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Some Aspects of the Physiology of the Placenta

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The Rise of Fetal and Neonatal Physiology

Part of the book series: Perspectives in Physiology ((PHYSIOL))

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Abstract

One cannot properly consider the physiology of the fetus without that of the placenta, a fetomaternal organ characteristic of mammalian pregnancy, upon which the fetus is dependent not only for the transfer of oxygen and a variety of nutrients but the elaboration of a number of hormones and growth factors in the “maternal-placental-fetal” complex. Thus, it is perhaps appropriate to review some of the concepts regarding development of that organ and its function, the intervillous space, villous structure, and placental classification. The placenta differs from other organs in being formed by the interaction of both fetal and maternal tissues, shows extreme diversity in its structure among the species, and is of limited lifespan – dare say, a disposable organ. The placenta’s unique and specific service as an interface between the mother and fetus, to convey all that is necessary in support of progeny growth while protecting the mother from allograft growth leads to the recognition that this may well be the last organ to differentiate in female mammals. Development of the placenta must be correlated closely with that of the fetus. Near or at term in humans, the placenta weights ~0.5 kg, and throughout pregnancy, by mechanisms poorly understood placental mass, maternal and fetal blood flows, villous surface area for nutrient exchange, and the elaboration of hormones must be matched closely to fetal growth and development. A history of placental biology might be considered from a number of perspectives. These include embryology; variation by species; morphologic form; microscopic cellular organization; maternal and fetal circulations; the interface between maternal and fetal exchange surfaces; respiratory gas and nutrient exchange; metabolic, endocrine, and immunologic functions; and others. Quite obviously, considerations of these subjects in detail would require a multivolume treatise far beyond a simple historical discussion. Different aspects of the history of the placenta have been recorded by several authors (Corner 1963; De Witt 1959; Longo and Reynolds 2010; Neale 1970; Ramsey 1977).

… neither is there occasion for returning and refining this blood [of the fetus] in the lungs of the mother, because that office is sufficiently performed in the Placenta until the Foetus is delivered, when its own lungs are put to their proper use.

(William Smellie 1752, p. 140)

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Longo, L.D. (2018). Some Aspects of the Physiology of the Placenta. In: The Rise of Fetal and Neonatal Physiology . Perspectives in Physiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7483-2_8

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