Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Brain Imaging in Substance Abuse pp 47–76Cite as

Fundamentals of Magnetic Resonance

  • Chapter

  • 138 Accesses

Part of the book series: Forensic Science and Medicine ((FSM))

Abstract

Magnetic resonance methods currently in use for the assessment of human subjects include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). MRI provides detailed information regarding brain anatomy, with spatial resolution on the order of 1 mm3, and is widely used to characterize neuropathological conditions in clinical practice. MRS allows the detection of signals from certain drugs and from a limited number of endogenous neurochemicals, with spatial resolution on the order of 1 cm3, depending upon the compound under investigation. fMRI refers to a family of methods for obtaining brain images which are sensitive to changes in cerebral metabolism with spatial resolution on the order of a few millimeters and temporal resolution of a few seconds. MRI, MRS, and fMRI rely on the same basic principles and, at least for human studies, generally use the same hardware. Although the technology is evolving rapidly, there are currently more than 1000 installed 1.5 Tesla (T) MR scanners in the United States which are capable of performing some or all of these methodologies. Thus, this technology is widely disseminated and available to investigators at a number of clinical research sites. This review will describe the basic principles of MRI, MRS, and fMRI. With this information as background, the literature on the use of MR in substance abuse research is reviewed in Chapter 6.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ackerman, J. J. H., Grove, T. H., Wong, G. G., Gadian, D. G. and Radda, G. K., Mapping of metabolites in whole animals by 31P NMR using surface coils. Nature 283: 167–170, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alger, J. R., Behar, K. L., Rothman, D. L. and Shulman, R. G., Natural-abundance 13C NMR measurement of hepatic glycogen in the living rabbit. J. Magn. Reson. 56: 334–337, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andreasen, N. C., Ehrhardt, J. C., Swayze, V. W., 2nd., Tyrrell, G., Cohen, G., Ku, J. S. and Arndt, S., Ti and T2 relaxation times in schizophrenia as measured with magnetic resonance imaging. Schizophrenia Res. 5: 223–232, 1991.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, J. T., Dharmatti, S. S. and Packard, M. E., Chemical effects on nuclear induction signals from organic compounds. J. Chem. Phys. 19: 507, 1951.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aronen, H. J., Glass, J., Pardo, F. S., Belliveau, J. W., Gruber, M. L., Buchbinder, B. R., Gazit, I. E., Linggood, R. M., Fischman, A., Rosen, B. R. and Hochberg, F. H., Echo-planar MR cerebral blood volume mapping of gliomas: clinical utility. Acta Radiol. 36: 520–528, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balschi, J. A., Cirillo, V. P. and Springer, C. S. J., Direct high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance studies of cation transport in vivo, Na+ transport in yeast cells. Biophys. J. 38: 323–326, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bandettini, P. A., Jesmanowicz, A., Wong, E. C. and Hyde, J. S., Processing strategies for time-course data sets in functional MRI of the human brain. Magn. Reson. Med. 30: 161–173, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, P. B., Breiter, S. N., Soher, B. J., Chatham, J. C., Forder, J. R., Samphilipo, M. A., Magee, C. A. and Anderson, J. H., Quantitative proton spectroscopy of canine brain: in vivo and in vitro correlations. Magn. Reson. Med. 32: 157–163, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belliveau, J. W., Rosen, B. R., Kantor, H. L., Rzedzian, R. R., Kennedy, D. N., McKinstry, R. C., Vevea, J. M., Cohen, M. S., Pykett, I. L. and Brady, T. J., Functional cerebral imaging by susceptibility-contrast NMR. Magn. Reson. Med. 14: 538–546, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belliveau, J. W., Kennedy, D. N. J., McKinstry, R. C., Buchbinder, B. R., Weisskoff, R. M., Cohen, M. S., Vevea, J. M., Brady, T. J. and Rosen, B. R., Functional mapping of the human visual cortex by magnetic resonance imaging. Science 254: 716–719, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birken, D. L. and Oldendorf, W. H., N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid: a literature review of a compound prominent in 1H-NMR spectroscopic studies of brain. Neurosci. Biobehay. Rev. 13: 23–31, 1989.