Abstract
Recruited by still active members of earlier MDIBL research Generations, and the new Markey and NIEHS Fellowships, members of the Fifth Generation of summer researchers came to the Laboratory in the 1980s. The combined research efforts made advances in gastric secretion, urea transport across the toad bladder, the nervous control of cardiac function, ingestion of seawater by marine teleost fishes, invertebrate osmoregulation, mammalian kidney function, the physiology of the blood–brain barrier, cytokinesis, the chemistry and physiology of carbonic anhydrase, taurine transport, red blood cell volume regulation, control of rectal gland salt secretion, cell volume regulation, shark hemodynamics, amphibian limb regeneration, fish cardiac physiology, renal toxicology, intestinal salt transport, physiology of the cornea, bile formation and liver detoxification, cardiac electrophysiology, xenobiotic metabolism, the physiology of the eye ciliary epithelium, transport across membrane vesicles, ammonia transport across the fish gill, fish gill hemodynamics, the endocrinology of fish reproduction, potassium secretion by the fish urinary bladder, salt and fluid secretion by the perfused fish proximal tubule, NaCl-coupled transport by the fish urinary bladder, osmoregulation by the goldfish in hypersaline solutions, microanatomy of the elasmobranch kidney, crustacean osmoregulation, the biochemistry of tanning in the skate egg case, acid–base and nitrogen excretion by fishes, ion and water transport across isolated shark kidney tubules, transport across isolated skate liver cells, taurine uptake by coelomocytes of the blood worm, the role of pH in intestinal chloride uptake, the role of carbonic anhydrase in shark acid–base regulation, the hormonal control of shark renal function, and the culture of shark rectal gland cells.
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Notes
- 1.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 42–47.
- 2.
Op. Cit., pp. 118–120, 120–122; Primor et al. (1984).
- 3.
Hogben had not found a “Rehm effect” (depolarization of the tissue inhibits acid secretion) (Bull MDIBL, 1975 Vol 15, pp. 45–46), but Kidder, using a higher ambient PO2, had demonstrated a “Rehm effect” (Bull MDIBL, 1977 Vol 17, pp. 25–26).
- 4.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 82–89. We now know that gastric acid secretion is via H/K-ATPase (e.g., http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_acid).
- 5.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, p. 136.
- 6.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 126–127.
- 7.
Op. Cit., pp. 64–66; Opdyke et al. (1981).
- 8.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 19–21; Carroll et al. (1982).
- 9.
He did, however, publish a series of papers from previous studies: Wilde et al. (1980), Carroll and Opdyke (1982), Opdyke et al. (1982a, b, 1983a, b), Khosla et al. (1983), Carroll et al. (1984), often in conjunction with his graduate student Rob Carroll, now a Professor of Physiology at the Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University.
- 10.
- 11.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 8–10.
- 12.
Op. Cit., pp. 112–114; Schmidt-Nielsen et al. (1983).
- 13.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 66–68.
- 14.
Bull MDIBL, 1982 Vol 22, pp. 55–58.
- 15.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 68–71; Schmidt-Nielsen et al. (1985).
- 16.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 58–60.
- 17.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 20–23.
- 18.
Op. Cit., pp. 70–72.
- 19.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, p. 12.
- 20.
The 2011 paper was written with her son Bengt and presented at a symposium in Copenhagen in celebration of the 90th anniversary of her father’s (August Krogh) Nobel Prize. This and other talks were published in a single issue of Acta Physiologica (2011, Vol 202, No. 3, July 2011, pp. 213–600).
- 21.
Unfortunately, the specific talks were not published as such. Bodil’s and other’s presentations can be read in a special issue of the Bull MDIBL: “Proceedings of the Symposium on Renal, Fluid, and Electrolyte Physiology in Honor of Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen.”
- 22.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 6–7; Bundgaard and Cserr (1981).
- 23.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 4–5.
- 24.
Op.Cit., pp. 5–6.
- 25.
Bull MDIBL, 1982 Vol 22, pp. 44–45.
- 26.
Op. Cit., pp. 45–46.
- 27.
- 28.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 56–57.
- 29.
Tragically, Helen Cserr died of brain cancer in 1994, due in part to the inability of chemotherapy drugs to cross the blood–brain barrier (e.g., Deeken and Loscher 2007).
- 30.
- 31.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, p. 3.
- 32.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, p. 7; Rappaport (1982).
- 33.
Bull MDIBL, 1982 Vol 22, pp. 7–8.
- 34.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, p. 14; Rappaport and Rappaport (1984).
- 35.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, p. 19; Rappaport (1985).
- 36.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, p. 66; 1989 Vol 28, p. 3. Before 1988, the Bull MDIBL had been published a year after the research was done but was dated for the previous summer. Starting in 1988, the Bull carried the year of publication, not the year of the research. Thus, Vol 27 was published in 1988, but contained the research from the summer of 1987.
- 37.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, p. 11; Devore et al. (1989).
- 38.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 31–32.
- 39.
Op. Cit., pp. 68–74; Swenson and Maren (1984). Erik Swenson had originally worked with Maren in the early 1970s, when the former was an undergraduate at Princeton. He was now a Resident in Internal Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. He will be more formally introduced in a subsequent chapter as a member of the Fifth Generation at the MDIBL.
- 40.
Bull MDIBL, 1982 Vol 22, pp. 49–53.
- 41.
Op. Cit., pp. 72–75.
- 42.
Op. Cit., pp. 76–78.
- 43.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 66–68.
- 44.
Op. Cit., pp. 72–75; Swenson and Maren (1985).
- 45.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, p. 27.
- 46.
Op. Cit., pp. 74–76; Swenson and Maren (1987).
- 47.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 145–148; Swenson and Maren (1986).
- 48.
Op. Cit., pp. 156–158; in collaboration with Stefan Silbernagl from the University of Würzburg in Germany.
- 49.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 62–65; Maren et al. (1992).
- 50.
Taurine, a derivative of the amino acid cysteine, is a major intracellular osmolyte in a variety of tissues, so its transport out of cells can reduce cell volume in invertebrate and vertebrate tissues. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurine.
- 51.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 18–20.
- 52.
Op. Cit., pp. 20–23; Schrock et al. (1982).
- 53.
- 54.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 42–45, 45–46; King et al. (1982).
- 55.
Op. Cit., pp. 64–66.
- 56.
Bull MDIBL, 1982 Vol 22, pp. 15–18.
- 57.
Op. Cit., pp. 27–30; in collaboration with Rolf Kinne.
- 58.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 31–33.
- 59.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 50–51; King et al. (1986).
- 60.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 90–93; Wolff et al. (1987); in collaboration with Rolf Kinne.
- 61.
Op. Cit., pp. 120–122; in collaboration with Rolf Kinne.
- 62.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 98–100.
- 63.
As mentioned in Chap. 8, a calcium ionophore opens Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane, which will increase intracellular Ca2+ concentrations if Ca2+ is applied to the cell’s external medium.
- 64.
Phorbol ester, derived from the plant croton seeds, is thought to mimic the membrane-bound protein diacylglycerol, which activates intracellular protein kinase C, which can phosphorylate various intracellular proteins to produce physiologic effects. Therefore, responses to phorbol esters implicate PKC in the effect, although the specificity of this response has been questioned (Brose and Rosenmund (2002).
- 65.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 122–124.
- 66.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 92–93; Chauncey et al. (1988); in collaboration with Rolf Kinne.
- 67.
Op. Cit., pp. 114–115; Musch and Goldstein (1990); the work on the steps mediating the red blood cell’s response to swelling was summarized at the Schmidt-Nielsen Symposium that summer (Proceedings of the Symposium on Renal, Fluid and Electrolyte Physiology, pp. 65–70) and in McConnell and Goldstein (1988).
- 68.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 62–63.
- 69.
Eicosanoids (e.g., prostaglandins) can be synthesized from membrane phospholipids. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosanoid and Moyes and Schulte (2008).
- 70.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 65–67.
- 71.
