Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Vascular Abnormalities in the Prediabetic State

  • Chapter
Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease

Part of the book series: Contemporary Cardiology ((CONCARD))

  • 133 Accesses

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes is associated with approximately a twofold increase in coronary heart disease (CHD) in men and a fourfold increase in women (1,2). Mortality from CHD in individuals with diabetes is also higher than in nondiabetic subjects (1–3). It has been thought that hyperglycemia is an important contributor to this risk. However, several studies have found no association between the degree of hyperglycemia and CHD or between duration of diabetes and CHD (4–6). Only recently, a modest association of glycohemoglobin levels and the duration of diabetes with the development of CHD was reported in two Finnish studies (7,8). In addition, the recently completed United Kingdom Diabetes Prospective Study (UKPDS) showed that intensive diabetes management leading to improved glycemic control significantly improved microvascular end points, whereas the reduction in myocardial infarction rates (16%) failed to reach statistical significance (p = 0.052) (9). All these findings suggest that, as opposed to the clear influence of hyperglycemia in the development of microvascular complications in diabetes, hyperglycemia plays a weaker role in the development of macrovascular disease, in particular CHD. Thus, the risk for macrovascular disease in diabetes seems to rely to a considerable degree on other associated abnormalities such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, altered fibrinolysis, and obesity, all components of the insulin resistance syndrome (10,11). Since the insulin resistance syndrome is usually present before the development of diabetes, it follows that a significant contribution to the risk for cardiovascular disease in subjects with diabetes is established before the appearance of hyperglycemia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Garcia MJ, McNamara PM, Gordon T, Kannell WB. Morbidity and mortality in diabetics in the Framingham population: sixteen-year follow-up. Diabetes 1974;23:105–111.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Stamler J,Vaccaro O, Neaton JD,Wentworth D. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group: diabetes, other risk factors and 12-year cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 1993;16:434–444.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kleinman JC, Donahue RP, Harris MI, Finucane FF, Madans JH, Brock DB. Mortality among diabetics in a national sample. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:389–401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Herman JB, Medalie JH, Goldbourt U. Differences in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality between previously known and newly diagnosed adult diabetics. Diabetologia 1977;13:229–234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Fuller JH, Shipley MJ, Rose G, Jarrett RJ, Keen H. Coronary heart disease risk and impaired glucose tolerance: The Whitehall Study. Lancet 1980;1:1373–1376.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Morrish NJ, Stevens LK, Head J, Fuller JH, Jarrett RJ, Keen H. A prospective study of mortality among middle-aged diabetic patients (the London cohort of the WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetics) II: Associated risk factors. Diabetologia 1990;33:542–548.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Laakso M, Lehto S, Penttila I, Pyorala K. Lipids and lipoproteins predicting coronary heart disease mortality and morbidity in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes. Circulation 1993;88:1421–1430.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kuusisto J, Mykkanen L, Pyorala K, Laakso M. NIDDM and its metabolic control predict coronary heart disease in the elderly subjects. Diabetes 1994;43:960–967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;352:837–853.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Reaven GM. 1988 Banting Lecture: role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988;37: 1595–1607.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease (syndrome X): an expanded definition. Annu Rev Med 1993;44:131–141.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis:a perspective for the 1990s. Nature 1993;362:801–809.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Tooke JE. Microvascular function in human diabetes: a physiologic perspective. Diabetes 1995;44: 721–726.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Rewers M, Hamman RF. Risk factors for non-insulin dependent diabetes. In: Diabetes in America, 2nd ed. NIH/NIDDK Publication no. 95–1468. NIH, Washington, DC, 1995, pp. 179–220.