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biswal, B., DeYoe, A. E. and Hyde, J. S., Reduction of physiological fluctuations in fMRI using digital filters. Magn. Reson. Med. 35: 107–113, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bloch, F., Hansen, W. W. and Packard, M., Nuclear induction. Phys. Rev. 69: 127, 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boada, F. E., Gillen, J. S., Shen, G. X., Chang, S. Y. and Thulborn, K. R., Fast three dimensional sodium imaging. Magn. Reson. Med. 37: 706–715, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bottomley, P. A., Foster, T. B. and Darrow, R. D., Depth-resolved surface coil spectroscopy (DRESS) for in vivo 1H, 31P and 13C NMR. J. Magn. Reson. 59: 338–343, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bracewell, R. N., The Fourier Transform and Its Applications. Singapore, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, W. G. J., Yuh, W. T. and Bydder, G. M., Use of MR imaging contrast agents in the brain. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 3: 199–218, 1993.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breiter, H. C., Gollub, R. L., Weisskoff, R. M., Kennedy, D. N., Makris, N., Berke, J. D., Goodman, J. M., Kantor, H. L., Gastfriend, D. R., Riorden, J. P., Mathew, R. T., Rosen, B. R. and Hyman, S. E., Acute effects of cocaine on human brain activity and emotion. Neuron 19: 591–611, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. R., Kincaid, B. M. and Ugurbil, K., NMR chemical shift imaging in three dimensions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 3523–3526, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchli, R., Duc, C. O., Martin, E. and Boesiger, P., Assessment of absolute metabolite concentrations in human tissue by 31P MRS in vivo. Part I: Cerebrum, cerebellum, cerebral gray and white matter. Magn. Reson. Med. 32: 447–452, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bullmore, E., Brammer, M., Williams, S. C., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Janot, N., David, A., Mellers, J., Howard, R. and Sham, P., Statistical methods of estimation and inference for functional MR image analysis. Magn. Reson. Med. 35: 261–277, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buonocore, M. H. and Maddock, R. J., Noise suppression digital filter for functional magnetic resonance imaging based on image reference data. Magn. Reson. Med. 38: 56–69, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, J. D., Babb, S. M., Cohen, B. M. and Renshaw, R. F., Quantitation of dexfenfluramine/ d-norfenfluramine concentration in primate brain using 19F NMR spectroscopy. Magn. Reson. Med. 39: 149–154, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, J. D., Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., Babb, S. M., Gruber, S., Cohen, B. M. and Renshaw, P. F., Measurement of human brain dexfenfluramine concentration by 19F magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Brain Res. 834: 1–5, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, B. M., Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., English, C. D. and Renshaw, P. F., Abnormalities of regional distribution of cerebral vasculature in schizophrenia detected by dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI. Am. J. Psychiatry 152: 1801–1803, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S. M., Shulman, R. G. and McLaughlin, A. C., Effects of ethanol on alanine metabolism in perfused mouse liver studied by 13C NMR. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 4808–4812, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doddrell, D. M., Galloway, G., Brooks, W., Field, J., Bulsing, J., Irving, M. and Baddeley, H., Water signal elimination in vivo using suppression by mistimed echo and repetitive gradient episodes. J. Magn. Reson. 70: 176–180, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eddy, W. F., Fitzgerald, M. and Noll, D. C., Improved image registration by using Fourier interpolation. Magn. Reson. Med. 36: 923–931, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst, R. R. and Anderson, W. A., Application of Fourier transform spectroscopy to magnetic resonance. Rev. Sci. Inst. 37: 93–102, 1966.