Skip to main content

Approach to Sleep Disorders in the Traditional School of Indian Medicine: Alternative Medicine II

Abstract

Ayurveda, which literally means knowledge of life, is the traditional school of Indian medicine. The chief source of information about Ayurveda is available in the Samhitas (encyclopedias), written in Sanskrit around 1000 BC, by Acharyas (the great scholars) Charaka and Sushruta. In Ayurvedic literature, Nidra (sleep) is mentioned as one of the three supporting pillars for maintaining good health. The classical literatures on Ayurveda advocate a holistic approach, with a combination of several procedures, for treating sleep disorders. Management of sleep disorders in Ayurvedic medicine involves not only physical procedures, psychological treatment, drugs, and diet regulations, but also prayer and yoga. Apart from the herbal formulations mentioned in Samhitas, there are also formulations in the market which are not mentioned in classical literature. Though some research studies have been undertaken in India and abroad to evaluate the efficacy of various Ayurvedic treatments, most of them have not assessed sleep using polysomnography. Owing to this and other deficiencies, the results of many of these studies have not been published in reputed medical journals. There is a dire need to investigate the various Ayurvedic treatments using standard techniques.

Keywords

  • Sleep Disorder
  • Diet Regulation
  • Ayurvedic Medicine
  • Piper Longum
  • Tinospora Cordifolia

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Avari B (2007) India: the ancient past, a history of the Indian sub-continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, NY, USA, p 284

    Google Scholar 

  2. Radhakrishnan SS (1988) The Hindu view of life. Unwin Hyman Limited, London, UK, p 92

    Google Scholar 

  3. Jacobs A (2007) The principal Upanishads: the essential philosophical foundation of Hinduism. Duncan Baird Publishers, London, UK, p 378 (An imprint of Watkins publishing)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Kumar VM (1995) Ancient concept of sleep in India. In: Shiyi L, Inoue S (eds) Sleep: ancient and modern. The Shanghai Scientific and Technological Literature publishing House, Shanghai, pp 25–33

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kumar VM (2015) Sleep medicine in ancient and traditional India (Chapter 4). In: Chokroverty S, Billiard M (eds) Sleep medicine. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2089-1_4 © Springer Science Business Media, LLC 2015, pp 25–28

  6. Dash VB, Kashyap VL (1981) Diagnosis and treatment of diseases in ayurveda. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, p 626

    Google Scholar 

  7. Kurup PNV, Raghunathan K (1974) Human physiology in Ayurveda. In: Keswani NH (ed) The science of medicine and physiological concepts in ancient and medieval India. National Book trust, New Delhi, pp 67–78

    Google Scholar 

  8. Sharma RK, Dash VB (1976) Agnivesa’s Charak Samhita. Varanasi, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, p 619

    Google Scholar 

  9. Dash VB, Kashyap VL (1980) Materia Medica of Ayurveda based on the ayurveda saukyam of Todarananda. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  10. Dandawate RR, Dandawate SR, Gholap A et al (2010) Magic of ayurveda and yoga: an overview. Pharmacol Online 1:797–811

    Google Scholar 

  11. Mukerjee PK, Wahile A (2006) Integrated approaches towards drug development from Ayurveda and other Indian system of medicines. J Ethnopharmacol 103:25–35

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  12. Bagde AB, Sawant RS, Pawar JJ et al (2013) Trayopasthambas: three supporting pillars of Ayurveda. J Biol Sci Opin 1:250–254

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  13. Agnivesha (1991) Charaka Samhita, Text with Ayurveda Deepika teeka by Cakrapaanidatta and Jalpakalpataru teeka by Gangadhara Kaviratna Kaviraj. Kaviraj Sri Narendranath Sengupta and Kaviraj Sri Balaichandra Sengupta (eds) Chaukhamba Orientalia, Delhi. vol 4 Sootrasthana 21, verse 60

