Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein

  • Chapter
Book cover Endocrinology of the Lung

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE))

  • 113 Accesses

Abstract

In 1987, a second member of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) family, PTH-related protein (PTHrP), was identified and cloned (1). PTHrP is produced in many normal fetal (2–11) and adult (7,12–19) tissues, including several endocrine tissues, cartilage and bone, heart, vascular and other smooth muscle, skin, central nervous system, liver, kidney, and lung. The cell types that produce PTHrP encompass all three embryonic germ layers and the extraembryonic trophectoderm. The PTHrP gene is expressed in certain mesenchymal cells, but production of the protein typically is restricted to the epithelium of organs, while its receptor is often expressed in adjacent mesenchyme. During the past decade, investigations of PTHrP structure and functions have provided insights into new and novel actions of the PTH/PTHrP family leading to an appreciation of these molecules as important developmental and physiologic regulators. Although investigation of the functional significance of PTHrP gene expression in the lung has only recently begun in earnest, current evidence supports roles for the protein regulating pulmonary function, differentiation, and growth.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Suva LJ, Winslow GA, Wettenhall REH, Hammonds RG, Moseley JM, Diefenbach-Jagger H, Rodda CP, Kemp BE, Rodriguez H, Chen EY, Hudson PJ, Martin TJ, Wood WI. A parathyroid hormone-related protein implicated in malignant hypercalcemia: cloning and expression. Science 1987; 237: 893 - 896.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Thiede MA, Daifotis AG, Weir EC, Brines ML, Burtis WJ, Ikeda K, Dreyer BE, Garfield RE, Broadus AE. Intrauterine occupancy controls expression of the parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene in preterm rat myometrium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 6969 - 6973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Moniz C, Burton PBJ, Malik AN, Dixit M, Banga JP, Nicolaides K, Quirke P, Knight DE, McGregor AM. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide in normal fetal development. J Mol Endocrinol 1990; 5: 259 - 266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Campos RV, Asa SL, Drucker DL. Immunocytochemical localization of parathyroid hormone-like peptide in the rat fetus. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 6351 - 6357.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Senior PV, Heath DA, Beck F. Expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein mRNA in the rat before birth: demonstration by hybridization histochemistry.J Mol Endocrinol 1991; 6: 281 - 290.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ferguson JE 2d Gorman JV, Bruns DE, Weir EC, Burtis WJ, Martin TJ, Bruns ME. Abundant expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human amnion and its association with labor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 8384 - 8388.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bui TD, Shallal A, Malik AN, al-Mandawi S, Moscoso G, Bailey ME, Burton PB, Moniz C. Parathyroid hormone related peptide gene expression in human fetal and adult heart. Cardiovasc Res 1993; 27: 1204 - 1208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Burton PJB, Moniz P, Quirke P, Malik A, Bui TD, Juppner H, Segre GV, Knight DE. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide: expression in fetal and neonatal development. J Pathol 1992; 167: 291 - 296.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Dunne FP, Ratcliffe WA, Mansour P, Heath DA. Parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) gene expression in fetal and extra-embryonic tissue of early pregnancy. Hum Reprod 1994; 9: 149 - 156.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Lee K, Deeds JD, Segre GV. Expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide and its receptor messenger ribonucleic acids during fetal development of rats. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 453 - 463.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Deftos LJ, Burton DW, Pinar H, Rubin LP. Neoplastic hormone-producing cells of the placenta produce and secrete parathyroid hormone-related protein: studies by immunohistology immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction. Lab Invest 1994; 71: 847 - 852.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Merendino JJ, Jr, Insogna KL, Milstone LM, Broadus AE, Stewart AF. A parathyroid hormone-like protein from cultured human keratinocytes. Science 1986; 231: 388 - 390.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Weir EC, Philbrick WM, Amling M, Neff L A, Baron R, Broadus AE. Targeted overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide in chondrocytes causes chondrodysplasia and delayed endochondral bone formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:10, 240-10, 245.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kramer S, Reynolds FH, Jr, Castillo M, Valenzuela DM, Thorikay M, Sorvillo JM. Immunological identification and distribution of parathyroid hormone-related protein polypeptides in normal and malignant tissues. Endocrinology 1991; 128: 1927 - 1937.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Hongo T, Kupfer J Enomoto H, Sharifi B, Giannella-Neto D, Forrester JS, Singer FR, Goltzman D, Hendy GN, Pirola C. Abundant expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells accompanies serum-induced proliferation. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 1841 - 1847.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Daifotis AG, Weir EC, Dreyer BE, Broadus AE. Stretch-induced parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene expression in the rat uterus. J Biol Chem 1992;267:23, 455-23, 458.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Deftos LJ, Burton DW, Brandt DW. Parathyroid hormone-like protein is a secretory product of atrial myocytes. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 727 - 735.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Noda M, Katoh T, Takuwa N, Kumada M, Kurokawa K, Takuwa Y. Synergistic stimulation of parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene expression by mechanical stretch and angiotensin II in aortic smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 17911 - 17917.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Thiede MA, Rodan GA. Expression of a calcium-mobilizing parathyroid hormone-related peptide in lactating mammary tissue. Science 1988; 242: 278 - 280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Brandt DW, Burton DW, Gazdar AF, Oie HE, Deftos LJ. All major lung cancer cell types produce parathyroid hormone-like protein: heterogeneity assessed by high performance liquid chromatography.Endocrinology 1991; 129: 2466 - 2470.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Davidson LA, Black M, Carey FA, Logue F, McNicol AM. Lung tumours immunoreactive for parathyroid hormone related peptide: analysis of serum calcium lavels and tumour type. J Pathol 1996; 178: 398 - 401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Takai E, Yano T, Iguchi H, Fukuyama Y, Yokoyama H, Asoh H, Ichinose Y. Tumor-induced hypercalcemia and parathyroid hormone-related protein in lung carcinoma. Cancer 1996; 78: 1384 - 1387.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Knecht TP, Behling CA, Burton DW, Glass CK, Deftos Li. The humoral hypercalcemia of benignancy. A newly appreciated syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol 1996; 105: 487 - 492.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wysolmerski JJ, Broadus AE. Hypercalcemia of malignancy - the central role of parathyroid hormone-related protein. Annu Rev Med 1994; 45: 189 - 200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Dunbar ME, Wysolmerski JJ, Broadus AE. Parathyroid hormone-related protein: from hypercalcemia of malignancy to developmental regulatory molecule. Am J Med Sci 1996; 312: 287 - 294.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Mallory TB. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: case #27461. N Engl J Med 1941; 225: 789 - 791.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Stewart AF, Horst R, Deftos LJ, Cadman EC, Lang R, Broadus AE. Biochemical evaluation of patients with cancer-associated hypercalcemia: evidence for humoral and non-humoral groups. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 1377 - 1383.