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farrar, T. C., An introduction to pulse NMR spectroscopy. The Farragut Press, Madison, 1989. Fox, P. T. and Raichle, M. E., Focal physiological uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism during somatosensory stimulation in human subjects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 1140–1144, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, P. T., Raichle, M. E., Mintun, M. A. and Dence, C., Nonoxidative glucose consumption during focal physiologic neural activity. Science 241: 462–464, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, L. R., Buxton, R. B. and Wong, E. C., Probabilistic analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Magn. Reson. Med. 39: 132–148, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fransson, P., Kruger, G., Merboldt, K. D. and Frahm, J., Temporal characteristics of oxygenation-sensitive MRI responses to visual activation in humans. Magn. Reson. Med. 39: 912–919, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gering, D. T. and Weber, D. M., Intraoperative, real-time, functional MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 8: 254–257, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, S., Christian, B., Arndt, S., Zeien, G., Cizadlo, T., Johnson, D. L., Flaum, M. and Andreasen, N. C., Functional MRI statistical software packages: a comparative analysis. Human Brain Mapping 6: 73–84, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gollub, R. L., Breiter, H. C., Kantor, H., Kennedy, D., Gastfriend, D., Mathew, R. T., Makris, N., Guimaraes, A., Riorden, J., Campbell, T., Foley, M., Hyman, S. E., Rosen, B. and Weisskoff, R., Cocaine decreases cortical cerebral blood flow but does not obscure regional activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging in human subjects. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18: 724–734, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, R. G., Guimaraes, A. R., Sachs, G. S., Rosenbaum, J. F., Garwood, M. and Renshaw, P. F., Measurement of human brain lithium in vivo by MR spectroscopy. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 14: 1027–1037, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, R. G., Fischman, A. J., Guimaraes, A. R., Carr, C. A., Stern, C. E., Halpern, E. F., Growdon, J. H. and Rosen, B. R., Functional MR in the evaluation of dementia: correlation of abnormal dynamic cerebral blood volume measurements with changes in cerebral metabolism on positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose [F 18]. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 16: 1763–1770, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, S. B., Faerber, E. N., Aspinall, C. L. and Adams, R. C., High-dose chloral hydrate sedation for children undergoing MR imaging: safety and efficacy in relation to age. AJR Am J. Roentgenol. 161: 639–641, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, R. K. and Gupta, P., Direct observation of resolved resonances from intra-and extracellular sodium-23 ions in NMR studies of intact cells and tissues using dysprosium(III)tripolyphosphate as paramagnetic shift reagent. J. Magn. Reson. 47: 344–350, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haase, A., Frahm, J., Hanicke, W. and Matthaei, D., 1H NMR chemical shift selective (CHESS) imaging. Physics Med. Biol. 30: 341–344, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hajnal, J. V., Myers, R., Oatridge, A., Schwieso, J. E., Young, I. R. and Bydder, G. M., Artifacts due to stimulus correlated motion in functional imaging of the brain. Magn. Reson. Med. 31: 283–291, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, G. J., Lewis, R. F., Satlin, A., English, C. D., Scott, T. M., Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. and Renshaw, P. F., Dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI of regional cerebral blood volume in Alzheimer’s disease. Am. J. Psychiatry 153: 721–724, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoult, D. I., Busby, S. J. W., Gadian, D. G., Radda, G. K., Richards, R. E. and Seeley, P. J., Observation of tissue metabolites using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. Nature 252: 285–287, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ladecola, C., Neurogenic control of the cerebral microcirculation: is dopamine minding the store ? Nat. Neurosci. 1: 263–265, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jezzard, P. and Balaban, R. S., Correction for geometric distortion in echo planar images from Bo field variations. Magn. Reson. Med. 34: 65–73, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jezzard, P. and Song, A. W., Technical foundations and pitfalls of clinical fMRI. Neuroimage 4: S63 — S75, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanal, E. and Shellock, F. G., The value of published data on MR compatibility of metallic implants and devices. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 15: 1394–1396, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, M. J., Levin, J. M., Maas, L. C., Rose, S. L., Lukas, S. E., Mendelson, J. H., Cohen, B. M. and Renshaw, P. F., Cocaine decreases relative cerebral blood volume in humans: a dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging study. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 138: 76–81, 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keltner, J. R., Wald, L. L., Christensen, J. D., Maas, L. C., Moore, C. M., Cohen, B. M. and Renshaw, P. F., A technique for detecting GABA in the human brain with PRESS localization and optimized refocusing spectral editing radiofrequency pulses. Magn. Reson. Med. 36: 458–461, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keltner, J. R., Wald, L. L., Frederick, B. de B. and Renshaw, P. F., In vivo detection of GABA in human brain using a localized double-quantum filter technique. Magn. Reson. Med. 37:366–371, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S. G., Richter, W. and Ugurbil, K., Limitations of temporal resolution in functional MRI. Magn. Reson. Med. 37: 631–636, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, D. S., Prevention of claustrophobia induced by MR imaging: use of alprazolam. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 156: 633, 1991.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Komoroski, R. A., Newton, J. E., Karson, C., Cardwell, D. and Sprigg, J., Detection of psychoactive drugs in vivo in humans using 19F NMR spectroscopy. Biol. Psychiatry 29: 711–714, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krimer, L. S., Muly, E. C., Williams, G. V. and Goldman-Rakic, P. S., Dopaminergic regulation of cerebral cortical microcirculation. Nat. Neurosci. 1: 286–289, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., Chesler, D. A., Goldberg, I. E., Weisskoff, R. M., Poncelet, B. P., Kennedy, D. N., Hoppel, B. E., Cohen, M. S., Turner, R., Cheng, H.-M., Brady, T. J. and Rosen, B. R., Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 5675–5679, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauterbur, P. C., Image formation by induced local interactions: examples employing nuclear magnetic resonance. Nature 242: 190–191, 1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Bihan, D., Turner, R., Douek, P. and Patronas, N., Diffusion MR imaging: clinical applications. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 159: 591–599, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, A. T., Glover, G. and Meyer, C. H., Discrimination of large venous vessels in time-course spiral blood-oxygen-level-dependent magnetic resonance functional neuroimaging. Magn. Reson. Med. 33: 745–754, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. M., Kaufman, M. J., Ross, M. H., Mendelson, J. H., Maas, L. C., Cohen, B. M. and Renshaw, P. F., Sequential dynamic susceptibility contrast MR experiments in human brain: residual contrast agent effect, steady state, and hemodynamic perturbation. Magn. Reson. Med. 34: 655–663, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. M., Ross, M. H., Kaufman, M. J., Lange, N., Frederick, B., von Rosenberg, H. L., Mendelson, J. H., Cohen, B. M. and Renshaw, P. F., BOLD fMRI signal depends upon baseline hemoglobin concentration. International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Sixth Scientific Meeting and Exhibition.. Sydney, Australia, p. 13, 1998a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. M., Ross, M. H., Mendelson, J. H., Kaufman, M. J., Lange, N., Maas, L. C., Mello, N. K., Cohen, B. M. and Renshaw, P. F., Reduction in BOLD fMRI response to primary visual stimulation following alcohol ingestion. Psychiatry Res. 82: 135–146, 1998b.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. M., Ross, M. H., Mendelson, J. H., Mello, N. K., Cohen, B. M. and Renshaw, P. F., Sex differences in blood-oxygenation-level-dependent functional MRI with primary visual stimulation. Am. J. Psychiatry 155: 434–436, 1998c.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. M., Kaufman, M. J., Ross, M. H., Roc, A. C., Maas, L. C., Mendelson, J. H., Cohen, B. M. and Renshaw, R. F., Cocaine Increases BOLD fMRI Response to Photic Stimulation. International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Seventh Scientific Meeting and Exhibition. Philadelphia, PA, p. 838, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lim, K. O., Adalsteinsson, E., Spielman, D., Sullivan, E. V., Rosenbloom, M. J. and Pfefferbaum, A., Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of cortical gray and white matter in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 55: 346–352, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lo, E. H., Matsumoto, K., Pierce, A. R., Garrido, L. and Luttinger, D., Pharmacologic reversal of acute changes in diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in focal cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14: 597–603, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R. T., Sherwood, A. R., Renshaw, P. F., Cohen, B. M. and Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., Differences in cerebellar blood volume in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia Res. 37: 81–89, 1999.