Op. Cit., pp.78–79; Musch et al (1990) (in collaboration with Rolf Kinne and Mark Musch). Thus, began a very productive collaboration between Goldstein and Musch, which lasted for the next two decades. Musch had received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1978, working with Mike Field, and as we shall see, was instrumental in the discovery of the intestinal Na+K+2Cl cotransporter by the Field group in the early 1980s. Musch is currently in the Department of Medicine at the University of Chicago.
- 72.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 38–39.
- 73.
For obvious reasons, the Epstein group had a real interest in the availability of dogfish each summer. Hence, Silva collaborated with Katherine Spokes in gathering the catch records for dogfish (numbers and site of capture) from 1973 to 1983 (Bull MDIBL, 1979 Vol 19, pp. 1–2; 1980 Vol 20, pp. 1–2; 1981 Vol 21, pp. 1–2; 1982 Vol 22, pp. 1–3; 1983 Vol 23, pp. 1–2. The catch rate had been extremely variable (23 to 53 per trip) over that period, with total deliveries from 726 (1978) to 1608 (1973) per summer. It appeared that the stock was declining, but the variability precluded any firm conclusions. Of interest is the fact that dogfish for the Laboratory were collected in northern Frenchman Bay, near Hancock point (Fig. 10.3). By the 1990s, fishermen had to go 10–20 miles south of MDI to catch dogfish, and for the past decade the Laboratory has purchased dogfish from the MBL at Woods Hole early in the season, before the sharks have migrated northward.
- 74.
They produced an astonishing 51 Bull MDIBL reports during this decade.
- 75.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 34–36, 36–38, 138–141, 141–143, 145–146; 1981 Vol 21, pp. 12–13, 16–19; 1982 Vol 22, pp. 11–12, 13–14; 1983 Vol 13, pp. 14–17, 42–44; 1984 Vol 14, pp. 42–44, 46–49, 108–109; 1985 Vol 15, pp. 87–89; 1986 Vol 16, pp. 7–8, 23–24; 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 48–49, 76; 1989 Vol 28, pp. 70–71, 81–83, 88–89; 1990 Vol 29, pp. 92–93, 94–95, 98–100; Epstein et al. (1981, 1985), Silva et al. (1982, 1985, 1986a, b, 1987, 1990a, b, 1992), Palfrey et al. (1984), Solomon et al. (1985a, b), Marver et al. (1986), Stoff et al. (1988), and Lear et al. (1992).
- 76.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, 38–39; 1981 Vol 21, pp. 13–14; 1982 Vol 22, pp. 9–11; 1983 Vol 23, pp. 44–46; Silva et al. (1986b).
- 77.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 143–144.
- 78.
Op. Cit., pp. 146–151.
- 79.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol. 21, pp. 103–108; Silva et al. (1983).
- 80.
Bull MDIBL, 1982 Vol 22, pp. 20–23.
- 81.
Op. Cit., pp. 78–80.
- 82.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 12–14.
- 83.
Op. Cit., pp. 46–47.
- 84.
Op. Cit., pp. 47–50.
- 85.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 135–137.
- 86.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 48–49; Silva and Epstein (1993).
- 87.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 126–127.
- 88.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 14–15.
- 89.
Atrial natriuretic peptide, a cardiac myocyte-derived peptide, recently had been shown to be a very potent vasodilator and stimulant of renal Na+ excretion in mammals and other vertebrates (e.g., http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide; DeBold et al. (1981, 1991), Evans (1990).
- 90.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 18–21.
- 91.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 146–149.
- 92.
Op. Cit., p. 17.
- 93.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 9–11.
- 94.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 72–73.
- 95.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, p. 16.
- 96.
Op. Cit., pp. 20–21.
- 97.
Op. Cit., pp. 48–51.
- 98.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 82–83.
- 99.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 75–77; 1981 Vol 21, pp. 3–4, 48–50; 1982 Vol 22, pp. 53–54; 1983 Vol 23, pp. 36–38; 1984 Vol 24, pp. 30–31; 1985 Vol 25, pp. 39, 50–51, 64–65; 1986 Vol 26, pp. 13–14, 163–164, 168; 19887/88 Vol 27, pp. 1–3, 44, 94–95, 98–99, 108–109, 124–125; 1989 Vol 28, pp. 52. 61, 68–69, 80, 84–85; 1990 Vol 29, pp. 67, 68–69; Kleinzeller (1985), Kleinzeller et al. (1985, 1990), Goldstein and Kleinzeller (1987), Ziyadeh et al. (1988), Feldman et al. (1989), Kleinzeller and Mills (1989).
- 100.
Bull MDIBL 1980, Vol 20, pp. 66–68; 1984 Vol 24, pp. 12–13.
- 101.
- 102.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 109–112.
- 103.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 76–80.
- 104.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 17–19.
- 105.
Op. Cit., pp. 19–21.
- 106.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 23–24; Dinsmore (1982).
- 107.
Op. Cit., pp. 24–26; Dinsmore and Maren (1986); in collaboration with Tom Maren.
- 108.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 8–9; Dinsmore (1983).
- 109.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 70–71; Dinsmore and Hanken (1986).
- 110.
But Dinsmore and his wife, who now live in southern Maine, recently have become reacquainted with the MDIBL via the Annual Meeting.
- 111.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 59–62; Shuttleworth (1983).
- 112.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 22–24.
- 113.
Op. Cit., pp. 24–26.
- 114.
Bull MDIBL, 1982 Vol 22, pp. 15–18; Shuttleworth and Goldstein (1984).
- 115.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 28–30, 30–32; Driedzic et al. (1983); in collaboration with his Postdoctoral Fellow, Tony Farrell. Farrell subsequently moved to the Department of Zoology at the University of British Columbia and has had a very distinguished career, currently holding the Chair in Sustainable Aquaculture at UBC. He is the Editor of the Fish Physiology series from Academic Press as well as the Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology, published by Elsevier Press.
- 116.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 32–34; Driedzic and Stewart (1982), Driedzic et al. (1982), Driedzic (1983), and Driedzic et al. (1987) in collaboration with Bruce Sidell from the University of Maine, Orono. Sidell also studied the anoxic tolerance of hagfish cardiac muscle that summer at the MDIBL (Bull MDIBL 1980 Vol 20, pp. 71–74).
- 117.
Bull MDIBL, 1982 Vol 22, pp. 25–26; Driedzic and Gesser (1985).
- 118.
Op. Cit., pp. 26–27; Driedzic and Hart (1984).
- 119.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 86–88.
- 120.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 63–65; 1984 Vol 24, pp. 56–57; Fels et al. (1993).
- 121.
Op. Cit., pp. 65–67.
- 122.
Op. Cit., pp. 79–81.
- 123.
Op. Cit., pp. 18–19.
- 124.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 21–22.
- 125.
Op. Cit., pp. 25–26.
- 126.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 25–27; Kloas et al. (1988).
- 127.
Op. Cit., pp. 22–24.
- 128.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 127–128.
- 129.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 10–11; in collaboration with Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen.
- 130.
Op. Cit., pp. 76–77; Elger et al. (1987).
- 131.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 10–11.
- 132.
- 133.
- 134.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 88–92; Skip Krasny and Dan Halm had joined the Frizzell laboratory as Postdoctoral Fellows at this point.
- 135.
- 136.
Op. Cit., pp. 82–85; Curtis et al. (1984).
- 137.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 81–83.
- 138.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 126–127; in collaboration with Dick Hays.
- 139.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 92–95.
- 140.
Op. Cit., pp. 96–101.
- 141.
Op. Cit., pp. 104–105; much of Mike Field’s research that summer was in collaboration with his graduate student, Mark Musch, and with Ray Frizzell and his Postdoctoral Fellow, Mike Welsh, from the University of Texas Medical School in Houston. Welsh currently holds the Roy J. Carver Biomedical Chair in Internal Medicine and is the Director of the Cystic Fibrosis Research Center and Investigator in the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the University of Iowa. He is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences.
- 142.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 22–26; Rao and Field (1983).
- 143.
