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Basic Circadian Timing and Sleep-Wake Regulation

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Sleep Disorders Medicine

Abstract

The circadian system represents one of the most important regulatory signaling networks of the brain and periphery. Virtually, every cell can express circadian rhythms through molecular autoregulated feedback core loops. In mammals, the circadian system described in many brain and non-brain structures. Through this organization, the circadian system controls the rhythmicity of many functions, including the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. In this chapter, we first describe the basic circadian timing and its main properties. Then, following the description of the sleep-wake cycle, we review the mechanisms by which the circadian system controls different aspects related to sleep and wakefulness.

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Abbreviations

5-HT:

5-hydroxytryptamine or serotonin

A1:

Adenosine type 1 receptor

A2a:

Adenosine type 2a receptor

AA-NAT:

Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase

ACh:

Acetylcholine

ACTH:

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

AMPA:

Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid

ARC:

Arcuate nucleus

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotropic factor

BNST:

Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

cGMP:

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate

CBT:

Core body temperature

ccgs:

Clock-controlled genes

CR:

Constant routine

CRE:

Calcium/cAMP response element

CREB:

CAMP response element binding

CRH:

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

DMH:

Dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

DMV:

Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus

DRN:

Dorsal raphe nuclei

EEG:

Electroencephalography

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

EMG:

Electromyography

ERKs:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases

EOG:

Electrooculography

GABA:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

GCs:

Glucocorticoids

GHT:

Geniculohypothalamic tract

GLU:

Glutamate

HB:

Habenula

IL-1β:

Interleukin-1 beta

IML:

Intermediolateral column

IGL:

Intergeniculate leaflet

LC:

Locus coeruleus

LS:

Lateral septum

LDT:

Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus

LHA:

Lateral hypothalamus area

LPT:

Lateral pontine tegmentum

MPO:

Medial preoptic area

MRN:

Medial raphe nuclei

MT2:

Melatonin type 2 receptor

NMDA:

N-Methyl-d-aspartate

NO:

Nitric oxide

NPY:

Neuropeptide Y

NREM:

Non-rapid eye movement

ORX:

Orexin

PACAP:

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide

PC:

Precoeruleus

PPT:

Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus

Process C:

Circadian process of sleep-wake regulation

Process S:

Homeostatic process of sleep-wake regulation

PSG:

Polysomnography

PVN:

Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

PVT:

Paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus

RGT:

Retinogeniculate tract

RORE:

ROR-specific response elements

REM:

Rapid eye movement

RHT:

Retinohypothalamic tract

SCG:

Superior cervical ganglion

SCN:

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

SE:

Sleep efficiency

SL:

Sleep latency

SLD:

Sublaterodorsal nucleus

SPZ:

Subparaventricular zone

SWA:

Slow-wave activity

TMN:

Tuberomammillary nucleus

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

TRH:

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

TSH:

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

TST:

Total sleep time

USW:

Ultradian sleep-wake cycle

VIP:

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

VLPO:

Ventrolateral preoptic area

vPAG:

Ventral periaqueductal gray matter

WASO:

Wake after sleep onset

WMZ:

Wake maintenance zone

ZT:

Zeitgeber

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  1. Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 Lasalle Boulevard, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada

    Marc Cuesta, Philippe Boudreau & Diane B. Boivin

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    Sudhansu Chokroverty

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Cuesta, M., Boudreau, P., Boivin, D.B. (2017). Basic Circadian Timing and Sleep-Wake Regulation. In: Chokroverty, S. (eds) Sleep Disorders Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6_6

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