    Google Scholar 

  14. Sushruta (2008) Sushruta Samhita with Nibandhasamgraga commentary of Sri D’alhanacaarya and Nyaayacandrika Pan’jika of Sri Gayadasaacaarya Nidaanasthaana. Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya and Narayan Ram Acharya Kavyatirtha (eds) Chaukamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, Sareerasthana 4, verse 32–33

    Google Scholar 

  15. Sushruta (2008) Sushruta Samhita with Nibandhasamgraga commentary of Sri D’alhanacaarya and Nyaayacandrika Pan’jika of Sri Gayadasaacaarya Nidaanasthaana. Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya and Narayan Ram Acharya ‘Kavyatirtha’, (eds) Chaukamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, Sootrasthana 1, verse 25

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hankey A (2010) Establishing the scientific validity of Tridhosa part 1: Doshas, Subdoshas and Doshas prakriti. Anc Sci Life 29:6–18

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Ventegodt S, Thegler S, Andreasen T et al (2007) A review and integrative analysis of ancient holistic character medicine systems. Sci World J 7:1821–1831

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  18. Prasher B, Negi S, Aggarwal S et al (2008) Whole genome expression and biochemical correlates of extreme constitutional types defined in Ayurveda. J Transl Med 6:48

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Rastogi S (2012) Development and validation of a Prototype Prakriti Analysis Tool (PPAT): inferences from a pilot study. Ayu 33:209–218

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Suchitra SP, Jagan A, Nagendra HR (2014) Development and initial standardization of Ayurveda child personality inventory. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 5:205–208

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Agnivesha (1991) Charaka Samhita, Text with Ayurveda Deepika teeka by Cakrapaanidatta and Jalpakalpataru teeka by Gangadhara Kaviratna Kaviraj. Kaviraj Sri Narendranath Sengupta and Kaviraj Sri Balaichandra Sengupta (eds) Chaukhamba Orientalia, Delhi. vol 4 Sootrasthana 7, verse 25–26

    Google Scholar 

  22. Agnivesha (1991) Charaka Samhita, Text with Ayurveda Deepika teeka by Cakrapaanidatta and Jalpakalpataru teeka by Gangadhara Kaviratna Kaviraj. Kaviraj Sri Narendranath Sengupta and Kaviraj Sri Balaichandra Sengupta (eds) Chaukhamba Orientalia, Delhi. vol 4 Sootrasthana 11, verse 49; Sootrasthana 12, verse 8; Sootrasthana 16; Sootrasthana 20, verse 10; Sootrasthana 21, verse 3, 55–57; Nidaanasthaana 7, verse 4,12; Nidaanasthaana 8, verse 4; Chikitsasthaanam 9, verse 12–13; Indriyasthaana 5, verse 40; Vimanasthaana 8, verse 130

    Google Scholar 

  23. Agnivesha (1991) Charaka Samhita, Text with Ayurveda Deepika teeka by Cakrapaanidatta and Jalpakalpataru teeka by Gangadhara Kaviratna Kaviraj. Kaviraj Sri Narendranath Sengupta and Kaviraj Sri Balaichandra Sengupta (eds) Chaukhamba Orientalia, Delhi. vol 4 Sootrasthana 21, verse 58, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  24. Sushruta (2008) Sushruta Samhita with Nibandhasamgraga commentary of Sri D‟alhanacaarya and Nyaayacandrika Pan‟jika of Sri Gayadasaacaarya Nidaanasthaana. Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya and Narayan Ram Acharya „Kavyatirtha‟ editors. Chaukamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi. Sareerasthaana 4, verse 43, 2008

    Google Scholar 

  25. Vaagbhata (2008) Ashtanga Sangraha, Sasilekha commentary by Indu. Edited by Sharma Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series Office Varanasi, 2nd edn, Sootrasthanam 9, verse 48

    Google Scholar 

  26. Agnivesha (1991) Charaka Samhita, Text with Ayurveda Deepika teeka by Cakrapaanidatta and Jalpakalpataru teeka by Gangadhara Kaviratna Kaviraj. Kaviraj Sri Narendranath Sengupta and Kaviraj Sri Balaichandra Sengupta (eds) Chaukhamba Orientalia, Delhi. vol 4 Sootrasthana 21, verse 57