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luyten, R. R., Bruntink, G., Sloff, F. M., Vermeulen, J. W. A. H., van der Heijden, J. I., den Hollander, J. A. and Heerschap, A., Broadband proton decoupling in human 31P NMR spectroscopy. NMR Biomed. 1: 177–183, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maas, L. C., Frederick, B. de B. and Renshaw, P. F., Decoupled automated rotational and translational registration for functional MRI time series data: the DART registration algorithm. Magn. Reson. Med. 37: 131–139, 1997a.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maas, L. C., Harris, G. J., Satlin, A., English, C. D., Lewis, R. F. and Renshaw, R. F., Regional cerebral blood volume measured by dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging in Alzheimer’s disease: a principal components analysis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 7: 215–219, 1997b.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magin, R. L., Liburdy, R. R. and Persson, B. (eds.), Annals of the New York Academy of Science, vol. 649: Biological Effects and Safety Aspects of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy. New York Academy of Science, New York, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, G. F., Behar, K. L. and Lai, J. C., The 13C isotope and nuclear magnetic resonance: unique tools for the study of brain metabolism. Metab. Brain Dis. 11: 283–313, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCann, U., Hatzidimitriou, G., Ridenour, A., Fischer, C., Yuan, J., Katz, J. and Ricaurte, G., Dexfenfluramine and serotonin neurotoxicity: further preclinical evidence that clinical caution is indicated. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269: 792–798, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCann, U. D., Seiden, L. S., Rubin, L. J. and Ricaurte, G. A., Brain serotonin neurotoxicity and primary pulmonary hypertension from fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine. A systematic review of the evidence. JAMA 278: 666–672, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melendez, C. and McCrank, E., Anxiety-related reactions associated with magnetic resonance imaging examinations. JAMA 270: 745–747, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, B. L., A review of chemical issues in 1H NMR spectroscopy: N-acetyl aspartate, creatine, and choline. NMR Biomed. 4: 47–54, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moon, R. B. and Richards, J. H., Determination of intracellular pH by 31P magnetic resonance. J. Biol. Chem. 248: 7276–7278, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, C. M., Breeze, J. L., Kukes, T. J., Rose, S. L., Dager, S. R., Cohen, B. M. and Renshaw, P. F., Effects of myo-inositol ingestion on human brain myo-inositol levels: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study. Biol. Psychiatry 45: 1197–1202, 1999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy-Boesch, J., Stoyanova, R., Srinivasan, R., Willard, T., Vigneron, D., Nelson, S., Taylor, J. S. and Brown, T. R., Proton-decoupled 31P chemical shift imaging of the human brain in normal volunteers. NMR Biomed. 6: 173–180, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odeblad, E. and Lindstrom, G., Some preliminary observations on the proton magnetic resonance in biologic samples. Acta Radiol. 43: 469–476, 1955.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa, S., Lee, T. M., Kay, A. R. and Tank, D. W., Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 9868–9872, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa, S., Tank, D. W., Menon, R., Ellermann, J. M., Kim, S. G., Merkle, H. and Ugurbil, K., Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation: functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 5951–5955, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa, S., Menon, R. S., Kim, S. G. and Ugurbil, K., On the characteristics of functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biomolec. Structure 27: 447–474, 1998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ojemann, J. G., Buckner, R. L., Akbudak, E., Snyder, A. Z., Ollinger, J. M., McKinstry, R. C., Rosen, B. R., Petersen, S. E., Raichle, M. E. and Conturo, T. E., Functional MRI studies of word-stem completion: reliability across laboratories and comparison to blood flow imaging with PET. Human Brain Mapping 6: 203–215, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ordidge, R. J., Connelly, A. and Lohman, J. A. B., A general approach to selection of multiple cubic volume elements using the ISIS technique. J. Magn. Reson. 66: 283–294, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petroff, O. A. C., Spencer, D. D., Alger, J. R. and Prichard, J. W., High-field proton magnetic resonance spectrosocpy of human cerbrum obtained during surgery for epilepsy. Neurology 39: 1197–1201, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pettegrew, J. W., Keshavan, M. S., Panchalingam, K., Strychor, S., Kaplan, D. B., Tretta, M. G. and Allen, M., Alterations in brain high-energy phosphate and membrane phospholipid metabolism in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenics. A pilot study of the dorsal prefrontal cortex by in vivo phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 48: 563–568, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pouwels, P. J. and Frahm, J., Regional metabolite concentrations in human brain as determined by quantitative localized proton MRS. Magn. Reson. Med. 39: 53–60, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prost, R. W., Mark, L., Mewissen, M. and Li, S. J., Detection of glutamate/glutamine resonances by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 0.5 tesla. Magn. Reson. Med. 37: 615–618, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Purcell, E. M., Torrey, H. C. and Pound, R. V., Resonance absorption by nuclear magnetic moments in a solid. Phys. Rev. 69: 37–38, 1946.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabi, I. I., Zacharias, J. R., Millman, S. and Kusch, P., A new method of measuring nuclear magnetic moment. Phys. Rev. 53: 318, 1938.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Radda, G. K., The use of NMR spectroscopy for the understanding of disease. Science 233: 640–645, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raichle, M. E., Behind the scenes of functional brain imaging: a historical and physiological perspective. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 765–772, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rempp, K. A., Brix, G., Wenz, F., Becker, C. R., Guckel, F. and Lorenz, W. J., Quantification of regional cerebral blood flow and volume with dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 193: 637–641, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renshaw, P. F. and Wicklund, S., In vivo measurement of lithium in humans by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biol. Psychiatry 23:465–475, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renshaw, P. F., Guimaraes, A. R., Fava, M., Rosenbaum, J. F., Pearlman, J. D., Flood, J. G., Puopolo, P. R., Clancy, K. and Gonzalez, R. G., Accumulation of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in human brain during therapeutic administration. Am. J. Psychiatry 149: 1592–1594, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Renshaw, R F., Lafer, B., Babb, S. M., Fava, M., Stoll, A. L., Christensen, J. D., Moore, C. M., Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., Bonello, C. M., Pillay, S. S., Rothschild, A. J., Nierenberg, A. A., Rosenbaum, J. F. and Cohen, B. M., Basal ganglia choline levels in depression and response to fluoxetine treatment: an in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Biol. Psychiatry 41: 837–843, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Runge, V. M., Kirsch, J. E., Wells, J. W., Dunworth, J. N., Hilaire, L. and Woolfolk, C. E., Repeat cerebral blood volume assessment with first-pass MR imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 4: 457–461, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadato, N., Ibanez, V., Campbell, G., Deiber, M. R, Le Bihan, D. and Hallett, M., Frequency-dependent changes of regional cerebral blood flow during finger movements: functional MRI compared to PET. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 17: 670–679, 1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulder, M., Maldjian, J. A., Liu, W. C., Mun, I. K. and Carmel, P. W., Functional MRI-guided surgery of intracranial tumors. Stereotactic Funct. Neurosurgery 68: 98–105, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sholar, M. B., Mendelson, J. H., Mello, N. K., Siegel, A. J., Kaufman, M. J., Levin, J. M., Renshaw, P. F. and Cohen, B. M., Concurrent pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma cocaine and adrenocorticotropic hormone in men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83: 966–968, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stehling, M. K., Turner, R. and Mansfield, P., Echo-planar imaging: magnetic resonance imaging in a fraction of a second. Science 254: 43–50, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Streeter, C. C., Ciraulo, D. A., Harris, G. J., Kaufman, M. J., Lewis, R. F., Knapp, C. M., Ciraulo, A. M., Maas, L. C., Ungeheuer, M., Szulewski, S. and Renshaw, P. F., Functional magnetic resonance imaging of alprazolam-induced changes in humans with familial alcoholism. Psychiatry Res. 82: 69–82, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teicher, M. H., Anderson, C. M., Polcari, A., Glod, C. A., Maas, L. C. and Renshaw, P. F., Functional deficits in basal ganglia of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder revealed using fMRI relaxometry. Nature Med. 6: 470–473, 2000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, M. A., Ke, Y., Levitt, J., Caplan, R., Curran, J., Asarnow, R. and McCracken, J., Preliminary study of frontal lobe 1H MR spectroscopy in childhood-onset schizophrenia. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 8: 841–846, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, G. and Coyle, J. T., N-Acetylaspartate in neuropsychiatric disorders. Prog. Neurobiol. 46: 531–569, 1995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R., Jezzard, P., Wen, H., Kwong, K. K., Le Bihan, D., Zeffiro, T. and Balaban, R. S., Functional mapping of the human visual cortex at 4 and 1.5 tesla using deoxygenation contrast EPI. Magn. Reson. Med. 29: 277–279, 1993.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warach, S., Chien, D., Li, W., Ronthal, M. and Edelman, R. R., Fast magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging of acute human stroke. Neurology 42: 1717–1723, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warach, S., Levin, J. M., Schomer, D. L., Holman, B. L. and Edelman, R. R., Hyperperfusion of ictal seizure focus demonstrated by MR perfusion imaging. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 15: 965–968, 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warach, S., Dashe, J. F. and Edelman, R. R., Clinical outcome in ischemic stroke predicted by early diffusion-weighted and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: a preliminary analysis. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16: 53–59, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisskoff, R. M., Chesler, D., Boxerman, J. L. and Rosen, B. R., Pitfalls in MR measurement of tissue blood flow with intravascular tracers: which mean transit time? Magn. Reson. Med. 29: 553–558, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, P., Pelz, D., Merskey, H., Morrison, S., Karlik, S., Drost, D., Carr, T. and Conolon, P., Frontal, temporal, and striatal proton relaxation times in schizophrenic patients and normal comparison subjects. Am. J. Psychiatry 159: 549–551, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiong, J., Rao, S., Gao, J. H., Woldorff, M. and Fox, P. T., Evaluation of hemispheric dominance for language using functional MRI: a comparison with positron emission tomography. Human Brain Mapping 6: 42–58, 1998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., English, C. D. and Cohen, B. M., Abnormal proton relaxation times in schizophrenia: an echo-planar study. Society of Magnetic Resonance, Third Scientific Meeting and Exhibition. Nice, France, p. 1239, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, M., Booze, R. M., Nicholls, M. A., Andersen, A. H., Welch, M. A., Strupp, B. J., Mactutus, C. F. and Avison, M. J., Cerebral response to cocaine and cocaine methiodide in the adult rat studied by fMRI. International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Sixth Scientific Meeting and Exhibition. Sydney, Australia, p. 1580, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Perry F. Renshaw MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Blaise deB. Frederick PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Luis C. Maas III MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Harvard Medical School, and Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA

    Marc J. Kaufman PhD (Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Associate Research Pharmacologist) (Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Associate Research Pharmacologist)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, New Jersey

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Renshaw, P.F., Frederick, B.d., Maas, L.C. (2001). Fundamentals of Magnetic Resonance. In: Kaufman, M.J. (eds) Brain Imaging in Substance Abuse. Forensic Science and Medicine. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-021-6_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-021-6_3

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-180-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-021-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation