Abstract
Osteoporosis is a term that means “porous bones.” It is a skeletal disease affecting both women and men. Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones have lost minerals especially calcium, making them weaker, more brittle, and susceptible to fractures. Any bone in the body can be affected by osteoporosis, but the most common places where fractures occur are the back (spine), hips, and wrists.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, Jacobsen SJ, et al. Population-based study of survival after osteoporotic fractures. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;137:1001.
Leibson CL, Tosteson AN, Gabriel SE, et al. Mortality, disability, and nursing home use for persons with and without hip fracture: a population-based study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:1644.
Magaziner J, Lydick E, Hawkes W, et al. Excess mortality attributable to hip fracture in white women aged 70 years and older. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:1630.
Magaziner J, Simonsick EM, Kashner TM, et al. Predictors of functional recovery one year following hospital discharge for hip fracture: a prospective study. J Gerontol. 1990:45. MlOl
Riggs BL, Melton LJ 3rd. The worldwide problem of osteoporosis: insights afforded by epidemiology. Bone. 1995;17:505S.
Kannus P, Parkkari J, Niemi S, Palvanen M. Epidemiology of osteoporotic ankle fractures in elderly persons in Finland. Ann Intern Med. 1996;25:975.
US Department of Health and Human Services. Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the surgeon general. Rockville: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General; 2004.
Kanis JA, Melton LJ III, Christiansen C, Johnston CC, Khaltaev N. The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1994;9(8):1137–41.
Nieves JW, Cosman F. Atypical subtrochanteric and femoral shaft fractures and possible association with bisphosphonates. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2010;8:34–9.
Green J, Czanner G, Reeves G, Watson J, Wise L, Beral V. Oral bisphosphonates and risk of cancer of the oesophagus, stomach and colorectum: case-control analysis within a UK primary case cohort. BMJ. 2010;341:c4444.
Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Stone KL, Cauley JA, Bowman PJ, Cummings SR. For the study of osteoporotic fractures research group. Intentional and unintentional weight loss increases bone loss and hip fracture risk in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51:1740–7.
Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Baron JA, et al. Effect of calcium supplements on risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c3691.
Prince RL, Devine A, Dhaliwal SS, Dick IM. Effects of calcium supplementation on clinical fracture and bone structure: results of a 5-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in elderly women. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:869–75.
Dawson-Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, et al. A controlled trial of the effects of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 1990;23:878–83.
Sahni S, Hannan MT, Gagnon D, Blumberg J, Cupples LA, Kiel DP, Tucker KL. Protective effect of total and supplemental vitamin C intake on the risk of hip fracture-a 17-year follow-up from the Framingham osteoporosis study. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20:1853–61.
Lunt M, Masaryk P, Scheidt-Nave C, et al. The effects of lifestyle, dietary dairy intake and diabetes on bone density and vertebral deformity prevalence: the EVOS study. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12:688–98.
Wilsgaard T, Emaus N, Ahmed LA, et al. Lifestyle impact on lifetime bone loss in women and men: the Tromso study. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;169:877–86.
Dook JE, James C, Henderson NK, Price RI. Exercise and bone mineral density in mature female athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997;29:291–6.
Verschueren SM, Roelants M, Delecluse C, Swinnen S, Vanderscheren D, Boonen S. Effect of 6-month whole body vibration training on hip density, muscle strength, and postural control in post-menopausal women: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:343–51.
Robertson MC, Campbell AJ, Gardner MM, Devlin N. Preventing injuries in older people by preventing falls: a meta-analysis of individual-level data. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:905–11.
Krall EA, Dawson-Huges B. Smoking and bone loss among post-menopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 1991;6:331–8.
Baron JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al. Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:155–62.
Tosteson ANA, Grove MR, Hammond CS, et al. Early discontinuation of treatment for osteoporosis. Am J Med. 2003;115:209–16.
McClung M. Bisphosphonates. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003;32:253–71.
Black DM, Cummings SR, David B, Karpf DB, et al. Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Lancet. 1996;348:1535–41. [FITI trial]
Cummings SR, MD, Black DM, Thompson DE, et al. Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the fracture intervention trial. JAMA. 1998;280:2077–2082. [FIT2 trial].
Harris ST, Watts NB, Genant HK, et al. Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and non-vertebral fractures in women with post-menopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999;282:1344–52.
Reginster J, Minne HW, Sorenson OH, et al. Randomized trial of the effects of risedronate on vertebral fractures in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) study group. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11:83–91.
Reginster JY, Adami S, Lakatos P, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of once-monthly oral ibandronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis: 2 year results from the MOBILE study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(5):654–61. [MOBILE trial]
Delmas PD, Adami S, Strugala C, et al. Intravenous ibandronate injections in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: one-year results from the dosing intravenous administration study. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(6):1838–46. [DIVA trial]
Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R, et al. Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. NEJM. 2007;356(18):1809–22. [HORIZON Pivotal Fracture trial]
Lyles KW, Colon-Emeric CS, Magaziner JS, et al. Zoledronic acid and clinical fractures and mortality after hip fracture. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1799–809. [HORIZON Recurrent Fracture trial]
Neer R, Arnaud C, Zanchetta JR, et al. Recombinant human PTH [rhPTH(l-34)] reduces the risk of spine and non-spine fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. NEJM. 2001;344:1434–41. [Fracture Prevential trial]
Lindsay R, Scheele WH, Neer R, et al. Sustained vertebral fracture risk reduction after withdrawal of teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:2024–30. [Fracture Prevential trial follow-up]
Gallagher JC, Genant HK, Crans GG, Vargas SJ, Krege JH. Teriparatide reduces the fracture risk associated with increasing number and severity of osteoporotic fractures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:1583–7.
Ettinger B, Black DM, Bruce H, Mitlak BH, et al. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 1999;282:637–45. [MORE trial]
Cummings SR, Eckert S, Krueger KA, et al. The effect of raloxifene on risk of breat cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation. JAMA. 1999;281:2189–97.
Cummings SR, Martin JS, McClung MR, et al. For the FREEDOM trial. Denosumab for the prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:756–65.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rosenberg, S.B. (2018). Osteopenia and Osteoporosis. In: Knaus, J., Jachtorowycz, M., Adajar, A., Tam, T. (eds) Ambulatory Gynecology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7641-6_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7641-6_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7639-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-7641-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)