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Kobberling J, Tillil H. Empirical risk figures for first degree relatives of non-insulin dependent diabetes. In: Kobberling J, Tattersall RB, eds. The Genetics of Diabetes Mellitus. Academic Press, London, 1982, pp. 201–209.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Tattersall RB, Fajans S, Arbor A. Prevalence of diabetes and glucose tolerance in 199 offspring of thirty seven conjugal diabetic parents. Diabetes 1975;24:452–462.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Viswanathan M, Mohan V, Snehalatha C, Ramachandran A. High prevalence of type 2 (non insulin dependent) diabetes among the offspring of conjugal type 2 parents in India. Diabetologia 1985 ;28:907–910.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Knowler WC, Pettitt KJ, Savage PJ, Bennet PH. Diabetes in Pima Indians: contributions of obesity and parental diabetes. Am J Epidemiol 1981;113:144–156.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. O’Sullivan JB, Mahan CM. Blood sugar levels, glycosuria, and body weight related to development of diabetes mellitus. JAMA 1965;194:117–122.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Beaty TH, Neel JV, Fajans SS. Identifying risk factors for diabetes in first degree relatives of non insulin dependent diabetic patients. Am J Epidemiol 1982;115:380–395.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Colditz GA, Willett WC,Stampfer MJ, et al. Weight as a risk factor for clinical diabetes in women. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132:501–513.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Haffner SM, Stern MP, Mitchell BD, Hazuda HP, Patterson JK. Incidence of type II diabetes in Mexican Americans predicted by fasting insulin and glucose levels, obesity, and body-fat distribution. Diabetes 1990;39:283–288.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hamman RF, Sthetterly SM, Baxter J, Marshall JA. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) risk in persons with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT): role of insulin, obesity and fat patterning. The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Diabetes 1990;39:297.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Kissebah AH. Central obesity: measurement and metabolic effects. Diabetes Rev 1997;5:8–20.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hatz AJ, Rupley DC, Kalkhoff RK, Rimm AA. Relationship of obesity to diabetes: influence of obesity level and body-fat distribution. Prey Med 1983;12:351–357.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Fujimoto WY, Leonetri DL, Kinyoun JL, Shuman WP, Stalov WC, Wahl PW. Prevalence of complications among second generation Japanese American men with diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance or normal glucose tolerance. Diabetes 1987;36:730–739.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Stern MP, Morales PA, Valdez A, et al. Predicting diabetes: moving beyond impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes 1993;42:706.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Edelstein SL, Knowler WC, Bain RP, et al. Predictors of progression from impaired glucose tolerance to NIDDM: an analysis of six prospective studies. Diabetes 1997;46:701–710.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. O’Sullivan JB, Mahan CM. Criteria for the oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy. Diabetes 1964;13: 278.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Dornhorst A, Rossi M. Risk and prevention of type 2 diabetes in women with gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21:B43–B49.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Ishikawa, M, Pruneda ML, Adams-Huet B, Raskin P. Obesity-independent hyperinsulinemia in nondiabetic first degree relatives of individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 1998;47:788–792.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Abate N. Insulin resistance and obesity the role of fat distribution pattern. Diabetes 1996;19:292–294.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. DeFronzo RA. Lilly Lecture:the triumvirate: β-cell, muscle, liver:a collusion responsible forNIDDM. Diabetes 1998;37:667–687.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Effendic S, Hanson U, Persson B, et al. Glucose tolerance, insulin release and insulin sensitivity in normal weight women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1987;36:413.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Jarrett RJ, Shipley MJ. Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease putative association via common antecedents:further evidence from the Whitehall Study. Diabetologia 1988;31:737–740.