    Google Scholar 

  27. Agnivesha (1991) Charaka Samhita, Text with Ayurveda Deepika teeka by Cakrapaanidatta and Jalpakalpataru teeka by Gangadhara Kaviratna Kaviraj. Kaviraj Sri Narendranath Sengupta and Kaviraj Sri Balaichandra Sengupta (eds) Chaukhamba Orientalia, Delhi. vol 4 Indriyasthaana 5, verse 43

    Google Scholar 

  28. Vaagbhata (2002) Ashtanga Hridaya, Sarvaanga Sundari commentary by Arunadatta; Ayurveda Rasaayana commentary by Hemaadri, 9th edn. Chaukhamba Orientalia Varanasi, Saareerasthanam 6, verse 60

    Google Scholar 

  29. Bagchi AK (1974) Concept of neurophysiology in ancient India. In: Keswani NH (ed) The science of medicine and physiological concepts in ancient and medieval India. National Book Trust, New Delhi, pp 99–106

    Google Scholar 

  30. Sushruta (2008) Sushruta Samhita with Nibandhasamgraga commentary of Sri D’alhanacaarya and Nyaayacandrika Pan’jika of Sri Gayadasaacaarya Nidaanasthaana. Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya and Narayan Ram Acharya ‘Kavyatirtha’ (eds) Chaukamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi. Sootrasthaana 29

    Google Scholar 

  31. Vinjamury SP, Vinjamury M, der Martirosian C et al (2014) Ayurvedic therapy (shirodhara) for insomnia: a case series. Glob Adv Health Med 3:75–80

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Kumar VM, Gulia KK (2016) Letter to the editor. Sleep Med Rev. 25:131

    Google Scholar 

  33. Nahin RL, Straus SE (2001) Research into complementary and alternative medicine: problems and potential. BMJ 322:161–164

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Telles S, Pathak S, Singh N et al (2014) Research on traditional medicine: what has been done, the difficulties, and possible solutions. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 495635

    Google Scholar 

  35. Buchegger J, Fritsch R, Meier-Koll A et al (1991) Does trampolining and anaerobic physical fitness affect sleep? Percept Mot Skills 73:243–252

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Walker JM, Floyd TC, Fein G et al (1978) Effects of exercise on sleep. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 44:945–951

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Horne JA, Moore VJ (1985) Sleep EEG effects of exercise with and without additional body cooling. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 60:33–38

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Trinder J, Paxton SJ, Montgomery I et al (1985) Endurance as opposed to power training: their effects on sleep. Psychophysiology 22:668–673

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Pokharel S, Sharma AK (2010) Evaluation of Insomrid Tablet and Shirodhara in the management of Anidra (insomnia) Ayu 31:40–47

    Google Scholar 

  40. Dhamini N (2004) A role of Manas Bhavas in Anidra and its management with certain indigenous drugs and shirodhara, Department of Manasa Roga, Jamnagar

    Google Scholar 

  41. www.rguhs.ac.in/cdc/onlinecdc/uploads/03_A026_33198.doc

  42. Nerbass FB, Feltrim MI, Souza SA et al (2010) Effects of massage therapy on sleep quality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 65:1105–1110

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  43. Yates CC, Mitchell AJ, Booth MY et al (2014) The effects of massage therapy to induce sleep in infants born preterm. Pediatr Phys Ther 26:405–410

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Kashani F, Kashani P (2014) The effect of massage therapy on the quality of sleep in breast cancer patients. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 19:113–118

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Sharma S. Ashtanga Sangraha with Sasi-lekha Commentary by Indu, 2nd edn. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, 93

    Google Scholar 

  46. Nirgude R, Binorkar S, Parlikar G (2013) Nidranasha (Insomnia) causes, consequences & management an ayurvedic perspective. Int J Herbal Med 1:68–72

