Skip to main content

Abstract

Clinical auscultation of the human fetal heart began in the late 1800s, and the first reports of fetal arrhythmia detection were published in the 1930s. The detection, diagnosis, and treatment of fetal arrhythmias have since evolved considerably beyond these early observations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Suggested Reading

  • Anderson RH, Becker AE, Wenink AC, Janse MJ. The development of the cardiac specialized tissue. In: Wellens HJJ, Lie KI, Janse MJ, editors. The conduction system of the heart. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger; 1976. p. 3–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buyon JP, Waltuck J, Kleinman C, Copel J. In utero identification and therapy of congenital heart block. Lupus. 1995;4(2):116–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cotton JL. Identification of fetal atrial flutter by Doppler tissue imaging. Circulation. 2001;104(10):1206–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crowley DC, Dick M, Rayburn WF, Rosenthal A. Two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiographic evaluation of fetal arrhythmia. Clin Cardiol. 1985;8(1):1–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrer PL. Fetal arrhythmias. In: Deal BJ, Wolff GS, Gelband H, editors. Current concepts in diagnosis and management of arrhythmias in infants and children. Armonk: Futura; 1998. p. 17–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman AH, Copel JA, Kleinman CS. Fetal echocardiography and fetal cardiology: indications, diagnosis and management. Semin Perinatol. 1993;17(2):76–88.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman DM, Kim MY, Copel JA, et al. Prospective evaluation of fetuses with autoimmune-associated congenital heart block followed in the PR Interval and Dexamethasone Evaluation (PRIDE) Study. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103(8):1102.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glickstein JS, Buyon J, Friedman D. Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic assessment of the fetal PR interval. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86(2):236–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hosono T, Kawamata K, Chiba Y, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of long QT syndrome using magnetocardiography: a case report and review of the literature. Prenat Diagn. 2002;22(3):198–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaeggi ET, Carvalho JS, De Groot E, et al. Comparison of transplacental treatment of fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias with digoxin, flecainide, and sotalol: results of a nonrandomized multicenter study. Circulation. 2011;124(16):1747–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohl T, Kirchoff PF, Gogarten W, et al. Fetoscopic transesophageal electrocardiography and stimulation in fetal sheep: a minimally invasive approach aimed at diagnosis and termination of therapy-refractory supraventricular tachycardias in human fetuses. Circulation. 1999;100(7):772–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Machado MV, Tynan MJ, Curry PV, Allan LD. Fetal complete heart block. Br Heart J. 1988;60(6):512–5.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macones GA, Hankins GD, Spong CY, et al. The 2008 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development workshop report on electronic fetal monitoring: update on definitions, interpretation, and research guidelines. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112(3):661–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin Jr CB, Nijhuis JG, Weijer AA. Correction of fetal supraventricular tachycardia by compression of the umbilical cord: report of a case. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984;150(3):324–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michaelsson M, Engle MA. Congenital complete heart block: an international study of the natural history. Cardiovasc Clin. 1972;4(3):85–101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell JL, Cuneo BF, Etheridge SP, et al. Fetal heart rate predictors of long QT syndrome. Circulation. 2012;126(23):2688.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oudijjk MA, Michon MM, Kleinman CS, et al. Sotalol in the treatment of fetal dysrhythmias. Circulation. 2000;101(23):2371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oudijk MA, Ruskamp JM, Ververs FF, et al. Treatment of fetal tachycardia with sotalol: transplacental pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(4):765.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peters M, Crowe J, Piéri JF, et al. Monitoring the fetal heart non-invasively: a review of methods. J Perinat Med. 2001;29(5):408–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pisoni CN, Brucato A, Ruffatti A, et al. Failure of intravenous immunoglobulin to prevent congenital heart block: findings of a multicenter, prospective, observational study. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(4):1147.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quartero HW, Stinstra JG, Goldbach EG, et al. Clinical implications of fetal magnetocardiography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2002;20(2):142–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rein AJ, Levine JC, Nir A. Use of high-frame rate imaging and Doppler tissue echocardiography in the diagnosis of fetal ventricular tachycardia. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2001;14(2):149–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rein AJJT, O’Donnell C, Geva T, et al. Use of tissue velocity imaging in the diagnosis of fetal cardiac arrhythmias. Circulation. 2002;106(14):1827–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rein AJJT, Perles Z, Nir A, et al. Strain rate imaging is superior to tissue velocity imaging for measuring atrioventricular time interval in the fetus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(6 Suppl A):494A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rentschler S, Zander J, Meyers K, et al. Neuroregulin-1 promotes formation of the murine cardiac conduction system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(16):10464–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt KG, Ulmer HE, Silverman NH, et al. Perinatal outcome of fetal complete atrioventricular block: a multicenter experience. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;17(6):1360–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serwer GA, Vermilion RP, Snider AR, et al. Prognostic indicators for fetuses with in utero diagnosed complete heart block. Circulation. 1988;78(Suppl II):396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shenker L. Fetal cardiac arrhythmias. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1979;34(8):561–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strasburger JF. Fetal arrhythmias. Prog Pediatr Cardiol. 2000;11(1):1–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strasburger JF, Cuneo BF, Michon MM, et al. Amiodarone therapy for drug-refractory fetal tachycardia. Circulation. 2004;109(3):375.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Engelen AD, Weijtens O, Brenner JI, et al. Management outcome and follow-up of fetal tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24:1371–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veille JC, Covtiz W. Fetal cardiovascular hemodynamics in the presence of complete atrioventricular block. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;170(5 Pt 1):1258–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong SF, Chau KT, Ho LC. Fetal bradycardia in the first trimester: an unusual presentation of atrial extrasystoles. Prenat Diagn. 2002;22(11):976–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elizabeth Vickers Saarel M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Saarel, E.V., Fifer, C.G. (2015). Fetal Arrhythmias. In: Dick, II, M. (eds) Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology in the Young. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2739-5_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2739-5_20

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2738-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2739-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics