Abstract
Ayurveda, which literally means knowledge of life, is the traditional school of Indian medicine. The chief source of information about Ayurveda is available in the Samhitas (encyclopedias), written in Sanskrit around 1000 BC, by Acharyas (the great scholars) Charaka and Sushruta. In Ayurvedic literature, Nidra (sleep) is mentioned as one of the three supporting pillars for maintaining good health. The classical literatures on Ayurveda advocate a holistic approach, with a combination of several procedures, for treating sleep disorders. Management of sleep disorders in Ayurvedic medicine involves not only physical procedures, psychological treatment, drugs, and diet regulations, but also prayer and yoga. Apart from the herbal formulations mentioned in Samhitas, there are also formulations in the market which are not mentioned in classical literature. Though some research studies have been undertaken in India and abroad to evaluate the efficacy of various Ayurvedic treatments, most of them have not assessed sleep using polysomnography. Owing to this and other deficiencies, the results of many of these studies have not been published in reputed medical journals. There is a dire need to investigate the various Ayurvedic treatments using standard techniques.
Keywords
- Sleep Disorder
- Diet Regulation
- Ayurvedic Medicine
- Piper Longum
- Tinospora Cordifolia
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Avari B (2007) India: the ancient past, a history of the Indian sub-continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, NY, USA, p 284
Radhakrishnan SS (1988) The Hindu view of life. Unwin Hyman Limited, London, UK, p 92
Jacobs A (2007) The principal Upanishads: the essential philosophical foundation of Hinduism. Duncan Baird Publishers, London, UK, p 378 (An imprint of Watkins publishing)
Kumar VM (1995) Ancient concept of sleep in India. In: Shiyi L, Inoue S (eds) Sleep: ancient and modern. The Shanghai Scientific and Technological Literature publishing House, Shanghai, pp 25–33
Kumar VM (2015) Sleep medicine in ancient and traditional India (Chapter 4). In: Chokroverty S, Billiard M (eds) Sleep medicine. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2089-1_4 © Springer Science Business Media, LLC 2015, pp 25–28
Dash VB, Kashyap VL (1981) Diagnosis and treatment of diseases in ayurveda. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, p 626
Kurup PNV, Raghunathan K (1974) Human physiology in Ayurveda. In: Keswani NH (ed) The science of medicine and physiological concepts in ancient and medieval India. National Book trust, New Delhi, pp 67–78
Sharma RK, Dash VB (1976) Agnivesa’s Charak Samhita. Varanasi, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, p 619
Dash VB, Kashyap VL (1980) Materia Medica of Ayurveda based on the ayurveda saukyam of Todarananda. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi
Dandawate RR, Dandawate SR, Gholap A et al (2010) Magic of ayurveda and yoga: an overview. Pharmacol Online 1:797–811
Mukerjee PK, Wahile A (2006) Integrated approaches towards drug development from Ayurveda and other Indian system of medicines. J Ethnopharmacol 103:25–35
Bagde AB, Sawant RS, Pawar JJ et al (2013) Trayopasthambas: three supporting pillars of Ayurveda. J Biol Sci Opin 1:250–254
Agnivesha (1991) Charaka Samhita, Text with Ayurveda Deepika teeka by Cakrapaanidatta and Jalpakalpataru teeka by Gangadhara Kaviratna Kaviraj. Kaviraj Sri Narendranath Sengupta and Kaviraj Sri Balaichandra Sengupta (eds) Chaukhamba Orientalia, Delhi. vol 4 Sootrasthana 21, verse 60
Sushruta (2008) Sushruta Samhita with Nibandhasamgraga commentary of Sri D’alhanacaarya and Nyaayacandrika Pan’jika of Sri Gayadasaacaarya Nidaanasthaana. Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya and Narayan Ram Acharya Kavyatirtha (eds) Chaukamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, Sareerasthana 4, verse 32–33
Sushruta (2008) Sushruta Samhita with Nibandhasamgraga commentary of Sri D’alhanacaarya and Nyaayacandrika Pan’jika of Sri Gayadasaacaarya Nidaanasthaana. Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya and Narayan Ram Acharya ‘Kavyatirtha’, (eds) Chaukamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, Sootrasthana 1, verse 25
Hankey A (2010) Establishing the scientific validity of Tridhosa part 1: Doshas, Subdoshas and Doshas prakriti. Anc Sci Life 29:6–18