    Google Scholar 

  47. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/870.html

  48. Singh RK, Vyas MK (2011) Surgical procedures in Sushruta Samhita. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 2:1444–1450

    Google Scholar 

  49. http://www.icmr.nic.in/mpusite/index.htm

  50. http://www.nmpb-mpdb.nic.in

  51. Lavekar GS, Padhi MM, Mangal AK, Joseph GVR, Raman KG, Selvarajan S, Sharma PC, Yelne MB, Dennis TJ (2008) Database on medicinal plants used in ayurveda & siddha. Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Sidha, New Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  52. Kamboj A (2012) Analytical evaluation of herbal drugs, drug discovery research in pharmacognosy. In: Prof. Omboon Vallisuta (ed). ISBN: 978-953-51-0213-7, 2012 InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/drug-discovery-research-in-pharmacognosy/analytical-evaluation-of-herbaldrugs

  53. Kunle OF, Egharevba HO, Ahmadu PO (2012) Standardization of herbal medicines—a review. Int J Biodivers Conserv 4:101–112

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  54. Raghavendra HL, Yogesh HS, Gopalakrishna B et al (2009) An overview of herbal medicine. Int J Ph Sci 1:1–20

    Google Scholar 

  55. Hasan SZ, Mishra V, Singh S et al (1999) Current status of herbal drugs and their future perspectives. Biol Forum Int J 1:12–17

    Google Scholar 

  56. Calixto JB (2000) Efficacy, safety, quality control, marketing and regulatory guidelines for herbal medicines (phytotherapeutic agents). Braz J Med Biol Res 33:179–189

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Hawkins B (2008) Plants for life: medicinal plant conservation and botanic gardens. Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK. http://www.bgci.org/

  58. Khare C (2007) Indian medicinal plants an illustrated dictionary: 2007. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

    Google Scholar 

  59. Ghildiyal S (2014) Jeevaneeya Mahakashaya: a group of rejuvenators. J Adv Res Ayur Yoga Unani Sidd Homeo 1:19–23

    Google Scholar 

  60. Fernandez-San Martin MI et al (2010) Effectiveness of Valerian on insomnia: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Sleep Med 11:505–511

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Gooneratne NS (2008) Complimentary and alternative medicine for sleep disturbances in older adults. Clin Geriatr Med 24:121–viii

    Google Scholar 

  62. Kavitha S (2010) A conceptual study of nidranasha with a comparative study of diet and Guda Pippalimula Yoga in primary insomnia. Dept of Panchakarma, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka

    Google Scholar 

  63. Meena AK, Kandale A, Rao MM et al (2011) A review on citron-pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and medicinal uses. Int Res J Pharm 2:14–19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Panara K, Nishteswar K, Harisha CR et al (2014) Pharmacognostical evaluation of bijapura (Citrus medica Linn.) leaves. Ayurpharm Int J Ayur Alli Sci 3:112–120

    Google Scholar 

  65. Schliebs R, Liebmann A, Bhattacharya SK et al (1997) Systemic administration of defined extracts from Withania somnifera (Indian Ginseng) and Shilajit differentially affects cholinergic but not glutamatergic and GABAergic markers in rat brain. Neurochem Int 30:181–190

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Dhuley JN (1998) Effect of ashwagandha on lipid peroxidation in stress-induced animals. J Ethnopharmacol 60:173–178

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Raut AA, Rege NN, Tadvi FM et al (2012) Exploratory study to evaluate tolerability, safety, and activity of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in healthy volunteers. Jf Ayurveda Integ Med 3:111–114

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  68. Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Mal M et al (2007) Acorus calamus: scientific validation of ayurvedic tradition from natural resources. Pharm Biol 45:651–666

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Dandiya PC, Cullumbine H (1959) Studies on Acorus calamus III. Some pharmacological actions of the volatile oil. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 125:353–359

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Vohora SB, Shah SA, Dandiya PC (1990) Central nervous system studies on an ethanol extract of Acorus calamus rhizomes. J Ethnopharmacol 28:53–62

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Bose BC, Vijayvargiya R, Saiti AQ et al (1960) Some aspects of chemical and pharmacological studies of Acorus calamus Linn. J Am Pharm Assoc 49:32–34

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Malhotra CL, Das PK, Dhalla NS (1962) Investigations on the mechanism of potentiation of barbiturate hypnosis by hersaponin, Acorus oil, reserpine and chlorpromazine. Arch Intl Pharmarodyn Ther 138:537–547

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Pages N, Pierre MP, Delplanque B et al (2010) Activities of alpha-asarone in various animal seizure models and in biochemical assays might be essentially accounted for by antioxidant properties. Neurosci Res 68:337–344

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Radhakrishnan A, Lakshmy R, Jayakumari N et al (2014) Effect of alpha-asarone on sleep, brain and body temperature during acute total sleep deprivation. Sleep Biol Rhythms 12:260

    Google Scholar 

  75. Liao JF, Huang SY, Jan YM et al (1998) Central inhibitory effects of water extract of Acori graminei rhizoma in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 61:185–193

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Shangadhar (2011) Shangadhara Samhita. In: Sailaja Shrivastav (ed) Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 288

    Google Scholar 

  77. Rani PU, Naidu MUR (1998) Subjective and polysomnographic evaluation of a herbal preparation in insomnia. Phytomedicine 5:253–257

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Lee IS, Lee GJ (2006) Effects of lavender aromatherapy on insomnia and depression in women college students. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 36:136–143

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Goel N, Kim H, Lao RP (2005) An olfactory stimulus modifies nighttime sleep in young men and women. Chronobiol Int 22:889–904

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Lai HL, Good M (2005) Music improves sleep quality in older adults. J Adv Nurs 49:234–244

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Harmat L, Takács J, Bódizs R (2008) Music improves sleep quality in students. J Adv Nurs 62:327–335

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. de Niet G, Tiemens B, Lendemeijer B et al (2009) Music-assisted relaxation to improve sleep quality: meta-analysis. J Adv Nurs 65:1356–1364

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Hwang E, Shin S (2015) The effects of aromatherapy on sleep improvement: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. J Altern Complement Med 21:61–68

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Kamei T, Toriumi Y, Kimura H et al (2000) Decrease in serum cortisol during yoga is correlated with alpha wave activation. Percept Mot Skills 90:1027–1032

    CrossRef  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Manjunath NK, Telles S (2005) Influence of Yoga & Ayurveda on self-rated sleep in a geriatric population. Indian J Med Res 121:683–690

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Carlson LE, Garland SN (2005) Impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on sleep, mood, stress and fatigue symptoms in cancer outpatients. Int J Behav Med 12:278–285

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Woodyard C (2011) Exploring the therapeutic effects of yoga and its ability to increase quality of life. Int J Yoga 4:49–54

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Sulekha S, Thennarasu K, Vedamurthachar A et al (2006) Evaluation of sleep architecture in practitioners of Sudarshan Kriya yoga and Vipassana meditation. Sleep Biol Rhythms 4:207–214

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  89. Nagendra RP, Maruthai N, Kutty BM (2012) Meditation and its regulatory role on sleep. Front Neurol 3:54

    CrossRef  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Datta K, Tripathi M, Deepak KK et al (2014) Yoga Nidra: an innovative approach for management of chronic insomnia. Sleep 37(suppl):A209

    Google Scholar 

  91. Sarris J, Byrne GJ (2011) A systematic review of insomnia and complementary medicine. Sleep Med Rev 15:99–106

    CrossRef  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Funding from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India, is acknowledged. The funding agency played no role in writing the chapter, or in the decision to submit this for publication. Arathi Radhakrishnan is a CSIR fellow.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Velayudhan Mohan Kumar .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gulia, K.K., Radhakrishnan, A., Kumar, V.M. (2017). Approach to Sleep Disorders in the Traditional School of Indian Medicine: Alternative Medicine II. In: Chokroverty, S. (eds) Sleep Disorders Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6_57

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6_57

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-6576-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-6578-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)