Op. Cit., pp. 93–95, 95–99; Frizzell et al. (1981), Musch et al. (1982).This was the first description of a furosemide-inhibited, Na+K+Cl cotransporter across an intact epithelium. Originally described with a stoichiometry of K:2Na:2Cl, it is now known to be Na:K:2Cl and is a member of the NKCC (SLC12) family of cotransporters (Hebert et al. 2004; Gagnon and Delpire 2013). As we shall see in a subsequent chapter, the cloning of NKCC1 (SLC12A1) and NKCC2 (SLC12A2) was subsequently described by MDIBL Investigators.
- 144.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 99–103.
- 145.
Bull MDIBL, 1982 Vol 22, pp. 85–86; Rao et al. (1984).
- 146.
Op. Cit., pp. 87–89; Frizzell et al. (1984).
- 147.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 84–86; Musch et al. (1987).
- 148.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, p. 32.
- 149.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, p. 47; Conrad et al. (1981); in collaboration with Gary Conrad.
- 150.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 26–27; Following MDIBL tradition, the author’s son, Andrew, worked in Edelhauser’s, Zadunaisky’s, and Lowenstein’s laboratories during the early 1980s.
- 151.
Op. Cit., pp. 28–29.
- 152.
Op. Cit., pp. 53–55.
- 153.
- 154.
Op. Cit., pp. 60–62; Ubels et al. (1984).
- 155.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 30–31.
- 156.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 35–37; Edelhauser’s son, Scott, joined the group for the next few summers.
- 157.
Op. Cit., pp. 38–39; in collaboration with Jose Zadunaisky.
- 158.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 12–13.
- 159.
Op. Cit., pp. 14–16; Yee et al. (1987).
- 160.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 53–56.
- 161.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 96–97.
- 162.
Op. Cit., pp. 100–101.
- 163.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp.152–155, 158–160; 1983 Vol 23, pp. 84–86, 86–88, 89–90, 90–95; 1984 Vol 24, pp. 102–104, 105–107; 1985 Vol 25, pp. 58–59, 104–107; 108–110; 1986 Vol 26, pp. 177–179; 1987/1988 Vol 27, pp. 132–133, 136–137; 1990 Vol 29, pp. 58–59; Forrest et al. (1983), Greger et al. (1984), Osswald et al. (1985), Kelley et al. (1990, 1991), Forrest (1996). Much of the work on adenosine and its receptors in the rectal gland was done in collaboration with Grant Kelly, initially a medical student, then Resident, Research Fellow, and Assistant Professor at Yale’s School of Medicine. He is currently a Hospitalist in the Department of Hospital Medicine at St. Joseph’s Hospital Center in Syracuse, NY. Kelly has continued to collaborate intermittently with Forrest at the MDIBL to the present. He is married to one of Al Rieck’s daughters, Ann.
- 164.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 156–157, in collaboration with David Dawson.
- 165.
This study was in collaboration with Klaus Beyenbach, who shall be introduced later. Forrest had been on sabbatical at the NIH in 1981–82, working with Maurice Burg, Joseph Handler, and Mark Knepper. He had some shark rectal glands shipped down from the MDIBL, and he and Mark Knepper determined that perfusion of dissected tubules was feasible. That summer, Forrest persuaded Klaus Beyenbach to collaborate on this first study of isolated, perfused rectal gland tubules (E-mail from John Forrest to author, June 14, 2013).
- 166.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 83–84; 1984 Vol 24, pp. 20–21; in collaboration Linda Farmer from the University of Miami, and with Rainer Greger, who will be introduced in the next chapter, as a member of the Fifth Generation.
- 167.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 84–86.
- 168.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 129–131.
- 169.
Op. Cit., pp. 134–135.
- 170.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 53–55; A high school student, Stephen Aller, had started to work with Forrest that summer. Aller became an important research assistant in the Forrest group (see Chap. 12), eventually earning a Ph.D. in molecular biophysics and biochemistry at Yale in 2006. He is now an Assistant Professor in the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology at the University of Alabama, Birmingham Medical School.
- 171.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, p. 57.
- 172.
- 173.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 137–138; Moore et al. (1993) They also found antibacterial activity in extracts from the stomach, rectal gland, and oviduct from the dogfish. For more on Squalamine, see Zasloff et al. (2011) and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squalamine
- 174.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 107–108; Lagarde et al. (1981).
- 175.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 108–110, 110–112; Weisiger et al. (1984). The clearance of BSP gives a measure of liver function (http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sulfobromophthalein+clearance+test).
- 176.
Bull MDIBL, 1982 Vol 22, pp. 92–94.
- 177.
Op. Cit., pp. 94–96; Karlaganis et al. (1989); Stan Bradley, who had first come to the MDIBL in 1938, collaborated in this work.
- 178.
Op. Cit. pp. 100–103.
- 179.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 71–73.
- 180.
Op. Cit., pp. 73–76; Grossbard et al. (1987).
- 181.
- 182.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 4–5; Ballatori and Boyer (1986) This study began summer collaboration between Boyer and Nazzareno (Ned) Ballatori (Fig. 10.5) that lasted for the next 27 years. Ballatori had received his Ph.D. in Toxicology from the University of Rochester School of Medicine in 1980 and was a Postdoctoral Fellow in Boyer’s laboratory at Yale from 1984 to 1986. He joined the University of Rochester School of Medicine in 1987, where he remained until his untimely death in 2011.
Fig. 10.5 
Nazzareno (Ned) Ballatori and Jim Boyer (ca. 1990). Initially a postdoctoral fellow in Boyer’s laboratory in the summer of 1984, Ballatori returned for most of the next 27 summers to collaborate with Boyer on the biochemistry and transport of toxins by the liver of the little skate and to provide the expertise in toxicology that was important for the Center for Membrane Toxicology Studies at the MDIBL. Photo courtesy of Jim Boyer; used with permission
- 183.
- 184.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 80–82; Ballatori et al. (1988).
- 185.
- 186.
Op. Cit., pp. 116–117.
- 187.
- 188.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 56–57; Conrad and Vernon (1986).
- 189.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 7–8; Conrad et al. (1987); Conrad failed in his attempts to get the mussel, Mytilus edulis, to spawn in the laboratory (Bull MDIBL 1982 Vol 22, pp. 8–9; 1983 Vol 23, pp. 27–28).
- 190.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 1–2.
- 191.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 27–28; Conrad (1984).
- 192.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, p. 81.
- 193.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 8–9.
- 194.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 101–102.
- 195.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 74–75; Conrad (1988).
- 196.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, p. 12; Conrad et al. (1992) For this study, Conrad collaborated with his wife, Abigail, who also had a Ph.D. in Biology from Yale.
- 197.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, p. 47; Conrad et al. (1981).
- 198.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 100–101.
- 199.
- 200.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 122–126.
- 201.
Op. Cit., pp. 126–128.
- 202.
Op. Cit., pp. 128–132.
- 203.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 7–9; Mitra and Morad (1985).
- 204.
Op. Cit., pp. 14–15.
- 205.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 96–97.
- 206.
Op. Cit., p. 100.
- 207.
Op. Cit., pp. 101–102.
- 208.
Bull MDIBL, 1982 Vol 22, pp. 89–92.
- 209.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 50–53.
- 210.
Although Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen had used mammals in her research during the winters in the early 1980s, Laboratory tradition was that only aquatic animals would be used during the summer months, making use of the local species. The agreement was that Morad’s colony would be small and housed in the former restroom in the Marshall Laboratory. Rigorous constraints on the housing and maintenance of mammals, currently dictated by university Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees, were not in place in the 1980s.
- 211.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 54–55.
- 212.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 27–29.
- 213.
Op. Cit., pp. 30–32.
- 214.
Op. Cit., pp. 51–52.
- 215.
Op. Cit., pp. 180–183.
- 216.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 98–99.
- 217.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 88–89.
- 218.
Op. Cit., pp. 112–113; a known K+ channel blocker, Tedisamil is currently being investigated as a potential treatment for atrial fibrillation in humans. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedisamil
- 219.
Op. Cit., pp. 114–115.
- 220.
Op. Cit., pp. 110–111.
- 221.
Op. Cit., pp. 116–117.
- 222.
Op. Cit., pp. 118–119.
- 223.
Morad et al. (1988).
- 224.
- 225.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 114–116; in collaboration with Kevin Degnan from Zadunaisky’s laboratory.
- 226.