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Stewart AF, Vignery A, Silverglate A, Ravin ND, LiVolsi V, Broadus AE, Baron R. Quantitative bone histomorphometry in humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982; 55: 219 - 227.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Nussbaum S, Zahradnik RJ, Lavigne JR, Brennan GL, Nozawa-Ung K, Kim LY, Keutmann HT, Wang CA, Potts JT Jr, Segre GV. Highly sensitive two-site immunoradiometric assay of parathyrin and its clinical utility in evaluating patients with hypercalcemia. Clin Chem 1987; 33: 1364 - 1367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Simpson EL, Mundy GR, Souza SM, Ibbotson KL, Bockman R, Jacobs JW. Absence of PTH mRNA in non-parathyroid tumors associated with hypercalcemia of malignancy. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 325 - 330.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Moseley JM, Kubota M, Diefenbach-Jagger H, Wettenhall RE, Kemp BE, Suva LJ, Rodda CP, Ebeling PR, Hudson PJ, Zajac JD. Parathyroid hormone-related protein purified from a human lung cancer cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 5048 - 5052.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Strewler GJ, Stern PH, Jacobs JW, Evelott J, Klein RF, Leung SC, Rosenblatt M, Nissenson RA. Parathyroid hormone-like protein from human renal carcinoma cells.: structural and functional homology with parathyroid hormone. J Clin Invest 1987; 80: 1803 - 1807.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Stewart AF, Wu T, Goumas D, Burtis WJ, Broadus AE. N-terminal amino acid sequence of two novel tumor-derived adenylate cyclase stimulating proteins: identification of parathyroid hormone-like and parathyroid-unlike domains. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 146: 672 - 678.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Mangin M, Webb AC, Dreyer B.E, Posillico JT, Ikeda K, Weir EC, Stewart AF, Bander NH, Milstone L, Barton DE, Franke U, Broadus AE. Identification of a cDNA encoding a parathyroid hormone-like protein from a human tumor associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 597 - 601.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Thiede MA, Strewler GJ, Nissenson RA, Rosenblatt M, Rodan GA. Human renal carcinoma expresses two messages encoding a parathyroid hormone-like peptide: evidence for the alternative splicing of a single-copy gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 4605 - 4609.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Budayr AA, Nissenson RA, Klein RF, Pun KK, Clark OH, Diep D, Arnaud CD, Strewler GJ. Increased serum levels of a parathyroid hormone-like protein in malignancy-associated hypercalcemia. Ann Intern Med 1989; 111: 807 - 812.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Burtis WJ, Brady TG, Orloff JJ, Ersbak JB, Warrell RP, Jr, Olson BR, Wu TL, Mitnick ME, Broadus AE, Stewart AF Immunochemical characterization of circulating parathyroid hormone-related protein in patients with humoral hypercalcemia of cancer. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1106 - 1112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Ratcliffe WA, Norbury S, Heath DA, Ratcliffe JG. Development and validation of parathyrin-related protein in unextracted plasma Clin Chem 1991; 37: 678 - 685.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Budayr AA, Zysset E, Jenzer A, Thiebaud D, Ammann P, Rizzoli P, Jaquet-Muller F, Bonjour JP, Gertz B, Burckhardt P, Halloran BP, Nissenson RA, Strewler GJ. Effects of treatment of malignancy-associated hypercalcemia on serum parathyroid hormone-related protein. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9: 521 - 526.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Kukreja SC, Shevrin DH, Wimbiscus SA, Ebeling PR, Danks JA, Rodda CP, Wood WI, Martin TJ. Antibodies to parathyroid hormone-related protein lower serum calcium in athymic mouse models of malignancy associated hypercalcemia due to human tumors. J Clin Invest 1988; 82: 1798 - 1802.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Henry JG, Mitnick M, Dann PR, Stewart AF. Parathyroid hormone-related protein-(1-36) is biologically active when administered subcutaneously to humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 82: 900 - 906.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Hendy GN, Bennett HPJ, Gibbs BF, Lazure C, Day R, Seidah NG. Proparathyroid hormone is preferentially cleaved to parathyroid hormone by the prohormone convertase farin. A mass spectrometric study. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 9517 - 9525.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Meerovitch K, Wing S, Goltzman D. Proparathyroid hormone-related protein is associated with the chaperone protein BiP and undergoes proteasome-mediated cleavage. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:21, 025-21, 030.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Orloff JJ, Reddy D, de Papp AE, Yang KH, Soifer NE, Stewart AF. Parathyroid hormone-related protein as a prohormone: posttranslational processing and receptor interactions. Endocr Rev 1994; 15: 40 - 60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Yang KH, dePapp AE, Soifer NE, Dreyer BE, Wu TL, Porter SE, Bellantoni M, Burtis WJ, Insogna KL, Broadus AE. Parathyroid hormone-related protein: evidence for isoform-and tissue-specific posttranslational processing. Biochemistry 1994; 33: 7460 - 7469.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Mallette LE. Parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein as polyhormones: evolutionary aspects and non-classical actions. In: Bilezikian JP, Levine MA, Marcus R, eds. The parathyroids. New York: Lippincott-Raven Press, 1994: 171 - 184.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Harvey S, Wang R. Parathyroid hormone and neural calcium regulation: phylogenetic perspectives. In: Dacke C, Danks J, Caple I, Flik G, eds. The comparative endocrinology of calcium regulation. Bristol, UK: Journal of Endocrinology Ltd, 1996: 3 - 15.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Fraser RA, Kronenberg HM, Pang PKT, Harvey S. Parathyroid hormone mRNA in the rat hypothalamus. Endocrinology 1990; 127: 2517 - 2522.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Nutley MT, Parimi SA, Harvey S. Sequence analysis of hypothalamic parathyroid hormone messenger ribonucleic acid. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 5600 - 5607.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Devlin AJ, Danks JA, Faulkner MK, Power DM, Canario AV, Martin TJ, Ingleton PM. Immunochemical detection of parathyroid hormone-related protein in the saccus vasculosus of a teleost fish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1996; 101: 83 - 90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Danks JA, Trivett MK, Power DM, Canario AV, Martin TJ, Ingleton PM. Parathyroid hormone-related protein in lower vertebrates. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1998; 25: 750 - 752.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Ikeda K, Lu C, Weir EC, Mangin M, Broadus AE. Transcriptional regulation of parathyroid hormone-like peptide gene by glucocorticoids and vitamin D in a human C-cell line. J Biol Chem 1989;264: 15, 743-15, 746.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Mangin M, Ikeda K, Dreyer BE, Broadus AE. Isolation and characterization of the human parathyroid hormone-like peptide gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 2408 - 2412.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Brandt DW, Bruns ME, Bruns DE, Ferguson JEII Burton DW, Deftos LJ. The parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) gene preferentially utilizes a GC-rich promotor and the PTHrP 1-139 coding pathway in normal human amnion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 189: 938 - 943.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Heath JK, Southby J, Fukomoto S, Keefe LM, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT. Epidermal growth factor-stimulated parathyroid hormone-related protein expression involves increased gene transcription and mRNA stability. Biochem J 1995; 307: 159 - 167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Campos RV, Zhang L, Drucker DJ. Differential expression of RNA transcripts encoding unique carboxy-terminal sequences of the human parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Mol Endocrinol 1994; 8: 1656 - 1666.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Allinson ET, Drucker DJ. Parathyroid hormone-like peptide shares features with members of the early response gene family: rapid induction by serum growth factors and cycloheximide. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 3103 - 3109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Falzon M. Serum stimulation of parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene expression in ROS 17/2.8 osteosarcoma cells through transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 3681 - 3688.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Philbrick WM, Wysolmerski JJ, Galbraith S, Holt E, Orloff JJ, Yang KH, Vasavada RC, Weir EC, Broadus AE, Stewart AF. Defining the roles of parathyroid hormone-related protein in normal physiology. Physiol Rev 1996; 76: 127 - 173.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Bowden SJ, Hughes SV, Ratcliffe WA. Molecular forms of parathyroid hormone-related protein in tumours and biological fluids. Clin Endocrinol 1993; 38: 287 - 294.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Soifer NE, Dee KE, Insogna KL, Burtis WJ, Matovcik LM, Wu TL, Milstone LM, Broadus AE, Philbrick WM, Stewart AF. Parathyroid hormone-related protein: evidence for secretion of a novel mid-region fragment by three different cell types. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 18236 - 18243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Orloff JJ, Soifer NE, Fodero JP, Dann P, Burtis WJ. Accumulation of carboxy-terminal fragments of parathyroid hormone-related protein in renal failure. Kidney Int 1993; 43: 1371 - 1376.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Burtis WJ, Dann P, Gaich GA, Soifer NE. A high abundance midregion species of parathyroid hormone-related protein: immunological and chromatographic characterization in plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78: 317 - 322.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Plawner LL, Philbrick WM, Burtis WJ, Broadus AE, Stewart AF. Cell type-specific secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein via the regulated versus the constitutive secretory pathway. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 14078 - 14084.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Ogine K, Burkhoff D, Bilezikian JP. The hemodynamic basis for the cardiac effects of parathyroid hormone. PTH; and PTH-related protein. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 3024 - 3030.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Care AD, Abbas SK, Pickard DW, Barri M, Drinkhill M, Findlay JB, White IR, Caple IW. Stimulation of ovine placental transport of calcium and magnesium by mid-molecule fragments of human parathyroid hormone-related protein. Exp Physiol 1990; 75: 605 - 608.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Kovacs CS, Lanske B, Hunzelman JL, Guo J, Karaplis AC, Kronenberg HM. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) regulates fetal-placental calcium transport through a receptor distinct from the PTH/PTHrP receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:15, 233-15, 238.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Rubin LP, Posillico JT, Anast CS, Brown EM. Circulating levels of biologically active and immunoreactive intact parathyroid hormone in human newborns. Pediatr Res 1991; 29: 201 - 207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Fenton AJ, Kemp BE, Hammonds RG, Mitchelhill K, Martin TJ, Nicholson GC. A potent inhibitor of osteoclastic bone resorption within a highly conserved pentapeptide region of PTHr (107-111). Endocrinology 1991; 129: 3424 - 3426.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Zheng MH, McCaughan HB, Papadimitriou JM, Nicholson GC, Wood DJ. Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity in rat cultured osteoclasts is inhibited by a carboxyl terminal peptide (osteostatin) from parathyroid hormone-related protein. J Cell Biochem 1994; 54: 145 - 153.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Kaiser SM, Laneuville P, Bernier SM, Rhim JS, Kremer R, Goltzman D. Enhanced growth of a human keratinocyte line by antisense RNA for PTHrP. J Biol Chem 1992;267:13, 623-13, 628.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Henderson JE, Amizuka N, Warshawsky H, Biasotto D, Lanske BM, Goltzman D, Karaplis AC. Nucleolar localization of parathyroid hormone-related peptide enhances survival of chondrocytes under conditions that promote apoptotic cell death. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15: 4064 - 4075.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Nguyen MT, Karaplis AC. The nucleus: a target site for parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) action. J Cell Biochem 1998; 70: 193 - 199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Juppner H, Abou-Samra AB, Freeman M, Kong XF, Schipani E, Richards J, Kolakowski LF Jr, Hock J, Potts JT Jr, Kronenberg HM, Segre GV. A G protein-linked receptor for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Science 1991; 254: 1024 - 1026.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Abou-Samra AB, Juppner H, Force T, Freeman MW, Kong XF, Schipani E, Urena P, Richards J, Bonventre JV, Potts JT Jr, Kronenberg HM, Segre GV. Expression cloning of a receptor for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide from rat osteoblast-like cells: a single receptor stimulates intracellular accumulation of both cAMP and inositol triphosphates and increases intracellular free calcium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 2732 - 2736.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Lanske B, Divieti P, Kovacs CS, Pirro A, Landis WJ, Krane SM, Bringhurst PR, Kronenberg HM. The parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor mediates actions of both ligands in murine bone. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 5194 - 5204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Rubin LP, Kifor, O, Hua J, Brown EM, Torday JS. 1994; Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein stimulate surfactant phospholipid synthesis in rat fetal lung apparently by a mesenchymalepithelial mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998; 1223: 91 - 100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Kronenberg HM, Lanske B, Kovacs CS, Chung UI, Lee K, Segre GV, Schipani E, Juppner H. Functional analysis of the PTH/PTHrP network of ligands and receptors. Recent Prog Horm Res 1998; 53: 283 - 301.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Gelbert L, Schipani E, Juppner H, Abou-Samra AB, Segre GV, Naylor S, Drabkin H, Heath H 3rd. Chromosomal localization of the parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related protein receptor gene to human chromosome 3p21.1-p24.2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 1046 - 1048.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Pausova Z, Bourdon J, Clayton D, Mattei MG, Seldin MJ, Janicic N, Riviere M, Szpirer J, Levan G, Szpirer C, Goltzman D, Hendy GN. Cloning of a parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor (PTHR) cDNA from a rat osteosarcoma (UMR 106) cell line: chromosomal assignment of the gene in the human mouse and rat genomes. Genomics 1994; 20: 20 - 26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Fukayama S, Schipani E, Juppner H, Lanske B, Kronenberg HM, Abou-Samra AB, Bringhurst FR. Role of protein kinase-A in homologous down-regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in human osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells. Endocrinology 1994; 134: 1851 - 1858.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kong XF, Schipani E, Lanske B, Joun H, Karperien M, Defize LH, Juppner H, Potts JT Jr, Segre GV, Kronenberg HM. The rat mouse and human genes encoding the receptor for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide are highly homologous. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 201: 1290 - 1299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Bettoun JD, Minagawa M, Kwan MY, Lee HS, Yasuda T, Hendy GN, Goltzman D, White JH. Cloning and characterization of the promotor regions of the human parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor gene: analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid from normal subjects and patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism type lb. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 1031 - 1040.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Bettoun JD, Minagawa M, Hendy GN, Alpert LC, Goodyer CG, Goltzman D, White JH. Developmental upregulation of human parathyroid hormone. (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor gene expression from conserved and human-specific promotors. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 958 - 967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Urena P, Kong XF, Abou-Samra AB, Juppner H, Kronenberg HM, Potts JT Jr, Segre GV. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor messenger ribonucleic acids are widely distributed in rat tissues. Endocrinology 1993; 133: 617 - 623.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Adams AE, Pines M, Nakamoto C, Behar V, Yang QM, Bessalle R, Chorev M, Rosenblatt M, Levine MA, Suva LJ. Probing the bimolecular interactions of parathyroid hormone and the human parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related protein receptor. 2. Cloning, characterization, and photoaffinity labeling of the recombinant human receptor. Biochemistry 1995;34:10, 553-10, 559.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Bergwitz C, Klein P, Kohno H, Forman SA, Lee K, Rubin D, Juppner H. Identification functional characterization and developmental expression of two nonallelic parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTHrelated peptide receptor isoforms in Xanopus laevis (Daudin). Endocrinology 1998; 139: 723 - 732.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Juppner H. Molecular cloning and characterization of a parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor: a member of an ancient family of G protein-coupled receptors. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertension 1994; 3: 371 - 378.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Botella A, Rekik M, Delvaux M, Davicco MJ, Barlet JP, Frexinos J, Bueno L. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related peptide induce relaxation of smooth muscle cells from guinea pig ileum: interaction with vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors. Endocrinology 1994; 135: 2160 - 2167.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Karperien M, van Dijk TB, Hoeijmakers T, Cremers F, Abou-Samra AB, Boonstra J, de Laat SW, Defize LH. Expression pattern of parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor mRNA in mouse preimplantation embryo indicates involvement in multiple developmental processes. Mech Dev 1994; 47: 29 - 42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Wysolmerski JJ, Philbrick WM, Dunbar ME, Lanske B, Kronenberg H, Broadus AE. Rescue of the parathyroid hormone-related protein knockout mouse demonstrates that parathyroid hormone-related protein is essential for mammary gland development. Development 1998; 125: 1285 - 1294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Lanske B, Karaplis AC, Leek Luz A, Vertkamp A, Pirro A, Karperien M, Defize LHK, Ho C, Mulligan RC, Abou-Samra AB, Juppner H, Segre GV, Kronenberg HM. PTH/PTHrP receptor in early development and Indian hedgehog-related bone growth. Science 1996; 273: 663 - 666.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Rubin LP, Kovacs CS, Pinar H, DePaepe ME, Tsai S.-W, Torday JS, Kronenberg HM. Arrested pulmonary alveolar cytodifferentiation and defective surfactant synthesis in mice missing the gene for parathyroid hormone-related protein. J Cell Biol 2000;149: in press.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Usdin TB, Gruber C, Bonner TI. Identification and functional expression of a receptor selectively recognizing parathyroid hormone the PTH2 receptor. J Biol Chem 1995;270:15, 455-15, 458.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Usdin TB, Bonner TI, Harta G, Mezey E. Distribution of parathyroid hormone-2 receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in rat. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 4285 - 4297.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Usdin TB, Modi W, Bonner TI. Assignment of the human PTH2 receptor gene (PTHR2) to chromosome 2q33 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genomics 1996; 37: 140 - 141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Inomata N, Akiyama M, Kubota, Juppner H. Characterization of a novel PTH-receptor with specificity for the carboxy-terminal region of PTH (1-84). Endocrinology 1995; 136: 4732 - 4740.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Orloff JJ, Kats J, Urena P, Schipani E, Vasavada RC, Philbrick WM, Behal A, Abou-Samra AB, Segre GV, Juppner H. Further evidence for a novel receptor for amino-terminal PTHrP on keratinocytes and squamous cell lines. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 3016 - 3023.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Bertelloni S, Baroncelli GI, Pelletti A, Battini R, Saggese G. Parathyroid hormone-related potein in healthy pregnant women. Calcif Tisues Intl 1994; 54: 195 - 197.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Dobnig H, Kainer F, Stepan V, Winter R, Lipp R, Schaffer M, Kahr, A, Nocnik S, Patterer G, Leb G. Elevated parathyroid hormone-related peptide levels after human gestation: relationship to changes in bone and mineral metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 3699 - 3707.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Sowers MF, Hollis BW, Shapiro B, Randolph J, Janney CA, Zhang D, Schork A, Crutchfield M, Stanczyk F, Russell-Aulet M. Elevated parathyroid hormone-related peptide associated with lactation and bone density loss. JAMA 1996; 276: 549 - 554.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Nowak RA, Haimovici F, Biggers JD, Erbach GT. Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates blastocyst outgrowth through a mechanism involving parathyroid hormone-related protein. Biol Reprod 1999; 60: 85 - 93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Chan SDH, Strewler GH, King KL, Nissenson RA. Expression of a parathyroid hormone-like protein and its receptor during differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells. Mol Endocrinol 1990; 14: 638 - 646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Van de Stolpe A, Karperien M, Loewik CWGM, Juppner H, Segre GV, Abou-Samra AB, de Laat SW, Defize LHK. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide as an endogenous inducer of parietal endoderm differentiation. J Cell Biol 1993; 120: 235 - 243.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Karperien M, Lanser P, de Laat SW, Boonstra J, Defize LH. Parathyroid hormone related peptide mRNA expression during murine development: evidence for involvement in multiple differentiation processes. Int J Dev Biol 1996; 40: 599 - 608.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Wysolmerski JJ, Broadus AE, Zhou J, Fuchs E, Milstone LM, Philbrick WM. Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide in the skin of transgenic mice interferes with hair follicle development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 1133 - 1137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Wysolmerski JJ, McCaughern-Carucci JF, Daifotis AG, Broadus AE, Philbrick WM. Overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related protein or parathyroid hormone in transgenic mice impairs branching morphogenesis during mammary gland development. Development 1995; 121: 3539 - 3547.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Karaplis AC, Luz A, Glowacki J, Bronson RT, Tybulewicz VL, Kronenberg HM, Mulligan RC. Lethal skeletal dysplasia from targeted disruption of the parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene. Genes Dev 1994; 8: 277 - 289.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Amizuka N, Warshawsky H, Henderson JE, Goltzman D, Karaplis AC. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide-depleted mice show abnormal epiphyseal cartilage development and altered endochondral bone formation. J Cell Biol 1994; 126: 1611 - 1623.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Vortkamp A, Lee K, Lanske B, Segre GV, Kronenberg HM, Tabin CJ. Regulation of the rate of cartilage differentiation by Indian hedgehog and PTH-related protein. Science 1996; 273: 613 - 622.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Philbrick WM, Dreyer BE, Nakchbandi IA, Karaplis AC. Parathyroid hormone-related protein is re- quired for tooth eruption. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:11, 846-11, 851.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Amizuka N, Karaplis AC, Henderson JE, Warshawsky H, Lipman ML, Matsuki Y, Ejiri S, Tanaka M, Izumi N, Ozawa H, Goltzman D. Haploinsufficiency of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) results in abnormal postnatal bone development. Dev Biol 1996; 175: 166 - 176.