Ventegodt S, Thegler S, Andreasen T et al (2007) A review and integrative analysis of ancient holistic character medicine systems. Sci World J 7:1821–1831
Prasher B, Negi S, Aggarwal S et al (2008) Whole genome expression and biochemical correlates of extreme constitutional types defined in Ayurveda. J Transl Med 6:48
Rastogi S (2012) Development and validation of a Prototype Prakriti Analysis Tool (PPAT): inferences from a pilot study. Ayu 33:209–218
Suchitra SP, Jagan A, Nagendra HR (2014) Development and initial standardization of Ayurveda child personality inventory. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 5:205–208
Agnivesha (1991) Charaka Samhita, Text with Ayurveda Deepika teeka by Cakrapaanidatta and Jalpakalpataru teeka by Gangadhara Kaviratna Kaviraj. Kaviraj Sri Narendranath Sengupta and Kaviraj Sri Balaichandra Sengupta (eds) Chaukhamba Orientalia, Delhi. vol 4 Sootrasthana 7, verse 25–26
Agnivesha (1991) Charaka Samhita, Text with Ayurveda Deepika teeka by Cakrapaanidatta and Jalpakalpataru teeka by Gangadhara Kaviratna Kaviraj. Kaviraj Sri Narendranath Sengupta and Kaviraj Sri Balaichandra Sengupta (eds) Chaukhamba Orientalia, Delhi. vol 4 Sootrasthana 11, verse 49; Sootrasthana 12, verse 8; Sootrasthana 16; Sootrasthana 20, verse 10; Sootrasthana 21, verse 3, 55–57; Nidaanasthaana 7, verse 4,12; Nidaanasthaana 8, verse 4; Chikitsasthaanam 9, verse 12–13; Indriyasthaana 5, verse 40; Vimanasthaana 8, verse 130
Agnivesha (1991) Charaka Samhita, Text with Ayurveda Deepika teeka by Cakrapaanidatta and Jalpakalpataru teeka by Gangadhara Kaviratna Kaviraj. Kaviraj Sri Narendranath Sengupta and Kaviraj Sri Balaichandra Sengupta (eds) Chaukhamba Orientalia, Delhi. vol 4 Sootrasthana 21, verse 58, 1991
Sushruta (2008) Sushruta Samhita with Nibandhasamgraga commentary of Sri D‟alhanacaarya and Nyaayacandrika Pan‟jika of Sri Gayadasaacaarya Nidaanasthaana. Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya and Narayan Ram Acharya „Kavyatirtha‟ editors. Chaukamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi. Sareerasthaana 4, verse 43, 2008
Vaagbhata (2008) Ashtanga Sangraha, Sasilekha commentary by Indu. Edited by Sharma Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series Office Varanasi, 2nd edn, Sootrasthanam 9, verse 48
Agnivesha (1991) Charaka Samhita, Text with Ayurveda Deepika teeka by Cakrapaanidatta and Jalpakalpataru teeka by Gangadhara Kaviratna Kaviraj. Kaviraj Sri Narendranath Sengupta and Kaviraj Sri Balaichandra Sengupta (eds) Chaukhamba Orientalia, Delhi. vol 4 Sootrasthana 21, verse 57
Agnivesha (1991) Charaka Samhita, Text with Ayurveda Deepika teeka by Cakrapaanidatta and Jalpakalpataru teeka by Gangadhara Kaviratna Kaviraj. Kaviraj Sri Narendranath Sengupta and Kaviraj Sri Balaichandra Sengupta (eds) Chaukhamba Orientalia, Delhi. vol 4 Indriyasthaana 5, verse 43
Vaagbhata (2002) Ashtanga Hridaya, Sarvaanga Sundari commentary by Arunadatta; Ayurveda Rasaayana commentary by Hemaadri, 9th edn. Chaukhamba Orientalia Varanasi, Saareerasthanam 6, verse 60
Bagchi AK (1974) Concept of neurophysiology in ancient India. In: Keswani NH (ed) The science of medicine and physiological concepts in ancient and medieval India. National Book Trust, New Delhi, pp 99–106
Sushruta (2008) Sushruta Samhita with Nibandhasamgraga commentary of Sri D’alhanacaarya and Nyaayacandrika Pan’jika of Sri Gayadasaacaarya Nidaanasthaana. Vaidya Jadavji Trikamji Acharya and Narayan Ram Acharya ‘Kavyatirtha’ (eds) Chaukamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi. Sootrasthaana 29
Vinjamury SP, Vinjamury M, der Martirosian C et al (2014) Ayurvedic therapy (shirodhara) for insomnia: a case series. Glob Adv Health Med 3:75–80
Kumar VM, Gulia KK (2016) Letter to the editor. Sleep Med Rev. 25:131
Nahin RL, Straus SE (2001) Research into complementary and alternative medicine: problems and potential. BMJ 322:161–164
Telles S, Pathak S, Singh N et al (2014) Research on traditional medicine: what has been done, the difficulties, and possible solutions. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 495635
Buchegger J, Fritsch R, Meier-Koll A et al (1991) Does trampolining and anaerobic physical fitness affect sleep? Percept Mot Skills 73:243–252
Walker JM, Floyd TC, Fein G et al (1978) Effects of exercise on sleep. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 44:945–951