- 227.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 50–52; Miller et al. (1982).
- 228.
- 229.
Bull, MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 105–106.
- 230.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 39–42.
- 231.
Bull MDIBL, 1982 Vol 22, pp. 30–31.
- 232.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 39–41.
- 233.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, p. 110.
- 234.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 40–41.
- 235.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 43–46.
- 236.
Op. Cit., pp. 67–69.
- 237.
Bull MDIBL, 1987 Vol 27, pp. 14–15; 1987/88 Vol 28, pp. 106–107; Kidder and Awayda (1989).
- 238.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 36–37; Kidder (1991).
- 239.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 48–50; in collaboration with Nicole Mayer-Gostan from the Station Zoologique, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France.
- 240.
Op. Cit., pp. 117–118.
- 241.
Op. Cit., pp. 120–122, 118–120; Primor et al. (1984); in collaboration with Naftali Primor (an Israeli colleague), John Forrest and Vick Murdaugh.
- 242.
Bull MDIBL, 1982 Vol 22, pp. 103–105; this study, and subsequent work with goldfish, was in collaboration with Jerome Lowenstein, a colleague from NYU, who subsequently became a member of the Fifth Generation at the MDIBL and will be introduced later in this chapter.
- 243.
Op. Cit., pp. 105–106; Wiederholt and Zadunaisky (1984); in collaboration with Michael Wiederholt from the Freie Universität in Berlin.
- 244.
Op. Cit., pp. 106–108.
- 245.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 61–63: Zadunaisky et al. (1989); in collaboration with Evamaria Kinne-Saffran and Rolf Kinne.
- 246.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 86–88; Zadunaisky et al. (1988); John Scheide had joined Zadunaisky’s laboratory at this point as a Postdoctoral Fellow and continued to study the killifish opercular epithelium. He remained with the group until 1989, when he took a position at Central Michigan University.
- 247.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, p. 89; Wiederholt and Zadunaisky (1986).
- 248.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 90–92.
- 249.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 66–69.
- 250.
Op. Cit., pp. 111–113; in collaboration with Alan Charney from NYU and the VA Medical Center in New York.
- 251.
- 252.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 150–151; Wiederholt and Zadunaisky (1987); in collaboration with Michael Wiederholt.
- 253.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 152–153; Scheide and Zadunaisky (1988).
- 254.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 66; Charney et al. (1988); in collaboration with Alan Charney.
- 255.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 153–155, 159–162; 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 88–89.
- 256.
Op. Cit., pp. 169–172.
- 257.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 6–8; Wiederholt et al. (1989); in collaboration with Michael Wiederholt.
- 258.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 77–79; in collaboration with Rolf Kinne.
- 259.
Op. Cit., pp. 86–87; in collaboration with his postdoctoral fellow, John Scheide. Scheide also published a report on the circadian rhythm of the short-circuit current across the killifish opercular epithelium that summer (Op. Cit., pp. 90–91).
- 260.
Op. Cit. pp. 120–123.
- 261.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 28–29.
- 262.
Op.Cit., pp. 36–38; in collaboration with Brahim Lahlou from the Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Nice, France.
- 263.
Op. Cit., p. 46; in collaboration with Alan Charney.
- 264.
Op. Cit., pp. 86–87.
- 265.
Op. Cit., pp. 92–93.
- 266.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 40–41.
- 267.
Op. Cit., pp. 42–43; Fijisawa et al. (1993); in collaboration with Evamaria Kinne-Saffran and Rolf Kinne.
- 268.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 44–45; Ye and Zadunaisky (1992).
- 269.
Zadunaisky (1982).
- 270.
- 271.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 86–88; 1983 Vol 23, pp. 65–67.
- 272.
- 273.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 83–86; 1982 Vol 22 pp. 67–69, 69–72; 1983 Vol 23, pp. 53–57; 1984 Vol 24, pp. 32–34; Hannafin et al. (1983). The research the first three summers was in collaboration with Jo Hannafin who had first come to the Laboratory with Roy Forster in the summer of 1978 and was now an M.D./Ph.D. student at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, where the Kinne’s held academic appointments. Hannafin spent the summer of 1984 winning the Silver Medal in the lightweight double at the World Rowing Championships and is currently Professor of Orthopedic Surgery at Weill Cornell Medical College and Director of Orthopedic Research at the Hospital for Special Surgery. She won the Castle Connolly National Physician of the Year Award in 2013 (http://www.castleconnollyawards.com/hannafin.html).
- 274.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 57–58.
- 275.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 15–17.
- 276.
Op. Cit., pp. 18–20; 1987/88 Vol 27, p. 62; Bevan et al. (1989).
- 277.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, p. 60; in collaboration with Tom Maren.
- 278.
Op. Cit., pp. 76–77.
- 279.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 48–49.
- 280.
Op. Cit., pp. 50–51.
- 281.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 53–55; (Evans et al. 1982b); in collaboration with Aimo Oikari, a visiting faculty member from the Department of Zoology, Helsinki, Finland. That summer, Oikari also studied the effects of brackish water on urinary excretion of ions in the longhorn and the shorthorn sculpin (M. scorpius); Op.Cit., pp. 57–60.
- 282.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 60–63; 1984 Vol 24, pp. 52–53; Evans (1982, 1984a). The latter paper was the first to suggest that, since putative Na+/H+ and Cl−/HCO3 − exchangers are present in the hagfish gill, these ionic exchangers (that are probably used for acid–base regulation in seawater) were probably a “pre-adaptation” in this early vertebrate lineage that enabled NaCl uptake as the early vertebrates entered freshwater after their origin in seawater.
- 283.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 59–61; Evans and Kormanik (1985).
- 284.
Op. Cit., pp. 61–62.
- 285.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 28, pp. 67–69.
- 286.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 39–41; “immunoreactive” refers to the use of antibodies that are specific for a particular protein.
- 287.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 46–47.
- 288.
Op. Cit., pp. 84–85; in collaboration with John Valentich, who will be introduced in the next chapter, as a member of the Fifth Generation.
- 289.
As outlined in the previous chapter, this rather inelegant technique provided the best protocol for studying the hemodynamics and transport properties of the intact fish gill. See Evans et al. (1982a) for a review of then current methods for study of fish gill transport.
- 290.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 50–52; Claiborne and Evans (1981); This and most of the subsequent studies using perfused heads were in collaboration with his former graduate student, J.B. Claiborne, who will be introduced more fully later in this chapter, as a member of the Fifth Generation.
- 291.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 9–11.
- 292.
Op. Cit., pp. 11–12; Claiborne and Evans (1984).
- 293.
Bull MDIBL, 1982 Vol 22, pp. 46–47.
- 294.
Op. Cit., pp. 47–49.
- 295.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, p. 59; Evans and Claiborne (1983).
- 296.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 22–23.
- 297.
Op. Cit., p. 45; in collaboration with Erik Swenson.
- 298.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 166–167; Evans and More (1988).
- 299.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 168–170.
- 300.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 136–138.
- 301.
Op. Cit., pp. 139–141. Evans’s son, Andrew, was working in the laboratory that summer.
- 302.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 84–85; Evans and Weingarten (1990); The use of isolated rings of aortic tissue from various fish species would become a standard procedure in the Evans laboratory after this point. Karl Weingarten was an undergraduate student at the University of Florida that summer. Between readings, Weingarten constructed a picket fence between the Forster and Halsey laboratories, depicting a biological membrane with various transporters and channels inserted into the lipid bilayer (Fig. 10.6). The fence was a fixture at the MDIBL for the next 24 years, before being damaged and removed in the winter of 2012. The remnants are now mounted on the lattice below the author’s deck in Salisbury Cove. Weingarten is now a diagnostic and interventional radiologist in Augusta, GA.
