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Mechanisms Underlying the Beneficial Role of Probiotics in Diarrheal Diseases: Host–Microbe Interactions

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Mechanisms Underlying Host-Microbiome Interactions in Pathophysiology of Human Diseases

Part of the book series: Physiology in Health and Disease ((PIHD))

Abstract

Probiotics are nonpathogenic microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits to hosts. Advances in our understanding of the gut microbiome have spurred the use of probiotics for the treatment of a wide variety of gastrointestinal pathological conditions. Of these conditions, probiotic treatment in diarrheal diseases has shown particular promise. Multiple pre-clinical and clinical studies over the past decade have shown probiotics to significantly attenuate the effects of both acute and chronic diarrheal phenotypes. Only recently, studies have begun to unravel the mechanisms by which probiotics increase electrolyte and nutrient absorption, decrease secretion and counteract diarrheal diseases associated with infection and inflammation. However, the lack of a detailed mechanistic understanding of their beneficial effects in gut limits the development of probiotics-based novel therapeutics. This review provides an overview of the evidence-based analysis of the effects of probiotics, including a detailed description of the knowledge of mechanisms by which probiotics show benefits in diarrheal diseases.

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Abbreviations

CD:

Crohn’s disease

CFTR:

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane Conductance regulator

DRA:

Downregulated in adenoma

EPEC:

Enteropathogenic E-coli

FSK:

Forskolin

IBD:

Inflammatory bowel disease

IBS:

Irritable bowel syndrome

IECs:

Intestinal epithelial cells

IFN-γ:

Interferon-γ

MCT1:

Monocarboxylate transporter 1

NEC:

Necrotizing enterocolitis

NHE:

Na+/H+ exchanger

NKCC1:

Na-K-Cl co-transporter 1

PepT1:

Peptide transporter 1

RCT:

Randomized controlled trial

SCFA:

Short chain fatty acid

SGLT-1:

Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1

STp:

Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin

TcpC:

Toll/IL-1 receptor-containing (TIR-containing) protein C

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor beta

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

UC:

Ulcerative colitis

VRE:

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci

ZO:

Zonula occludens

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Acknowledgments

Supported by Department of Veterans Affairs Merit Award # BX002011 (P.K. Dudeja), Merit Award # BX000152 (W.A. Alrefai), VA Senior Research Career Scientist Award (P.K. Dudeja), Research Career Scientist Award (W.A. Alrefai), and the NIDDK grants DK54016, DK81858, and DK92441 (P.K. Dudeja) and DK 109709 (W.A. Alrefai).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Anoop Kumar, Pradhan Bhat, Alip Borthakur, Waddah A. Alrefai & Pradeep K. Dudeja

  2. Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Medical Research Service (600/151), Chicago, IL, USA

    Waddah A. Alrefai & Pradeep K. Dudeja

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  1. Anoop Kumar
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  2. Pradhan Bhat
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  3. Alip Borthakur
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  4. Waddah A. Alrefai
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Correspondence to Pradeep K. Dudeja .

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  1. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Jun Sun

  2. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Pradeep K. Dudeja

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Kumar, A., Bhat, P., Borthakur, A., Alrefai, W.A., Dudeja, P.K. (2018). Mechanisms Underlying the Beneficial Role of Probiotics in Diarrheal Diseases: Host–Microbe Interactions. In: Sun, J., Dudeja, P. (eds) Mechanisms Underlying Host-Microbiome Interactions in Pathophysiology of Human Diseases. Physiology in Health and Disease. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7534-1_5

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