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Wingard DL, Barrett-Connor E. Family history of diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk factors and mortality among euglycemic, borderline hyperglycemic, and diabetic adults. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 125:948–958.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Rewers M, Shetterly SM, Baxter J, Marshall JA, Hamman RF. Prevalence of coronary heart disease in subjects with normal and impaired glucose tolerance and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in a biethnic Colorado population. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135:1321–1329.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Mykkanen L, Laakso M, Pyorala K. Asymptomatic hyperglycemia and atherosclerosis vascular disease in elderly. Diabetes Care 1992;15:1020–1030.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Pan XR, Liu PA, Hu YH, Bennett PH, Li GW, Howard BV. Impaired glucose tolerance and its relationship to ECG-indicated coronary heart dsiease and risk factors among Chinese:Da Qing IGT and diabetes study. Diabetes Care 1993;16:150–156.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Yamasaki Y, Kawamori R, Matsushima H, et al. Asymptomatic hyperglycemia is associated with intimal plus medial thickness of the carotid artery. Diabetologia 1995;38:585–591.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Mykkanen L, Laakso M, Pentilla I, Pyorata K. Asymptomatic hyperglycemia and cardiovascular risk factors in the elderly. Atherosclerosis 1991;88:153–161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Haffner SM, Stern MP, Hazuda HP, Mitchell BD, Patterson JK, Ferranini E. Paternal history of diabetes is associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis 1989;9:928–933.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Meigs JB, Nathan DM, Wilson PW, Cupples LA, Singer DE. Metabolic risk factors worsen continuously across the spectrum of non diabetes glucose tolerance the Framingham offspring study. Ann Intern Med 1998;128:524–533.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Balkau B, Shipley M, Jarrett RJ, et al. High blood glucose concentration is a risk factor for mortality in middle-aged non-diabetic men-20-year follow-up in the Whitehall Study, the Paris Prospective Study, and the Helsinki Policemen Study. Diabetes Care 1998;21:360–367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Jarrett RJ. Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease chicken, egg or neither? Diabetologia 1984;26:99–102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Uusitupa M, Siitonen O, Aro A, Pyorata K. Prevalence of coronary heart disease, left ventricular failure and hypertension in middle-aged, newly diagnosed type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetic subjects. Diabetologia 1985;28:22–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Haffner SM. The prediabetic problem:development of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and related abnormalities. J Diabetes Complications 1997;11:69–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Stern MP. The insulin resistance syndrome. In: Alberti KGMM, DeFronzo RA, Zimmet P, eds. International Textbook of Diabetes. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 1997, pp. 1073–1084.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Haffner SM, Stern MP, Hazuda HP, Mitchell BD, Patterson JK. Cardiovascular risk factors in confirmed prediabetic individuals. JAMA 1990;263:2893–2898.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance: a multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 1991;14: 173–194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Fagan TC, Deedwania PC. The cardiovascular dysmetabolic syndrome. Am J Med 1998;105:77S–82S.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Imperatore G, Riccardi G, Iovine C, Rivellese AA, Olga V. Plasma fibrinogen:a new factor of the metabolic syndrome a population based stduy. Diabetes Care 1998;21:649–6654.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Potter Van Loon BJ, Kluft JC, Radder JK, Blankenstein MA, Meinders AE. The cardiovascular risk factor plaminogen activator inhibitor type 1 is related to insulin resistance. Metabolism 1993;42:945–949.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Fernandez-Real JM, Ricart-Engel W, Arroyo E, et al. Serum ferritin as a component of the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes Care 1998;21:62–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Gibbons GH, Dzau VJ. The emerging concept of vascular remodeling. N Engl J Med 1990;323:27–36.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Luscher TF, Barton M. Biology of the endothelium. Clin Cardiol 1997;20:II-3-II-10.