Horne JA, Moore VJ (1985) Sleep EEG effects of exercise with and without additional body cooling. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 60:33–38
Trinder J, Paxton SJ, Montgomery I et al (1985) Endurance as opposed to power training: their effects on sleep. Psychophysiology 22:668–673
Pokharel S, Sharma AK (2010) Evaluation of Insomrid Tablet and Shirodhara in the management of Anidra (insomnia) Ayu 31:40–47
Dhamini N (2004) A role of Manas Bhavas in Anidra and its management with certain indigenous drugs and shirodhara, Department of Manasa Roga, Jamnagar
Nerbass FB, Feltrim MI, Souza SA et al (2010) Effects of massage therapy on sleep quality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 65:1105–1110
Yates CC, Mitchell AJ, Booth MY et al (2014) The effects of massage therapy to induce sleep in infants born preterm. Pediatr Phys Ther 26:405–410
Kashani F, Kashani P (2014) The effect of massage therapy on the quality of sleep in breast cancer patients. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 19:113–118
Sharma S. Ashtanga Sangraha with Sasi-lekha Commentary by Indu, 2nd edn. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, 93
Nirgude R, Binorkar S, Parlikar G (2013) Nidranasha (Insomnia) causes, consequences & management an ayurvedic perspective. Int J Herbal Med 1:68–72
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/870.html
Singh RK, Vyas MK (2011) Surgical procedures in Sushruta Samhita. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm 2:1444–1450
Lavekar GS, Padhi MM, Mangal AK, Joseph GVR, Raman KG, Selvarajan S, Sharma PC, Yelne MB, Dennis TJ (2008) Database on medicinal plants used in ayurveda & siddha. Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Sidha, New Delhi
Kamboj A (2012) Analytical evaluation of herbal drugs, drug discovery research in pharmacognosy. In: Prof. Omboon Vallisuta (ed). ISBN: 978-953-51-0213-7, 2012 InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/drug-discovery-research-in-pharmacognosy/analytical-evaluation-of-herbaldrugs
Kunle OF, Egharevba HO, Ahmadu PO (2012) Standardization of herbal medicines—a review. Int J Biodivers Conserv 4:101–112
Raghavendra HL, Yogesh HS, Gopalakrishna B et al (2009) An overview of herbal medicine. Int J Ph Sci 1:1–20
Hasan SZ, Mishra V, Singh S et al (1999) Current status of herbal drugs and their future perspectives. Biol Forum Int J 1:12–17
Calixto JB (2000) Efficacy, safety, quality control, marketing and regulatory guidelines for herbal medicines (phytotherapeutic agents). Braz J Med Biol Res 33:179–189
Hawkins B (2008) Plants for life: medicinal plant conservation and botanic gardens. Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK. http://www.bgci.org/
Khare C (2007) Indian medicinal plants an illustrated dictionary: 2007. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Ghildiyal S (2014) Jeevaneeya Mahakashaya: a group of rejuvenators. J Adv Res Ayur Yoga Unani Sidd Homeo 1:19–23
Fernandez-San Martin MI et al (2010) Effectiveness of Valerian on insomnia: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Sleep Med 11:505–511
Gooneratne NS (2008) Complimentary and alternative medicine for sleep disturbances in older adults. Clin Geriatr Med 24:121–viii
Kavitha S (2010) A conceptual study of nidranasha with a comparative study of diet and Guda Pippalimula Yoga in primary insomnia. Dept of Panchakarma, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Meena AK, Kandale A, Rao MM et al (2011) A review on citron-pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and medicinal uses. Int Res J Pharm 2:14–19
Panara K, Nishteswar K, Harisha CR et al (2014) Pharmacognostical evaluation of bijapura (Citrus medica Linn.) leaves. Ayurpharm Int J Ayur Alli Sci 3:112–120
Schliebs R, Liebmann A, Bhattacharya SK et al (1997) Systemic administration of defined extracts from Withania somnifera (Indian Ginseng) and Shilajit differentially affects cholinergic but not glutamatergic and GABAergic markers in rat brain. Neurochem Int 30:181–190
Dhuley JN (1998) Effect of ashwagandha on lipid peroxidation in stress-induced animals. J Ethnopharmacol 60:173–178
Raut AA, Rege NN, Tadvi FM et al (2012) Exploratory study to evaluate tolerability, safety, and activity of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in healthy volunteers. Jf Ayurveda Integ Med 3:111–114
Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Mal M et al (2007) Acorus calamus: scientific validation of ayurvedic tradition from natural resources. Pharm Biol 45:651–666
Dandiya PC, Cullumbine H (1959) Studies on Acorus calamus III. Some pharmacological actions of the volatile oil. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 125:353–359
Vohora SB, Shah SA, Dandiya PC (1990) Central nervous system studies on an ethanol extract of Acorus calamus rhizomes. J Ethnopharmacol 28:53–62
Bose BC, Vijayvargiya R, Saiti AQ et al (1960) Some aspects of chemical and pharmacological studies of Acorus calamus Linn. J Am Pharm Assoc 49:32–34
Malhotra CL, Das PK, Dhalla NS (1962) Investigations on the mechanism of potentiation of barbiturate hypnosis by hersaponin, Acorus oil, reserpine and chlorpromazine. Arch Intl Pharmarodyn Ther 138:537–547
Pages N, Pierre MP, Delplanque B et al (2010) Activities of alpha-asarone in various animal seizure models and in biochemical assays might be essentially accounted for by antioxidant properties. Neurosci Res 68:337–344
Radhakrishnan A, Lakshmy R, Jayakumari N et al (2014) Effect of alpha-asarone on sleep, brain and body temperature during acute total sleep deprivation. Sleep Biol Rhythms 12:260
Liao JF, Huang SY, Jan YM et al (1998) Central inhibitory effects of water extract of Acori graminei rhizoma in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 61:185–193
Shangadhar (2011) Shangadhara Samhita. In: Sailaja Shrivastav (ed) Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 288
Rani PU, Naidu MUR (1998) Subjective and polysomnographic evaluation of a herbal preparation in insomnia. Phytomedicine 5:253–257
Lee IS, Lee GJ (2006) Effects of lavender aromatherapy on insomnia and depression in women college students. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 36:136–143
Goel N, Kim H, Lao RP (2005) An olfactory stimulus modifies nighttime sleep in young men and women. Chronobiol Int 22:889–904
Lai HL, Good M (2005) Music improves sleep quality in older adults. J Adv Nurs 49:234–244
Harmat L, Takács J, Bódizs R (2008) Music improves sleep quality in students. J Adv Nurs 62:327–335
de Niet G, Tiemens B, Lendemeijer B et al (2009) Music-assisted relaxation to improve sleep quality: meta-analysis. J Adv Nurs 65:1356–1364
Hwang E, Shin S (2015) The effects of aromatherapy on sleep improvement: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. J Altern Complement Med 21:61–68
Kamei T, Toriumi Y, Kimura H et al (2000) Decrease in serum cortisol during yoga is correlated with alpha wave activation. Percept Mot Skills 90:1027–1032
Manjunath NK, Telles S (2005) Influence of Yoga & Ayurveda on self-rated sleep in a geriatric population. Indian J Med Res 121:683–690
Carlson LE, Garland SN (2005) Impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on sleep, mood, stress and fatigue symptoms in cancer outpatients. Int J Behav Med 12:278–285
Woodyard C (2011) Exploring the therapeutic effects of yoga and its ability to increase quality of life. Int J Yoga 4:49–54
Sulekha S, Thennarasu K, Vedamurthachar A et al (2006) Evaluation of sleep architecture in practitioners of Sudarshan Kriya yoga and Vipassana meditation. Sleep Biol Rhythms 4:207–214
Nagendra RP, Maruthai N, Kutty BM (2012) Meditation and its regulatory role on sleep. Front Neurol 3:54
Datta K, Tripathi M, Deepak KK et al (2014) Yoga Nidra: an innovative approach for management of chronic insomnia. Sleep 37(suppl):A209
Sarris J, Byrne GJ (2011) A systematic review of insomnia and complementary medicine. Sleep Med Rev 15:99–106
Acknowledgments
Funding from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India, is acknowledged. The funding agency played no role in writing the chapter, or in the decision to submit this for publication. Arathi Radhakrishnan is a CSIR fellow.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gulia, K.K., Radhakrishnan, A., Kumar, V.M. (2017). Approach to Sleep Disorders in the Traditional School of Indian Medicine: Alternative Medicine II. In: Chokroverty, S. (eds) Sleep Disorders Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6_57
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6_57
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-6576-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-6578-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)