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Kaiser SM, Sebag, M, Rhim JS, Kremer R, Goltzman D. Antisense-mediated inhibition of parathyroid hormone-related peptide production in a keratinocyte cell line impedes differentiation. Mol Endocrinol 1994; 8: 139 - 147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Holick MF, Ray S, Chen TC, Tian X, Persons KS. A parathyroid hormone antagonist stimulates epidermal proliferation and hair growth in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 8014 - 8016.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Emly JF, Gregory J, Bowden SJ, Ahmed A, Whittle MJ, Rushton DI, Ratcliffe WA Immunohistochemical localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in human term placenta and membranes. Placenta 1994; 15: 653 - 660.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Henderson JE, He B, Goltzman D, Karaplis AC. Constitutive expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) stimulates growth and inhibits differentiation of CFK2 chondrocytes. J Cell Physiol 1996; 169: 33 - 41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Johnson RL, Scott MP. New players and puzzles in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1998; 8: 450 - 456.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Schipani E, Langman CB, Parfitt AM, Jensen GS, Kikuchi S, Kooh SW, Cole WG, Juppner H. Constitutively activated receptors for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide in Jansens metaphyseal chondrodysplasia. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 708 - 714.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Jobert AS, Zhang P, Couvineau A, Bonaventure J, Roume J, Le Mercer M, Silve C. Absence of functional receptors for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide in Blomstrand chondrodysplasia. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 34 - 40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Zhang P, Joubert AS, Couvineau A, Silve C. A homozygous inactivating mutation in the parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor causing Blomstrand chondrodysplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 3365 - 3368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Karaplis AC, He B, Nguyen MT, Young ID, Semeraro D, Ozawa H, Amizuka N. Inactivating mutation in the human parathyroid hormone receptor type 1 gene in Blomstrand chondrodysplasia. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 5255 - 5258.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Loshkajian A, Roume J, Stanescu V, Delezoide AL, Stampf F, Maroteaux P. Familial Blomstrand chon- drodysplasia with advanced skeletal maturation: further delineation. Am J Med Genet 1997; 22: 283 - 288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Hastings RH, Duong H, Burton DW, Deftos LJ. Alveolar epithelial cells express and secrete parathyroid hormone-related protein. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994; 11: 701 - 706.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Sanchez-Esteban J, Tsai SW, Sang J, Qin J, Torday JS, Rubin LP. Effects of mechanical forces on lung-specific gene expression. Am J Med Sci 1998; 316: 200 - 204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Moseley JM, Hayman JA, Danks JA, Alcorn D, Grill V, Southby J, Horton MA. Immunohistochemical detection of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human fetal epithelia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 73: 478 - 484.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Ichinose Y, Iguchi H, Ohta M, Katakami H. Establishment of a lung cancer cell line producting parathyroid hormone-related protein. Cancer Lett 1993; 74: 119 - 124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Kitazawa S, Fukase M, Kitazawa R, Takenaka A, Gotoh A, Fujita T, Maeda S. Immunohistologic evaluation of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human lung cancer and normal tissue with a newly developed monoclonal antibody. Cancer 1991; 67: 984 - 989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Torday JS, Sanchez-Esteban J, Rubin LP. The physiologic role of fluid deformation in fetal lung development. Am J Med Sci 1998; 316: 205 - 208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Hastings RH, Summers-Tones D, Cheung TC, Ditmer LS, Petrin EM, Burton DW, Spragg RG, Li J, Deftos L.I. Parathyroid hormone-related protein an autocrine regulatory factor in alveolar epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 1996; 270: L353 - L361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Speziale MV, Manning FL, Hastings RH, Deftos LJ. Parathyroid hormone-related protein in tracheal aspirates of newborn infants. Pediatr Res 1998; 43: 660 - 665.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Shannon JM, Detering RR. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in lung development. In: McDonald JA. ed. Lung growth and development. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1998: 81 - 118.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Beck F, Tucci J, Russell A, Senior PV, Ferguson MW. The expression of the gene coding for parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) during tooth development in the rat. Cell Tissue Res 1995; 280:283-290. 133.Gillespie MT, Martin TJ. The parathyroid hormone-related protein gene and its expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1994; 100: 143 - 147.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Rodan SB, Wesolowski G, Ianacone J, Thiede MA, Rodan GA. Production of parathyroid hormone-like peptide in a human osteosarcoma cell line: stimulation by phorbol esters and epidermal growth factor.J Endocrinol 1989; 122: 219 - 227.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Liu B, Goltzman D, Rabbani SA. Regulation of parathyroid hormone-related peptide production in vitro by the rat hypercalcemic Leydig cell tumor H-500. Endocrinology 1993; 132: 1658 - 1664.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Sebag M, Henderson J, Goltzman D, Kremer R. Regulation of parathyroid hormone-related peptide production in normal human mammary epithelial cells in vitro. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: 0723 - 730.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Rizzoli R, Feyen JH, Grau G, Wohlwend A, Sappino AP, Bonjour JP. Regulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein production in a human lung squamous cell carcinoma line. J Endocrinol 1994; 143: 333 - 341.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Dvir R, Golander A, Jaccard N, Yedwab, G, Otremski I, Spirer AZ, Weisman Y. Amniotic fluid and plasma levels of parathyroid hormone-related protein and hormonal modulation of its secretion by amniotic fluid cells. Eur J Endocrinol 1995; 133: 277 - 282.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Mitchell MD, Hunter C, Dudley DJ, Varner MW Significant decrease in parathyroid hormone-related protein concentrations in amniotic fluid with labour at term but not preterm. Reprod Fertil Dev 1996; 8: 231 - 234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Grone A, Weckmann MT, Capen CC, Rosol Ti. Regulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein expression in a canine squamous carcinoma cell line by colchicine. Exp Toxicol Pathol 1998; 50: 365 - 370.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Southby J, Murphy LM, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT. Cell-specific and regulator-induced promoter usage and messenger ribonucleic acid splicing for parathyroid hormone-related protein. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 1349 - 1357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Casey ML, Mibe M, MacDonald PC. Transforming growth factor-f31 stimulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein expression in human uterine cells in culture: mRNA levels and protein secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74: 950 - 952.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Kiriyama T, Gillespie MT, Glatz JA, Fukumoto S, Moseley JM, Martin TJ. Transforming growth factor beta stimulation of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP): a paracrine regulator? Mol Cell Endocrinol 1993; 92: 55 - 92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Merryman JI, DeWille JW, Werkmeister JR, Capen CC, Rosol TJ. Effects of transforming growth factor-beta on parathyroid hormone-related protein production and ribonucleic acid expression by a squamous carcinoma cell line in vitro. Endocrinology 1994; 134: 2424 - 2430.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. WerkmeisterJR, Blomme EA, Weckmann MT, Grone A, McCauley LK, Wade AB, Rourke J, Capen CC, Rosol TJ. Effect of transforming growth factor-betal on parathyroid hormone-related protein secretion and mRNA expression by normal human keratinocytes in vitro. Endocrine 1998; 8: 291 - 299.