    Google Scholar 

  57. CelermajerDS.Endotheliadysfunction:doesitmatter?Isitreversible?JAmCollCardio11997;30:325–333.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Quyyumi AA. Endothelial function in health and disease: new insights into the genesis of cardiovascular disease. Am J Med 1998;105:32S–39S.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Busse R, Fleming I. Endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. J Vasc Res 1996;33:181–194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis:a perspective for the 1990s. Nature 1990;362:801–809.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Mano T, Masuyama T, Yamamoto K, et al. Endothelial dysfunction in the early stage of atherosclerosis precedes appearance of intimal lesions assessable with intravascular ultrasound. Am Heart J 1996;131: 231–238.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Williams SB, Cusco JA, Roddy MA, Johnstone MT, Creager MA. Impaired nitric-oxide mediated vasodilation in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:567–574.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. McVeigh GE, Brennan GM, Johnston GD, et al. Impaired endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation in patients with type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1992;35: 771–776.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Morris SJ, Shore AC, Tooke JE. Responses of the skin microcirculation to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside in patients with NIDDM. Diabetologia 1995;38:1337–1344.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Caballero AE, Arora S, Saouaf R, et al. Microvascular and macrovascular reactivity is reduced in subjects at risk for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 1999;48:1856–1862.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Lim SC, Caballero AE, Smakowski P, LoGerfo FW, Horton ES, Veves A. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule, vascular cell adhesion molecule, and impaired microvascular reactivity are early markers of vasculopathy in type 2 diabetic individuals without microalbuminuria. Diabetes Care 1999;22: 1865–1870.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. NitenbergA,ValensiP,SachsR,DaliM,AptecarE,AttaliJR.Impairmentofcoronaryvascularreserve and Ach-induced coronary vasodilation in diabetic patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries and normal left ventricular systolic function. Diabetes 1993;42:1017–1025.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Piper GM. Review of alterations in endothelial nitric oxide production in diabetes the protective role of arginine on endothelial dysfunction. Hypertension 1998;31:1047–1060.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Honing MLH, Morrison PJ, Banga JD, Stroes ESG, Rabelink TJ. Nitric oxide availability in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Rev 1998;14:241–249.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Jaap AJ, Shore AC, Tooke JE. Relationship of insulin resistance to microvascular dysfunction in subjects with fasting hyperglycemia. Diabetologia 1997;40:238–243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Steinberg HO, Chaker H, Leaming R, Johnson A, Brechtel G, Baron A. Obesity/insulin resistance is associated with endothelial dysfunction. J Clin Invest 1996;97:2601–2610.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Veves A, Saouaf R, Donaghue V, et al. Aerobic exercise capacity remains normal despite impaired endothelial function in the micro and macrocirculation of physically active IDDM patients. Diabetes 1997;46:1846–1852.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Arora S, Veves A, Caballero AE, Smakowski P, LoGerfo FW. Estrogen improves endothelial function. J Vasc Surg 1998;27:1141–1147.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Lieberman EH, Gerhard MD, Uehata A, et al. Estrogen improves endothelium-dependent, flow-medi-ated vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:936–941.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Lim SC, Caballero AE, Arora S, et al. The effect of hormonal replacement therapy on the vascular reactivity and endothelial function of healthy individuals with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:4159–4 164.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Anastasiou E, Leakakis JP, Alevizaki M, et al. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in women with previous gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21:2111–2115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Carlos TM, Harlan JM. Leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules. Blood 1994;84:2068–2101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Roitman-Johnson B, Stamofer MJ, Allen J. Plasma concentration of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and risks of future myocardial infarction in apparently healthy men. Lancet 1998;351:88–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Ferri C, Desideri G, Baldoncini R, et al. Early activation of vascular endothelium in nonobese, nondiabetic essential hypertensive patients with multiple metabolic abnormalities. Diabetes 1998;47:660–667.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Bannan S, Mansfield MW, Grant PJ. Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin levels in relation to vascular risk factors and to E-selectin genotype in the first degree relatives of NIDDM patients and in NIDDM patients. Diabetologia 1998;41:460–466.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Otosuki M, Hashimoto K, Morimoto Y, Kishimoto T, Kasayama S. Circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in atherosclerotic NIDDM patients. Diabetes 1997;46:2096–2101.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Chen NG, Homes M, Reaven GM. Relationship between insulin resistance, soluble adhesion molecules, and mononuclear cellbinding in healthy volunteers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:3485–3489.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Stehouwer CD. Nauta JJ, Zeldenrust GC, Hackeng WH, Donker AJ, den Ottolander GJ. Urinary albumin excretion, cardiovascular disease, and endothelial dysfunction in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1992;340:319–323.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Saito Y, Nakao K, Mukoyama M, Imura H. Increased plasma endothelin levels in patients with essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1990;322:205.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Takahashi K, Ghatei MA, Lam HC, O’ Halloran DJ, Bloom SR. Elevated plasma endothelin in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 1990;33:306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Nugent AG, McGurk C, Hayes JR, Johnston GD. Impaired vasoconstriction to endothelin 1 in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 1996;45:105–107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. PahorM, Elam MB, Garrison RJ, Kritchevsky SB, Applegate WB. Emerging noninvasive biochemical measures to predict cardiovascular risk. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:237–245.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Ruggeri ZM. Cell adhesion in vascular biology: von Willebrand factor. J Clin Invest 1997;100:S41–S46.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Price DT, Loscalzo J. Cellular adhesion molecules and atherogenesis. Am J Med 1999;107:85–97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. WilliamsSB,GoldfineAB,TimimiFK,etal.Acutehyperglycemiaattenuatesendothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans in vivo. Circulation 1998;97:1695–1701.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Akbari CM, Saouaf R, Barnhill DF, Newman PA, LoGerfo FW, Veves A. Endothelium-dependent vasodilatation is impaired in both microcirculation and macrocirculation during acute hyperglycemia. J Vasc Surg 1998;28:687–694.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Makimattila S, Virkamaki A, Groop PH. Chronic hyperglycemia impairs endothelial function and insulin sensitivity via different mechanisms in IDDM. Circulation 1996;94:1276–1282.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Bierhaus A, Ziegler R, Narwroth PP. Molecular mechanism of diabetic angiopathy clues for innovative therapeutic interventions. Horm Res 1998;50:1–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Stehower CDA, Lambert J, Konker AJM, van Hinsbergh VWM. Endothelial dysfunction and pathogenesis of diabetic angiopathy. Cardiovasc Res 1997;34:55–68.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Panza JA, Quyyumi AA, Brush JE, et al. Abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients with essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1990;323:22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. O’Brien SF, Watts GF, Playford DA, Burke V, O’Neal DN, Best JD. Low density lipoprotein size, high density lipoprotein dysfunction in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes Med 1997;14:974–978.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Steinburg, HO, Tarshoby M, Monestel R, et al. Elevated circulating free fatty acid levels impair endothelium dependent vasodilation. J Clin Invest 1997;100:1230–1239.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Steinberg HO, Brechtel G, Johnson A, Fineberg N, Baron AD. Insulin-mediated skeletal muscle vasodilation is nitric oxide dependent. J Clin Invest 1994;94:1172–1179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Sherrer U, Randin D, Vollenweider P, Vollenweider L, Nicod P. Nitric oxide release accounts for insulin’s vascular effects in humans. J Clin Invest 1994;94:2511–2515.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Laakso M, Edelmen S V, Brechtel G, Baron AD. Impaired insulin-mediated skeletal muscle blood flow in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 1992;41:1076–1083.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Vollenweider P, Randin D, Tappy L, Jequier E, Nicod P, Scherrer U. Impaired insulin-induced sympathetic neural activation and vasodilation in skeletal muscle in obese humans. J Clin Invest 1994;93:2365–2371.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Baron AD, Steinberg HO, Chaker H, Leaming R, Johnson A, Brechtel G. Insulin-mediated skeletal muscle vasodilation contributes to both insulin sensitivity and responsiveness in lean humans. J Clin Invest 1995;96:776–779.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Utriainen T, Makimattila S, Virkamaki A, Bergholm R, Yki-Jarvinen H. Dissociation between insulin sensitivity of glucose uptake and endothelial function in normal subjects. Diabetologia 1996;39:1477–1482.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Nuutila P, Raitakari M, Laine H, et al. Role of blood flow in regulating insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in humans. Studies using bradykinin, (150) water and (18F) fluoro-deoxyglucose and positron emission tomography. J Clin Invest 1996;97:1741–1747.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Jiang Z, Lin Y-W, Clermont A, Iragashi M, King G. Direct demonstration of selective resistance on PI 3-kinase pathway in vascular tissues of obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats. Diabetes 1997;46(Suppl 1):54A.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Wang XL, Mahaney MC, Sim AS, et al. Genetic contribution of the endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase gene to plasma nitric oxide levels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:3147–3153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Wang XL, Sim AS, Badenhop RF, McCredie RM, Wilcken DEL. A smoking-dependent risk of coronary artery disease associated with a polymorphism of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene. Nature Med 1996;2:41–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Miyamoto Y, Saito Y, Kajiyama N, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene is positively associated with essential hypertension. Hypertension 1998;32:3–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. The Diabetes Prevention Program. Designs and methods for a clinical trial in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999;22:623–634.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. A. Enrique Caballero MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Su Chi Lim MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Edward S. Horton MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Aristidis Veves MD, DSC
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA

    Michael T. Johnstone MD, CM, FRCP(C)  & Aristidis Veves MD, DSC  & 

  2. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Michael T. Johnstone MD, CM, FRCP(C)  & Aristidis Veves MD, DSC  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Caballero, A.E., Lim, S.C., Horton, E.S., Veves, A. (2001). Vascular Abnormalities in the Prediabetic State. In: Johnstone, M.T., Veves, A. (eds) Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Contemporary Cardiology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-091-9_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-091-9_4

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4962-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-091-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation