of these variables. The sensory circumventricular organs (CVOs), which are specialized CNS structures that lack a normal BBB, represent a potential CNS window for such autonomic feedback. These structures, namely the subfornical organ (SFO), organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), and area postrema (AP), consist primarily of neuronal cell bodies, which receive afferent input from the circulation, and communicate with other regions of the CNS through the fferent neural projections of these neurons.

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Authors
  1. James W. Anderson
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  2. Alastair V. Ferguson
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  1. Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

    Wolfgang Walz

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Anderson, J.W., Ferguson, A.V. (2002). Circumventricular Organs. In: Walz, W. (eds) The Neuronal Environment. Contemporary Neuroscience. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-108-4_12

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