Fig. 10.6 
(a) The author and his student, Karl Weingarten, in front of the biomembrane picket fence that Weingarten constructed between Forster and Halsey Laboratories in the summer of 1988. The largest structure in the membrane is the Na+K-Activated ATPase, with a face opening for photography. Photo courtesy of the author. (b) Painting of Forster Laboratory and the biomembrane picket fence, done by Lilly Forbush for the author in 2005. The painting was from a photo taken by Kathryn Peters just after 9/11, hence, the flag hanging from Forster Laboratory. The steps in the right foreground are to the Gull Shed. Note the largest picket, the Na+K-Activated ATPase. Photo taken by author from original painting, which is owned by the author. (c) The remnants of the biomembrane picket fence mounted on the lattice below the author’s deck in Salisbury Cove (summer 2013). The Na+K-Activated ATPase picket is in the foreground, and a recent addition, the endothelin receptor (done by the author’s graduate student, Kelly Hyndman), is the wider, red picket further down the row. The fence had been damaged and removed from MDIBL property the previous winter, 24 years after its construction. Photo by the author
- 303.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 4–5.
- 304.
Op. Cit., p. 6.
- 305.
Op. Cit., pp. 10–11; Evans et al. (1990).
- 306.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 120–121.
- 307.
Op. Cit., pp. 122–123.
- 308.
Op. Cit., pp. 125–126.
- 309.
Op. Cit., p. 124.
- 310.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 46–48; in collaboration with his graduate student, Thomas Koob, who will be introduced as a member of the Fifth Generation in the next chapter.
- 311.
Op. Cit., pp. 55–56.
- 312.
Bull MDIBL, 1982 Vol 22, pp. 96–97.
- 313.
Op. Cit., pp. 97–99; in collaboration with Tom Koob.
- 314.
Op. Cit., pp. 99–100; in collaboration with Tom Koob.
- 315.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 67–68; in collaboration with Tom Koob.
- 316.
Op. Cit., pp. 78–79.
- 317.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 84–85; Koob et al. (1986a); in collaboration with Tom Koob.
- 318.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 138–139; in collaboration with Tom Koob.
- 319.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 119–121.
- 320.
- 321.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 28–29; Reese and Callard (1991).
- 322.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 37–39; Bullesbach et al. (1987); The nidamental gland is the site of production of the egg case in mollusks and elasmobranch species that lay eggs.
- 323.
- 324.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 27, p. 127; Perez and Callard (1992).
- 325.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 129–130; Perez and Callard (1993).
- 326.
Bull MDIBL 1981 Vol 21, pp. 37–40; 1982 Vol 22, pp. 14–15; Callard et al. (1985).
- 327.
Bull MDIBL 1982 Vol 22, pp. 41–43; Callard et al. (1981); in collaboration with J.B. Claiborne and using the isolated, perfused head preparation, probably the only technique available for this type of experiment at the time.
- 328.
Bull MDIBL 1982 Vol 22, pp. 43–45; Callard and Mak (1985).
- 329.
Bull MDIBL 1983 Vol 22, pp. 41–43.
- 330.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, p. 69; Pudney and Callard (1986).
- 331.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, p. 93; Ruh et al. (1986).
- 332.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 6–7; in collaboration with Madeleine Olivereau from the Laboratoire de Physiology, Institute Oceanographique in Paris.
- 333.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 33–36; in collaboration with Martin Morad’s group.
- 334.
Op. Cit., pp. 40–42; Cuevas et al. (1992).
- 335.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 41–43; Dubois and Callard (1990).
- 336.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 30–31; Cuevas and Callard (1992).
- 337.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 131–132; Cuevas et al. (1993).
- 338.
Op. Cit., pp. 133–134; Dubois and Callard (1991).
- 339.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 89–92; Dawson and Frizzell (1989).
- 340.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 29–31.
- 341.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 26–27; It is interesting to note that, since Dawson was not at the MDIBL in the summer of 1982, he loaned his Ussing chambers to John Stokes, who had arrived that summer to investigate the coupled NaCl uptake by the flounder bladder. As we shall see, Stokes’s work during the summers of 1982–84 provided the first evidence for what is now known as the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter.
- 342.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 94–95.
- 343.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 3; in collaboration with Willy Van Driessche from the Campus Gaithersburg, Leuven, Belgium.
- 344.
Op. Cit., pp. 44–46.
- 345.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 1–4.
- 346.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 108–109.
- 347.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 156–157.
- 348.
Dawson (1987).
- 349.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 14–17; Curtis et al. (1984).
- 350.
Op. Cit., pp. 26–28; They had initially come to the MDIBL in the summer of 1976 and described a single twining event after examining 270 mature female dogfish (Bull MDIBL, 1976 Vol 16, pp. 106–108.
- 351.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 68–71; Bend et al. (1984).
- 352.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 32–34; Driedzic et al. (1987).
- 353.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 71–74; Sidell had received his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in 1975. He was recruited by the Department of Zoology at Orono and quickly became a leader in fish cardiac physiology, in particular the study of the special adaptations found in the heart of Antarctic fishes. He was the founding Director of UMO’s School of Marine Science and maintained personal contact with the MDIBL until his untimely death in 2011. His importance in Antarctic biology was memorialized by the U.S. Geological Survey and the NSF by their naming an Antarctic peninsula the “Sidell Spur,” after his death. For a more complete biography, see Driedzic et al. (2011).
- 354.
- 355.
- 356.
Bull MDIBL, 1982 Vol 22, pp. 3–5; This group had studied bilirubin glucuronidation in fish at the MDIBL in the summer of 1979 (Bull MDIBL 1979 Vol 19, pp. 22–24).
- 357.
Op. Cit., pp. 18–19; Kluger had recently demonstrated that the production of fever in organisms may be adaptive (Kluger et al. 1975).
- 358.
Bull MDIBL, 1982 Vol 22, pp. 64–67; Sloop et al. (1984).
- 359.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 33–36; Northcutt was then, and for the next 25 years, a leader in fish neurobiology (Northcutt and Davis 1983).
- 360.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 76–77.
- 361.
Op. Cit., pp. 77–78; Naftalin had been recruited by Arnost Kleinzeller.
- 362.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 4–6; Wheatly (1987).
- 363.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, p. 35.
- 364.
Op. Cit, pp. 36–38; Rao and Nash (1988).
- 365.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, p. 32.
- 366.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 46–48.
- 367.
Op. Cit., pp. 60–65; Dubinsky and Monti (1986).
- 368.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 73 and 156–158; Siezen (1988).
- 369.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 97–99.
- 370.
Op. Cit., pp. 135–137; Marver et al. (1986).
- 371.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, p. 159.
- 372.
Op. Cit., pp. 160–162 and 163–165; Ziyadeh et al. (1987).
- 373.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 28, p. 40.
- 374.
Op. Cit., p. 44.
- 375.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 68–69; Ziyadeh et al. (1988).
- 376.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, p. 70.
- 377.
Op. Cit., p. 73; Ziyadeh et al. (1992).
- 378.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 47–50; Heath and Hindman (1988).
- 379.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 70–72, 73–76, and 79–83; Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 139–142, 143–146, and 147–148; Place (1992).
- 380.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 77–78; Garvin et al. (1988).
- 381.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 54–55.
- 382.
Op. Cit., pp. 94–96
- 383.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 149–150, 151–152; Nicholson (1988).
- 384.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 30–31; Rice and Nicholson (1988).
- 385.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 165–167; Cohen (1988).
- 386.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 112–113.
- 387.
Op.Cit., p. 36; Render (1989).
- 388.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 70–72; Kraig (1988).
- 389.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 54–55.
- 390.
Op. Cit., pp. 102–103.
- 391.
Op. Cit., pp. 104–105; Newman (1988).
- 392.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 103–105.
- 393.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 102–103, 104–105.
- 394.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 116–119.
- 395.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 7–9.
- 396.
Op. Cit. pp. 42–43.
- 397.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, p. 52; in collaboration with Fuad Ziyadeh and Arnost Kleinzeller; Ziyadeh et al. (1988).
- 398.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, p. 61; in collaboration with Fuad Ziyadeh and Arnost Kleinzeller; Feldman et al. (1989).
- 399.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, p. 64.
- 400.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 14–17.
- 401.
Op. Cit., pp. 20–23.
- 402.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 9–11.
- 403.
- 404.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 22–23; Kleinow et al. (1990).
- 405.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 122–123; in collaboration with Anne McElroy.
- 406.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 135–136.
- 407.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 45–47; McElroy et al. (1991).