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Emly JF, Hughes S, Green E, Ratcliffe WA. Expression and secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein by a human cancer cell line. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994; 1220: 193 - 198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Zeimer HJ, Greenaway TM, Slavin J, Jards DK, Zhou H, Doery JCG, Hunter AN, Duffield A, Martin TJ, Grill V. Parathyroid hormone-related protein in sarcoidosis. Am J Pathol 1998; 152: 17 - 21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Glatz JA, Heath JK, Southby J, Keeffe LM, Kiriyama T, Moseley JM, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT. Dexamethasone regulation of parathyroid horrmone-related protein (PTHrP) expression in a squamous cancer cell line. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1994; 101: 295 - 306.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Walsh CA, Birch MA, Fraser WD, Lawton R, Dorgan J, Walsh S, Sansom D, Beresford JN, Gallagher JA. Expression and secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein by human bone-derived cells in vitro: effects of glucocorticoids. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10: 17 - 25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Kremer R, Sebag M, Champigny C, Meerovitch K, Hendy GN, White J, Goltzman D. Identification and characterization of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-responsive repressor sequences in the rat parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene. J Biol Chem 1996;271:16, 310-16, 316.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Lu C, Ikeda K, Deftos LJ, Gazdar AF, Mangin M, Broadus AE. Glucocorticoid regulation of parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene expression in a human neuroendocrine cell line. Mol Endocrinol 1989; 3: 2034 - 2040.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Falzon M, Zong J. The noncalcemic vitamin D analogs EB1089 and 22-oxacalcitriol suppress serum-induced parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene expression in a lung cancer cell line. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 1046 - 1053.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Law F, Bonjour JP, Rizzoli R. Transforming growth factor-beta: a down-regulator of the parathyroid hormone-related protein receptor in renal epithelial cells. Endocrinology 1994; 134: 2037 - 2043.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Jongen JW, Willemstein-van Hove EC, Van der Meer JM, Bos MP, Juppner H, Segre GV, Abou-Samra AB, Feyen JH, Herrmann-Erlee MP. Down-regulation of the receptor for parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related peptide by transforming growth factor-beta in primary fetal rat osteoblasts. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 3260 - 3266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Schneider HG, Allan EH, Moseley JM, Martin TJ, Findlay DM. Specific down-regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptors and responses to PTH by tumour necrosis factor alpha and retinoic acid in UMR 106-06 osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cells. Biochem J 1991; 280: 451 - 457.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. BrodyJS, Williams MC. Pulmonary alveolar epithelial cell differentiation. Annu Rev Physiol 1992;54:351-371.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Urena P, Iida-Klein A, Kong XF, Juppner H, Kronenberg HM, Abou-Samra AB, Segre GV. Regulationof parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related peptide receptor messenger ribonucleic acid by glucocor- ticoids and PTH in ROS 17/2.8 and OK cells. Endocrinology 1994; 134: 451 - 456.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Adamson IY. Relationship of mesenchymal changes to alveolar epithelial cell differentiation in fetal rat lung. Anat Embryol 1992; 185: 275 - 280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Shannon JM. Induction of alveolar type II cell differentiation in fetal tracheal epithelium by grafted distal lung mesenchyme. Dev Biol 1994; 166: 600 - 614.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Shin JH, Ji C, Casinghino S, McCarthy TL, Centrella M. Parathyroid hormone-related protein enhances insulin-like growth factor-I expression by rat fetal dermal fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:23, 498-23, 502.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Torday JS, Sanchez-Esteban J, Rubin LP. The role of keratinocyte growth factor in stretch-activated fetal lung development. Pediatr Res 1998; 42: 300A.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Elias JA, Tang W, Horowitz MC. Cytokine and hormonal stimulation of human osteosarcoma interleukin-11 production. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 489 - 498.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Hepworth WB, Seegmiller RE. A stereoscopic scanning microscopic study of pulmonary hypoplasia in chondrodystrophic mice. Scan Microsc 1989; 3: 1117 - 1134.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Foster MJ, Caldwell AP, Staheli J, Smith DH, Gardner JS, Seegmiller RE. Pulmonary hypoplasia associated with reduced thoracic space in mice with disproportionate micromelia (DMM) Anat Rec 1994; 238: 454 - 462.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Slavkin HC, Johnson R, Oliver P, Bringas P Jr, Don-Wheeler G, Mayo M, Whitsett JA. Lamellar body formation precedes pulmonary surfactant apoprotein expression during mouse lung development in vivo and in vitro. Differentiation 1989; 41: 223 - 236.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Wright JR, Dobbs LG. Regulation of surfactant secretion and clearance. Annu Rev Physiol 1991;53: 395-414. 166.Grant MM, Cutts NR, Brody JS. Alterations in lung basement membrane during fetal growth and type 2 cell development. Dev Biol 1983; 97: 173 - 183.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Adamson IY, Hedgecock C, Bowden DH. Epithelial-fibroblast interactions in lung injry and repair. Am J Pathol 1990; 137: 385 - 392.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Hu YS, Zhou H, Kartsogiannis V, Eisman JA, Martin TJ, Ng KW. Expression of rat homeobox gene, rHOX, in developing and adult tissues in mice and regulation of its mRNA expression in osteoblasts by bone morphogenetic protein 2 and parathyroid hormone-related protein. Mol Endocrinol 1998; 12: 1721 - 1732.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Pepicelli CV, Lewis PM, McMahon AP. Sonic hedgehog regulates branching morphogenesis in the mammalian lung. Curr Biol 1998; 24: 1083 - 1086.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  169. Schipani E, Lanske B, Hunzelman J, Luz A, Kovacs CS, Lee K, Pirro A, Kronenberg HM, Juppner H. Targeted expression of constitutively active receptors for parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide delays endochondral bone formation and rescues mice that lack parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:13, 689-13, 694.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Torday JS, Londos C, Schultz CJ, Rubin LP. Distension of the developing lung triggers coordinate growth factor-mediated cell-cell signal transduction. Pediatr Res 1999; 45: 322A.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Kaplan NB, Grant MM, Brody JS. The lipid interstitial cell of the pulmonary alveolusAge and species differences. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 1307 - 1312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Penney DP, Keng PC, Derdak S, Phipps RP. Morphologic and functional characteristics of subpopulations of murine lung fibroblasts grown in vitro. Anat Rec 1992; 232: 432 - 443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. McGowan SE, Torday JS. The pulmonary lipofibroblast (lipid interstitial cell) and its contributions to alveolar development. Annu Rev Physiol 1997; 59: 43 - 62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Maksvytis HJ, Vaccaro C, Brody JS. Isolation and characterization of the lipid-containing interstitial cell from the developing rat lung. Lab Invest 1981; 45: 248 - 259.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Torday JS, Hua J, Slavin R. Metabolism and fate of neutral lipids of fetal lung fibroblast origin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995; 1254: 198 - 206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Nunez JS, Torday JS. Fetal rat lung type II cells and fibroblasts actively recruit surfactant substrate. J Nutr 1995; 125: S1639 - S1644.