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Onconephrology pp 131–162Cite as

Electrolyte Disorders in Cancer Patients

Abstract

The spectrum of fluid and electrolyte disorders in oncology patients has some important and distinct features when compared to those of the general population. For example, the constellation of hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and hyperkalemia due to massive release of intracellular contents as seen in tumor lysis syndrome, is observed only in cancer patients. Moreover, hyponatremia is observed with greater frequency in oncology patients, and it’s pathogenesis in this population can be exclusive to the malignancy itself, the chemotherapy given to treat the disease, or rarely, to both. Similarly, hypomagnesemia exclusive to chemotherapeutic agents like cisplatin, ifosfamide, and cetuximab is only seen in cancer patients. This chapter describes the frequency of the most commonly observed electrolyte disorders in the oncology patient and delves into the unique cancer- or chemotherapy-related etiology of these clinical problems.

Keywords

  • Hyponatremia
  • Hypomagnesemia
  • Tumor lysis syndrome
  • Hyperuricemia
  • Calcium phosphate nephropathy
  • Cetuximab
  • Humeral hypercalcemia
  • Hypercalcemia of malignancy
  • Onconephrology
  • Hyperphosphatemia
  • Hypophosphatemia
  • Hypocalcemia
  • Hypernatremia
  • Hypokalemia
  • Hyperkalemia

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Fig. 7.1
Fig. 7.2
Fig. 7.3

Abbreviations

ADH:

Antidiuretic hormone

ATN:

Acute tubular necrosis

AVN:

Avascular necrosis

BP:

Bisphosphonates

CaSR:

Calcium sensing receptor

CrCl:

Creatinine clearance

CRRT:

Continuous renal replacement therapy

eEGFR:

Epithelial growth factor receptor

FSGS:

Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis

HM:

Hypercalcemia of malignancy

HPT:

Primary hyperparathyroidism

IHD:

Intermittent hemodialysis

IL:

Interleukin

MM:

Multiple myeloma

MCD:

Minimal change disease

M-CSF:

Macrophage colony stimulating factor

OB:

Osteoblast

OC:

Osteoclast

OPG:

Osteoprotegerin

PTH-rP:

Parathyroid hormone-related protein

RANK:

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B

RANK-L:

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand

SIADH:

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

SCLC:

Small cell lung cancer

TBW:

Total body water

TLS:

Tumor lysis syndrome

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Suite 1204b, 10065, New York, NY, USA

    Sheron Latcha MD

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  1. Sheron Latcha MD
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Correspondence to Sheron Latcha MD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, Great Neck, New York, USA

    Kenar D. Jhaveri

  2. Nephrology Section, General Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

    Abdulla K. Salahudeen

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Latcha, S. (2015). Electrolyte Disorders in Cancer Patients. In: Jhaveri, K., Salahudeen, A. (eds) Onconephrology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2659-6_7

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