- 408.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 109–111; 1990 Vol 29, pp. 106–107; Brown and Andrake (1992).
- 409.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 17–19.
- 410.
Op. Cit., pp. 57–59.
- 411.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 24–25; Smith and Ploch (1991).
- 412.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 32–34; Stoff had played a major role in the initial studies of the perfused rectal gland (see Chap. 8).
- 413.
- 414.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 30–31; Simmons et al. (1991).
- 415.
Beyenbach had joined Helman’s laboratory at the University of Illinois after receiving his Ph.D. from Washington State University in 1974. After 2 years of postdoctoral research at the University of Arizona College of Medicine (in Bill Dantzler’s laboratory) and two more at the University of Illinois, he joined the Department of Biomedical Sciences at the Cornell’s College of Veterinary Medicine in 1978, where he remains. Twenty years later, he wrote what had attracted him to the MDIBL: “The MDIBL offered then, as I hope it always will, a door to the scientific world of ‘big affairs.’ The MDIBL provided participation in intellectual and experimental endeavors of the highest order and it allowed access to people of stature and influence. What is more, there was and still is no better environment for creative thought and work for a young biologist with ambitions in renal physiology. Spared of the nagging interruptions at our home institutions, science received undivided attention at the MDIBL, and it flourished as young and old scientists discarded institutional habits and became comrades in Biology. It was amazing what could be accomplished on an 8 × 8 f. floor space in the old Hegner Laboratory, with unfinished walls but with the door and mind wide open.” (Beyenbach 1998, p. 302).
- 416.
Bull MDIBL, 1978 Vol 18, pp. 51–54.
- 417.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 66–68.
- 418.
Op. Cit., pp. 78–82; Burg had measured iodopyracet fluxes across flounder proximal tubules a decade before at the MDIBL Bull MDIBL 1967 Vol 7, pp. 4–5; Burg and Weller (1969).
- 419.
- 420.
Op. Cit., pp. 45–46; King et al. (1982).
- 421.
Bull MDIBL, 1982 Vol 22, pp. 62–63.
- 422.
Op. Cit., pp. 63–64.
- 423.
The shark rectal gland consists of a relatively homogeneous, radially arranged, series of tubules that form the secretory fluid, which drains into a central lumen and into the duct, which empties into the rectum of the shark [see Olson (1999) and Evans and Claiborne (2009)]. As mentioned in the previous chapter, Forrest had worked with Mark Knepper at the NIH the previous winter, perfecting the perfusion technique.
- 424.
Forrest et al. (1983). These characteristics of the isolated, perfused tubule were also nearly identical to what the Epstein group had recently described for the perfused rectal gland.
- 425.
Frömter was a distinguished biophysicist from the Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik in Frankfort, Germany. A decade earlier, he had described the physiological role of the paracellular pathway between adjacent epithelial cells (Frömter and Diamond 1972). The author remembers Frömter and Beyenbach celebrating Ray Frizzell’s birthday that summer with an old German tradition—banging cooking pots at midnight (Fig. 10.7c).
- 426.
Fifteen years later, he wrote a plea to future MDIBL summer scientists, which is still appropriate: “From inside our own universities where the administrative peripherals for doing science increasingly encroach on work and scholarship, the uncomplicated Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory and the civilized atmosphere that emanates from there appears like an oasis. When you go there, leave your institutional baggage at the airport or the state line and prepare yourself for a place of rich history, lofty minds, biological camaraderie, and unaffected research in a cove for science named Salsbury.” (Beyenbach 1998, p. 312).
- 427.
- 428.
Stokes had received his M.D from Temple University. After 2 years at the NIH National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, he completed his Residency and Fellowship in Nephrology at Washington University (St. Louis) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School. He joined the University of Iowa Department of Internal Medicine in 1978, and became Director of the Division of Nephrology in 1982, where he served until his untimely death in 2012.
- 429.
Bull MDIBL, 1980 Vol 20, pp. 89–92.
- 430.
Bull MDIBL, 1982 Vol 22, pp. 5–7.
- 431.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 2–4; Stokes (1984); As we shall see in another chapter, this finding led Steve Hebert back to the Laboratory in the 1990s to secure flounder bladders for the first (expression) cloning of the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter gene (Gamba et al. 1993). The mammalian cDNA was isolated a year later, by the same group (Hebert and Gamba 1994; Gamba et al. 1994). For reviews of this family of cotransporters, see Hebert et al. (1996, 2004) and for reviews of NKCC vs. NCC, see Kaplan et al. (1996), Hebert et al. (1996), Hebert and Gullans (1995), Hebert and Gamba (1994).
- 432.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 40–41; Stokes (1988).
- 433.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/1988 Vol 27, p. 24
- 434.
Lowenstein has received his M.D. from NYU in 1957, completed his Internship at Montefiore Medical Center and then returned to NYU for his Residency and Fellowship in Nephrology. He is currently a Professor of Nephrology at NYU’s Langone Medical Center.
- 435.
Radioactive rubidium is often used as a substitute tracer for K+.
- 436.
Goldfish (Carassius auratus) are stenohaline—able to tolerate only a moderate increase in external salinity.
- 437.
Smaller fish had to be exposed to 1/4th SW for 6–7 days before transfer to 1/3rd SW for 4–5 days.
- 438.
Bull MDIBL, 1982 Vol 22, pp. 103–105.
- 439.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 28–29.
- 440.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 90–92.
- 441.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 66–69.
- 442.
Eicosanoids are signaling agents that include prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, lipoxins, and leudotrienes, all derived from 20-carbon fatty acids by oxidation, with arachidonic acid as an intermediate. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosanoid.
- 443.
- 444.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 66–69; Lowenstein (1991).
- 445.
Elger and Hentschel were both on the faculty of the Medical School at Hannover, Germany.
- 446.
This was one of the first comprehensive studies of the extremely complex anatomy and physiology of the elasmobranch kidney, initially described by Rudolf Kempton (Kempton 1943), who had worked at the MDIBL in the summers of 1938 and 1939. Kempton’s work was followed by an anatomical study by John Boylan in 1970 (Bull MDIBL, 1970 Vol 10, pp. 5–8, 8–10). The studies outlined in this paragraph will form the basis for a more complete study of elasmobranch renal anatomy by Elger and Hentschel, and also for the physiological studies of Peter Friedman and Steve Hebert, who would arrive in 2 years, as Markey Fellows.
- 447.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 13, pp. 62–63.
- 448.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 62–63; Hentschel et al. (1986).
- 449.
See Table 1 in Evans and Claiborne (2009).
- 450.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 4–8; Elger (1987).
- 451.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 76–77.
- 452.
Op. Cit., pp. 111–112.
- 453.
Greger had received his M.D. from the Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich in 1971 and the Habilitation degree (= Ph.D.) from the Medical University of Innsbruck in 1976. In 1979, he moved to the Max Planck Institute for Biophysics in Frankfurt, where he worked until becoming Professor of Physiology at the University of Freiburg in 1986. Greger remained at the University of Freiburg until a tragic lightning strike on his way home from work in 1999. He died from the consequences of the accident in 2007. Among other awards, Greger had received the Leibniz Prize, the most prestigious scientific award in Germany. See Lang (2008) and http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Greger. Greger’s research on the electrophysiology of the thick ascending limb was instrumental in the model that was emerging during this period. As described by Lang: “In 1979, Rainer joined the Department of K.J. Ullrich at the Max Planck Institute of Biophysics in Frankfurt, Germany, where Eberhard Frömter, Rolf Kinne, and Heini Murer unraveled the mechanisms of renal tubular transport. K.J. Ullrich presented him with an apparent paradox wherein Cl− seemed to be transported by an electrogenic chloride pump in the thick ascending limb, even though this nephron segment expressed abundant Na+/K+-ATPase. It was already known from studies of isolated perfused tubules that Cl− transport appeared to be Na+ independent in this segment. When Rainer repeated the in vitro perfusion reported earlier by M.B. Burg and J.P. Kokko, he found that, indeed, removal of Na+ from the perfusate did not abolish the current. Rainer was, however, not satisfied with the experiment. Instead, he used pipettes made from Na+-free glass to make sure that no Na+ was leaking out from the glass, thus contaminating the perfusion fluid. The use of Na+-free solutions with Na+-free glass indeed abrogated the current. Rainer thus concluded that the paradox was due to the exquisite Na+ affinity of the Na+-coupled Cl− transport, accounting for the persistence of transport in nominally Na+-free solutions. In a series of elegant experiments inspired by the observations of Hans Oberleithner and Gerhard Giebisch in the diluting segment of Amphiuma, Rainer defined the transport systems in the thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop as we read it now in our textbooks: a Na+, K+, 2Cl− cotransporter in parallel to a K+ channel in the luminal membrane; a Na+/K+ ATPase, Cl− channels, and a KCl cotransporter in the basolateral cell membrane; and a cation-permeable paracellular pathway allowing the passive permeation of Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. As he correctly concluded, the passive paracellular cation flux is driven by the lumen positive potential, generated by the luminal K+ channels and the basolateral Cl− channels. By patch clamping the luminal cell membranes in isolated perfused renal tubules, Rainer defined the properties of the respective K+ channels.” (Lang 2008). See also Greger (1981, 1985) and Greger and Schlatter (1981, 1983).
- 454.
- 455.
See also Chap. 8.
- 456.
Bull MDIBL 1984 Vol 24, pp. 20–21.
- 457.
Bull MDIBL 1984 Vol 24, pp. 99–101.
- 458.
Towle had received his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Dartmouth College in 1970, and served as Assistant Professor to Professor of Biology at the University of Richmond (Virginia) before being recruited as the McGaw Professor and Chair of Biology at Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL in 1988. In 2001, Towle moved full time to the MDIBL and served as Senior Scientist and the Director of the Marine DNA Sequencing Center until his retirement in 2010, a year before his untimely death in January 2011. Before his death, Lake Forest College started honoring David Towle by offering the “David W. Towle Undergraduate Research Award” annually to an outstanding undergraduate research student at the college.
- 459.
Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 10–12.
- 460.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 64–65; Towle and Holleland (1987).
- 461.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 80–83; Towle and Kays (1986).
- 462.
Green crabs, like nearly all marine crustaceans are iso-osmotic to seawater, but they maintain their blood Na+ concentrations above that of the environment when placed into brackish water, hence, the need for Na+ uptake.
- 463.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 125–128.
- 464.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 59–61; Shetlar and Towle (1989); Shetlar also collaborated with Tom Maren and Evamaria Kinne-Saffran that summer to identify a Na+/H+ exchanger in brush border membrane vesicles from the dogfish kidney (Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, p. 50).
- 465.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 63–65; Hølleland and Towle (1990).
- 466.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 112–113.
- 467.
Op. Cit., pp. 114–115.
- 468.
Op. Cit., p. 118. Morrison and Shetlar also isolated and expressed in vitro dogfish mRNA that summer (Op. Cit., p. 118) and Shetlar also was in the Kinne and Maren group that characterized a Na+/H+ exchanger in dogfish renal brush border membranes (Op. Cit., p. 60).
- 469.
Koob had received his Ph.D. in biological chemistry from the Washington University School of Medicine (St. Louis) in 1977, undertaken postdoctoral research in the Laboratory of Human Reproduction and Reproductive Biology at the Harvard Medical School, and was then a Research Associate in the Department of Biological Chemistry at Harvard. He moved to the Department of Biology at the University of New Mexico in 1985 and the Shriners Hospital for Children in Tampa, FL, in 1992. In 2007, he joined the MiMedx Group in Kennesaw, GA, where he remains as the Chief Scientific Officer.
- 470.
Bull MDIBL, 1981 Vol 21, pp. 46–48; 1982 Vol 22, pp. 97–99 and 99–100.
- 471.
Cox had received his Ph.D. in population biology from Washington University in St. Louis and completed postdoctoral research at the University of Oxford, England, before joining the biology faculty of Vassar College from 1982 to 1986 and biology faculty at the University of Oregon between 1986 and 1994. He is currently a senior ecologist with HydroPlan LLC in Vero Beach, FL.
- 472.
See Yaron and Sivan (2006) for an extensive review of reproduction in fishes.
- 473.
For a description of elasmobranch egg cases, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_case_(Chondrichthyes); for a video, see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GW_PIXSZrnI
- 474.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 78–80.
- 475.
- 476.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 132–134.
- 477.
- 478.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 109–112.
- 479.
Op. Cit., pp. 113–116; Koob and Cox (1988).
- 480.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 16–17.
- 481.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 124–125.
- 482.
- 483.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 26–27.
- 484.
Op. Cit., pp. 28–29.
- 485.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 16–18.
- 486.
Op. Cit., pp. 26–29.
- 487.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 142–145.
- 488.
Op. Cit., pp. 140–141; Kormanik and Evans (1986).
- 489.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 142–144.
- 490.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 25–27.
- 491.
Op. Cit., pp. 12–13; Kormanik (1989).
- 492.
Op. Cit., pp. 33–35; Evans et al. (1999).
- 493.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 12–13.
- 494.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, pp. 24–25.
- 495.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, p. 31; Claiborne and Evans (1988).
- 496.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 32–34.
- 497.
Op. Cit., pp. 28–30; Claiborne and Evans (1992).
- 498.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 117–118.
- 499.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 4–5.
- 500.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp.44–45.
- 501.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, p. 66.
- 502.
Op. Cit., pp. 60–61.
- 503.
Friedman had received his Ph.D. in Pharmacology from SUNY Upstate Medical Center in 1975, completed postdoctoral research in Lausanne, Switzerland, and Cornel Medical College in New York and joined the faculty in Physiology at the University of Texas Medical School in Houston in 1980. He moved to Dartmouth’s Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology in 1984 and served there until 1998, when he moved to the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, where he remains. Steve Hebert received his M.D. from the University of Florida (where he probably heard about the MDIBL from Tom Maren), completed his Residency and a Research Fellowship (with Thomas Andreoli) at the University of Alabama, Birmingham, served 2 years at the U.S. Naval Regional Medical Center in Portsmouth, VA, and then returned to UAB as an Assistant Professor of Medicine in 1977. Two years later, he moved with Andreoli to the University of Texas Medical School in Houston. In 1984, Hebert was recruited to the renal section of Harvard’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and in 1997, he moved to Vanderbilt University’s Medical Center. Three years later, he was recruited to Yale as the Chair of the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, where he remained until his untimely death in the spring of 2008. For two excellent reviews of Hebert’s career, see Trivedi (2006) and Andreoli (2008).
- 504.
- 505.
As they described: “Peritubular sheaths could be easily identified and dissected from surrounding tissue. The epithelium of one of the nephron segments present in the peritubular sheath had a distinctive cobblestone appearance and was devoid of cilia. 0.2 to 1.5 mm long sections of this segment could be isolated for perfusion.”
- 506.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 128–131.
- 507.
Such an arrangement had been proposed by John Boylan, based upon his work at the MDIBL in the early 1970s (Boylan 1972).
- 508.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 24–26.
- 509.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 128–131.
- 510.
They had now identified this segment as “intermediate segment IV,” as described by Lacy and Reale (1985b).
- 511.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp.61–63.
- 512.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 57–60; This work was supported by the NIEHS grant to the MDIBL’s Center for Membrane Toxicity Studies.
- 513.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 110, 111, and 128.
- 514.
Steve Hebert would return in the early 1990s to extract bladders from the winter flounder, which were used in the first cloning of the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (Gamba et al. 1993). He was also involved as a principal partner in a new mariculture startup company that was incubated at the MDIBL in the late 1990s.
- 515.
In fact, it was only some 5–20 % that reported for the mammalian thick ascending limb.
- 516.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, p. 56.
- 517.
Wondergem received his Ph.D. from the Medical College of Wisconsin in 1977 and joined the faculty at ETSU in 1984, where he remains. He had entered MCW to work with Al Rieck (who had worked at MDIBL for years and served as Director), but Rieck died the next year (e-mail from Wondergem to author, 1 August, 2013).
- 518.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 42–43.
- 519.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, p. 108.
- 520.
Both of whom will be introduced below.
- 521.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 103–104 and 105–107.
- 522.
Op. Cit., pp.105–107.
- 523.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 90–91; HgCl2 decreased the voltage across the membrane.
- 524.
Another member of the Fifth Generation, Valentich will be introduced later in this chapter.
- 525.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 90–91.
- 526.
Bull MDIBL, 1991 Vol 30, pp. 54–55.
- 527.
Mills had received his Ph.D. from Brown University in 1973 and held positions at Temple University, the Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard University between 1973 and 1982 before joining the Department of Anatomy at Dartmouth University in 1982. Between 1991 and 2000, he was a Professor of Biology and in the Division of Health Sciences at Clarkson University (Potsdam, NY). In 2000, he joined the administration at Paul Smith’s College (Brighton, NY) as Vice President for Academic Affairs and currently serves as its President.
- 528.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, p. 39.
- 529.
Op. Cit., pp. 64–65.
- 530.
- 531.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 50–53.
- 532.
- 533.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 13–14; Kleinzeller and Mills (1989).
- 534.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 98–99.
- 535.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 15–17.
- 536.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 84–85; Kleinzeller et al. (1990).
- 537.
Preston had received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Irvine, in 1970, been a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Physiology at Yale University, and joined the Department of Biological Sciences at Illinois State University in 1974, where he remains.
- 538.
Amino acids exist as either of two isomers, called d- or l-amino acids. l-amino acids predominate in proteins in most organisms, but d-isomers may be found after posttranslational modification in some bacteria and animals species. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid#Isomerism
- 539.
In such phyla as Cnidaria, Rhyncocoela, Mollusca, Annelida, and Echinodermata.
- 540.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 100–103; Preston (1987a).
- 541.
Coelomocytes are cells in body fluids of annelids, in this case, which contain hemoglobin. Preliminary studies of these cells had shown that taurine uptake was dependent upon both Na+ and Cl− in the experimental medium.
- 542.
- 543.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 74–77.
- 544.
Op. Cit., pp. 78–81.
- 545.
Charney had received his M.D. from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in 1968 and completed fellowships in internal medicine and nephrology at Yale and Harvard. He joined the Department of Internal Medicine at NYU in 1976, and served as Chief of Nephrology at the VA Medical Center in New York from 1976 to 2005, when he joined Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation. He is currently Senior Director and Clinical Indication Leader at Novartis, but retains his appointment at NYU.
- 546.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 111–113.
- 547.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 64–66; Charney et al. (1988).
- 548.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 88–89.
- 549.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, p. 56.
- 550.
Bull MDIBL, 1992 Vol 31, pp. 60–61; Charney et al. (1993)
- 551.
Swensen had known Maren as a high school student in Gainesville FL and had come to Maren’s laboratory as an undergraduate student from Princeton University in the summer of 1972. After receiving his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego, in 1979, he completed his Residency at the University of Pennsylvania, a Fellowship in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at the University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle, and a Fellowship in Respiratory Medicine at Hammersmith Hospital, University of London. He joined the faculty in the Division of Respiratory Medicine at the University of Washington in 1987 and remains there.
- 552.
Bull MDIBL, 1984 Vol 24, p. 45.
- 553.
See Claiborne et al. (2002) for a general review of acid–base regulation in fishes.
- 554.
Bull MDIBL, 1985 Vol 25, pp. 77–79; a concurrent study by Swenson and Maren (Op. Cit., pp. 74–76) found that, at this concentration, benzolamide specifically inhibited only gill CA).
- 555.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, p. 5.
- 556.
Benyajati had received her Ph.D. from Brown University in 1977, working with Leon Goldstein. After postdoctoral research in Bill Dantzler’s laboratory at the University of Arizona, she joined the Department of Physiology at the University of Oklahoma in 1987, where she remains on the faculty. Yokota had received his Ph.D. from UC Riverside in 1979 and also completed postdoctoral research in Bill Dantzler’s laboratory at the University of Arizona between 1979 and 1986. He then joined the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology at West Virginia University, where he remains.
- 557.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 87–90.
- 558.
Bull MDIBL, 1987/88 Vol 27, pp. 56–58; Benyajati and Yokota (1990).
- 559.
Valentich had received his Ph.D. from the Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1978 and completed postdoctoral research at the University of Cambridge (UK) and the University of Texas Medical School in Houston before joining the faculty in Physiology and Cell Biology at UT Houston in 1983. In 1991, he joined the Department of Internal Medicine at the same institution. He currently lives in Pittsburgh, PA.
- 560.
Which had been used by Greger for his studies; see above.
- 561.
Bull MDIBL, 1986 Vol 26, pp. 95–97.
- 562.
The feasibility of rectal gland cell culture had been shown a few years previously by Linda Farmer (University of Miami) working in John Forrest’s laboratory: Bull MDIBL, 1983 Vol 23, pp. 83–84 and 1984 Vol 24, pp. 20–21.
- 563.
- 564.
- 565.
VIP receptors are coupled to the intracellular, phospholipase C/phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway that had been discovered 2 years earlier by one of Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen’s past postdoctoral fellows, Michael Berridge: Berridge and Irvine (1984). See Chap. 6 for a description of his studies at the MDIBL. See Balla (2013) for a recent review of this important, intracellular signaling system.
- 566.
Bull MDIBL, 1989 Vol 28, pp. 72–73.
- 567.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, p. 35; calsequestrin, as the name implies, is a Ca2+-binding protein in the cell’s sarcoplasmic reticulum that is important in the regulation of muscle contraction; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calsequestrin
- 568.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 84–85: supported by the CMTS.
- 569.
- 570.
Bull MDIBL, 1990 Vol 29, pp. 90–91.
- 571.
Op. Cit., p. 101; Ecay and Valentich (1991).
- 572.
The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl− channel is relatively nonfunctional in a variety of tissues (e.g., lung and sweat gland) in individuals with the disease cystic fibrosis. It is also the apical Cl− channel in such diverse tissues as the dogfish rectal gland and teleost fish mitochondrion-rich, chloride cell. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis_transmembrane_conductance_regulator
- 573.
Bull MDIBL, 1991 Vol 30, pp. 60–62.
- 574.
Op. Cit., pp. 63–64.
- 575.
- 576.
Bull MDIBL, 1991 Vol 30, pp. 65–66.
- 577.
Cyclic GMP is an intracellular second messenger that is stimulated by ANP; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate
- 578.
- 579.
p-glycoprotein, also known as the multidrug resistance protein, is a glycoprotein transporter responsible for excretion of toxins by a variety of cells found in the intestine, liver, and renal proximal tubule. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-glycoprotein
- 580.
Bull MDIBL, 1991 Vol 30, pp. 67–68.
- 581.
Op. Cit., pp. 98–101.
- 582.
Bull MDIBL, 1992 Vol 31, pp. 126–128.
- 583.
Op. Cit., pp. 122–123; Valentich et al. (1995).
- 584.
Forbush had received his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins in 1975 and done postdoctoral research at Yale before joining the Department of Physiology at Yale in 1979, where he is now Professor in the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology. He received the Carl Gottschalk Lectureship from the American Physiological Society, Renal Section, in 2002.
- 585.
Forbush and Palfrey (1983); Bumetanide, a derivative of furosemide, was known to inhibit the Na+K+2Cl cotransporter, so radiolabeled bumetanide could be used to localize the transporter to a particular tissue or cell before antibodies to the Na+K+2Cl cotransporter protein had been manufactured.
- 586.
After receiving his M.D. from Harvard, Benz did postdoctoral research and a Residency at the NIH and joined the faculty at Yale University School of Medicine, where he was serving as Assistant Chief of Medicine when Forrest recruited him to the MDIBL. Subsequently, Benz served as Chief of Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, where he also was the Osler Professor of Medicine. In 2000, he moved back to Harvard as President and CEO of the Dana Farber Cancer Institute, where he remains. He is the past President of the American Society of Hematology and American Society of Clinical Investigation, coauthor of the text Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice, and is currently an Associate Editor of the New England Journal of Medicine.
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Evans, D.H. (2015). Research in the 1980s: The Fifth Generation. In: Marine Physiology Down East: The Story of the Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory. Perspectives in Physiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2960-3_10
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