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Wu TL, Insogna KL, Milstone L, Stewart AF. Skin-derived fibroblasts respond to human PTH-like adenylate cyclase-stimulating proteins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 65: 105 - 109.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Insogna KL, Stewart AF, Morris CF, Hough LM, Milstone LM, Centrella M. Native and synthetic analogue of the malignancy-associated parathyroid hormone-like protein have in vivo transforming growth factor-like properties. J Clin Invest 1989; 83: 1057 - 1089.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Ni Z, Smogorzewski M, Massry SG. Effects of parathyroid hormone on cytosolic calcium of rat adipocytes. Endocrinology 1994; 135: 1837 - 1844.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Torday JS. Cellular timing of development. Semin Perinatol 1992; 16: 130 - 139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Garite TJ, Rumney PJ, Briggs CG, Harding JA, Nageotte MP, Towers CV, Freeman R.K. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of betamethasone for the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome at 24 to 28 weeks gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 646 - 651.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Jiang HP, Serrero G. Isolation and characterization of a full-length cDNA coding for an adipose differentiation-related protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 7856 - 7860.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Brasaemle DL, Barber T, Wolins NE, Serrero G, Blanchette-Mackie EJ, Londos C. Adipose differentiation-related protein is an ubiquitously expressed lipid storage droplet-associated protein. J Lipid Res 1997; 38: 2249 - 2263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Alcorn D, Adamson TM, Lambert TF, Maloney JE, Ritchie BC, Robinson PM. orphological effects of chronic tracheal ligation and drainage in the fetal lamb lung. J Anat 1977;123:649-660. 186.Moessinger AC, Harding R, Adamson TM, Singh M, Kiu GT. Role of lung fluid volume in growth and maturation of the fetal sheep lung. J Clin Invest 1990; 86: 1270 - 1277.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Sanchez-Esteban J, Cicchiello L, Tsai SW, Williams LK, Rehan VK, Torday JS, Rubin LP. Mechanical stretch-activated type II cell-fibroblast interactions regulate surfactant protein gene expression and alveolar remodeling. Pediatr Res 1999; 45: 319A.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Yamamoto M, Harm SC, Grasser WA, Thiede MA. Parathyroid hormone-related protein in the rat urinary bladder: a smooth muscle relaxant produced locally in response to mechanical stretch. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 5326 - 5330.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Steers WD, Broder SR, Persson K, Bruns DE, Ferguson JE2d Bruns ME, Tuttle JB. Mechanical stretch increases secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein by cultured bladder smooth muscle cells. J Urol 1998; 160: 908 - 912.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Thiede MA, Harm SC, McKee RL, Grasser WA, Duong LJ, Leach RM Jr. Expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein gene in the avian oviduct: potential role as a local modulator of vascular smooth muscle tension and shell gland motility during the egg-laying cycle. Endocrinology 1991; 129: 1958 - 1965.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Pirola CJ, Wang HM, Strgacich MI, Kamyar A, Cercek B, Forrester JS, Clemens TL, Fagin JA. Mechanical stimuli induce vascular parathyroid hormone-related protein gene expression in vivo and in votro. Endocrinology 1994; 134: 2230 - 2236.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Ito M, Ohtsuru A, Enomoto H, Ozeki S, Nakashima M, Nakayama T, Shichijo K, Sekine I, Yamashita S. Expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide in relation to perturbations of gastric motility in the rat. Endocrinology 1994; 134: 1936 - 1942.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Torday JS, Sunday ME, Londos C, Schultz CJ Sanchez-Esteban J, Rubin LP. Mechanomoleculardisregulation of cell-cell signalling pathways bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease. Pediatr Res 1999; 45: 323A.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Turing AM. The chemical theory of morphogenesis. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 1952; 237: 32 - 72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  193. Bard J, Lauder I. How well does Turings theory of morphogenesis work? J Theor Biol 1974; 45: 501 - 531.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Harrison LG. What is the status of reaction-diffusion theory thirty-four years after Turing? J Theor Biol 1987; 125: 369 - 384.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Koch AJ, Meinhardt H. Biological pattern formation: from basic mechanisms to complex reactions. Rev Mod Phys 1994; 66: 1481 - 1507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  196. Cummings FW. A model of growth and form based on adhesion molecules. J Theor Biol 1996; 178:229-238.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Dulos E, Boissonade J, Penaud J J, Rudovics B, De Kepper P. Chemical morphogenesis: Turing patterns in an experimental chemical system. Acta Biotheor 1996; 44: 249 - 261.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Odell G, Oster G, Alberch P, Burnside B. The mechanical basis of morphogenesis I: epithelial folding and invagination. Dev Biol 1981; 85: 44 - 52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  199. Oster GF, Murray JD, Harris AK. Mechanical aspects of mesenchymal morphogenesis. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1984; 78: 83 - 125.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Harris AK, Stopak D, Warner P. Generation of spatially periodic patterns by a mechanical instability: a mechanical alternative to the Turing model. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1984; 80: 1 - 20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Schiffmann Y. An hypothesis: phosphorylation fields as the source of positional information and cell differentiation - (cAMP, ATP) as the universal morphogenetic Turing couple. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 1991; 56: 79 - 105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Mok LLS, Nickols GA, Thompson JC, Cooper CW. Parathyroid hormone as a smooth muscle relaxant. Endocr Rev 1989; 10: 420 - 436.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Takahashi K, Inoue D,o K, Matsumoto T, Ikeda K, Fujita T. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide as a locally produced vasorelaxant: regulation of its mRNA by hypertension in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 208: 447 - 455.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Schluter KD, Piper HM. Cardiovascular actions of parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Cardiovasc Res 1998; 37: 34 - 41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Okano K, Wu S, Huang X, Pirola CJ, Juppner H, Abou-Samra AB, Segre GV, Iwasaki K, Fagin JA, Clemens TL. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein (PTHrP) receptor and its messenger ribonucleic acid in rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells and UMR osteoblast-like cells: cell-specific regulation of angiotensin-II and PTHrP. Endocrinology 1994; 135: 2093 - 2099.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  206. Wang X, Briner VA, Schrier RW. Parathyroid hormone inhibition of vasopressin-induced vascular smooth muscle contraction. Am J Physiol 1993; 264: F453 - F457.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Maeda S, Wu S, Juppner H, Green J, Aragay AM, Fagin JA, Clemens TJ. Cell-specific signal transduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein through stably expressed recombinant PTH/PTHrP receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 3154 - 3162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Chakraborty M, Chatterjee D, Kellokumpu S, Rasmussen H, Baron R. Cell cycle-dependent coupling of the calcitonin receptor to different G proteins. Science 1991; 251: 1078 - 1082.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Burton DW, Brandt DW, Deftos LJ. Parathyroid hormone-related protein in the cardiovascular system. Endocrinology 1994; 135: 253 - 261.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Vasavada RC, Garcia-Ocana A, Massfelder T, Dann P, Stewart AF. Parathyroid hormone-related pro- tein in the pancreatic islet and the cardiovascular system. Recent Prog Horm Res 1998; 53: 305 - 338.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Jiang B, Morimoto S, Yang J, Niinoabu T, Fukuo K, Ogihara T. Expression of parathyroid hormone- related receptor in vascular endothelial cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998; 31: S142 - S144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Nagao S, Seto S, Kitamura S, Akahoshi M, Kiriyama T, Yano K. 1998; Central pressor effect of parathyroid hormone-related protein in conscious rats. Brain 785: 75 - 79.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Roca-Cusachs A, Dipette DJ, Nickols GA. Regional and systemic hemodynamic effects of parathyroid hormone-related protein: preservation of cardiac function and coronary and renal flow with reduced blood pressure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991; 256: 110 - 118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Crass MF 3d, Scarpace PJ. Vasoactive properties of a parathyroid hormone-related protein in the rat aorta. Peptides 1993; 14: 179 - 183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Macgill K, Moseley JM, Martin TJ, Brennecke SP, Rice GE, Wlodek ME. Vascular effects of PTHrP (1-34) and PTH (1-34) in the human fetal-placental circulation. Placenta 1997; 18: 587 - 592.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Garcia SI, Clemens TL, Fagin JA, Finbkielman S, Pirola O. Parathyroid hormone-related protein expression in vascular smooth muscle of spontaneously hypertensive rats: evidence for lack of response to angiotensin II. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 1467 - 1474.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Gao Y, Raj JU. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP): a new role as a pulmonary vasodilator at birth. Pediatr Res 1999; 45: 302A.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Ishikawa M, Akishita M, Kozaki K, Toba K, Namiki A, Yamaguchi T, Orimo H, Ouchi Y. Amino-terminal fragment (1-34) of parathyroid hormone-related protein inhibits migration and proliferation of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 1998; 136: 59 - 66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Iwamura M, Abrahamsson PA, Foss KA, Wu G, Cockett AT, Deftos LJ. Parathyroid hormone-related protein: a potential autocrine growth regulator in human prostate cancer cell lines. Urology 1994; 43: 675 - 679.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Lam MH, Olsen SL, Rankin WA, Ho PW, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT, Moseley JM. PTHrP and cell division: expression and localization of PTHrP in a keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) during the cell cycle. J Cell Physiol 1997; 173: 433 - 446.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Holick MF, Ray S, Chen TC, Tian X, Persons KS. A parathyroid hormone antagonist stimulates epidermal proliferation and hair growth in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 8014 - 8016.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Whitfield JF, Isaacs RI, Jouishomme H, MacLean S, Chakravarthy BR, Morley P, Barison D, Regalia E, Armato U. C-terminal fragmant of parathyroid hormone-related protein PTHrP-(107-111) stimulates membrane-associated protein kinase C activity and modulates the proliferation of human and murine skin keratinocytes. J Cell Physiol 1996; 166: 1 - 11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Hastings RH, Summers-Tones D, Yaszay B, LeSueur J, Burton DW, Deftos LJ. Parathyroid hormone-related protein an autocrine growth inhibitor of alveolar type II cells. Am J Physiol 1997; 272: L394 - L399.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Ono T, Inokuchi K, Ogura A, Ikawa Y, Kudo Y, Kawashima S. Activity-dependent expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in rat cerebellar granule neurons: requirement of PTHrP for the activity-dependent survival of granule neurons. J Biol Chem 1997;272: 14, 404-14, 411.

    Google Scholar 

  225. Amling M, Neff L, Tanaka S, Inoue D, Kuida K, Weir E, Philbrick WM, Broadus AE, Baron R. Bc1-2 lies downstream of parathyroid hormone-related peptide in a signaling pathway that regulates chondrocyte maturation during skeletal development. J Cell Biol 1997; 136: 205 - 213.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Hastings RH, Summers-Torres D, Burton DW, Deftos LJ. PTHrP alveolar pneumocyte apoptosis in vivo. Bone 1998; 23: S359.

    Google Scholar 

  227. Lee K, Lanske B, Karaplis AC, Deeds JD, Kohno H, Nissenson RA, Kronenberg HM, Segre GV. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide delays terminal differentiation of chondrocytes during endochondral bone development. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 5109 - 5118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Amizuka N, Henderson JE, Hoshi K, Warshawsky H, Ozawa H, Goltzman D, Karaplis AC. Programmed cell death of chondrocytes and aberrent chondrogenesis in mice homozygous for parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene deletion. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 5055 - 5067.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Eckenhoff RG. Perinatal changes in lung surfactant calcium measured in situ. J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 1295 - 1301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Nielsen PK, Rasmussen AK, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Brandt M, Christensen L, Olgaard K. Ectopic production of intact parathyroid hormone by a squamous cell lung carcinoma in vivo and in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 3793 - 3796.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Li X, Drucker DJ. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide is a downstream target for ras and src activation. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 6263 - 6266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Kremer R, Goltzman D, Amizuka N, Webber MM, Rhim JS Ras activation of human prostate epithelial cells induces overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide. ClinCancer Res 1997; 3: 855 - 859.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Rudduck C, Duncan L, Center R, Garson OM. Co-amplification of the gene for parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and KRAS2 in a human lung cancer cell line. Genes Chrom Cancer 1993; 7: 213 - 218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Okano K, Pirola CJ, Wang HM, Forrester JS, Fagin JA, Clemens TL. Involvement of cell cycle and mitogen-activated pathways in induction of parathyroid hormone-related protein gene expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 1782 - 1789.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Ganderton RH, Briggs RS. CpG island methylation and promotor usage in the parathyroid hormone-related protein gene of cultured lung cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1352: 303 - 310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Burton PB, Knight DE. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide can regulate the growth of human lung cancer cells and may form part of an autocrine TGF-alpha loop. FBBS Lett 1992; 305: 228 - 232.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Hidaka N, Nishimura M, Nagao K. Establishment of two human small cell lung cancer cell lines: the evidence of accelerated production of parathyroid hormone-related protein with tumor progression. Cancer Lett 1998; 125: 149 - 155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Liu JG, Tabata MJ, Yamashita K, Matsumura T, Iwamoto M, Kurisu K. Developmental role of PTHrP in murine molars. Eur J Oral Sci 1998; 106: 143 - 146.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Lewis P. Rubin MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John S. Torday PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Obstetrics-Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA

    Carole R. Mendelson PhD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rubin, L.P., Torday, J.S. (2000). Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein. In: Mendelson, C.R. (eds) Endocrinology of the Lung. Contemporary Endocrinology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-014-8_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-014-8_15

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-9608-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-014-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation