Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Re-enchanting Nationalisms pp 23–56Cite as

International Civil Religious Pilgrimage: Gallipoli and Dialogical Remembrance

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 588 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter argues that global forces can work to re-enchant national identity by examining a new form of transnational commemoration: international civil religious pilgrimage. This pilgrimage rite involves the act of visiting a site sacred within the history of the traveler’s nation but which is located outside its sovereign territory. The cultural significance of this rite for re-enchanting the nation is explored within a study of Australian travelers touring the WWI Gallipoli battlefields in Turkey. This case points to the role of travel experiences and tourist entrepreneurs in propagating new national histories and identities across traditional frontiers, characterized by what Bakhtin (1984) terms dialogical discourses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • ABC News (2013). Turkey threatens to ban MPs from Gallipoli centenary over genocide vote 21 August. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-08-21/turkey-threatens-nsw-parliament-over-armenian-genocide-vote/4903444. Accessed 20 June 2014.

  • Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bademli, R. (1997). Gallipoli Peninsula peace park international ideas and design competition. Ankara: General Directorate of National Parks and Wild Life of Turkish Ministery of Forestry.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakhtin, M.M. (1981). The dialogic imagination: Four essays. Austin: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakhtin, M.M. (1986). Speech genres and other late essays. Austin: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, B. (1972). Place, symbol and the utilitarian function in war memorials. In R. Gutman (Ed.), People and buildings (pp. 327–334). New York: Basic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basarin, J. (2012). “Anzac Da at Gallipoli 2015: balloting-There is a Better Solution” Deakin Speaking, 12 December. http://communities.deakin.edu.au/deakin-speaking/node/413. Accessed 20 June 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bean, C.E.W. (Ed.) (1916). The Anzac book: Written and collected in gallipoli by the men of Anzac. London: Cassell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bean, C.E.W. (1924). Official history of Australia in the War of 1914–18 (Vol II). Sydney: Angus and Robertson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bean, C.E.W. (1952). Gallipoli mission. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U. (1998). Democracy without enemies. Malden Mass: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U. (2000). The cosmopolitan perspective: Sociology of the second age of modernity. British Journal of Sociology, 51(1), 79–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U. (2009). World at risk. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellah, R. (1967). Civil religion in America. Daedalus, 96, 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A critique of the judgement of taste. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourke, K. (1999). An intimate history of killing: Face-to-face killing in twentieth century warfare. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broadbent, H. (2011). ‘Loving Gallipoli (and the role of the Australian media),’ Paper delivered at the Nederlands Institute of Higher Education, Ankara. Online. http://harveybroadbent.com/sites/default/files/articles/17.%20Loving%20Gallipoli.%20Full%20version.pdf. Accessed 20 Jan 2014.

  • Buchanan, R., & James, P. (1998–99). Lest we forget. Arena Magazine, 38, 25–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castles, S., et al. (1988). Mistaken identity. Sydney: Pluto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifford, J. (1989). Notes on travel and theory. Inscriptions, 5, 177–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, E. (1985). The tourist guide: The origins, structure and dynamics of a role. Annals of Tourism Research, 12, 5–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, E. (1992). Pilgrimage centers: Concentric and excentric. Annals of Tourism Research, 19, 33–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, E. (2003). Backpacking: Diversity and change. Tourism and Cultural Change, 1(2), 95–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, R. (2004). Interaction ritual chains. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Connell, R.W. (1995). Masculinities. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curthoys, A. (1999). Expulsion, exodus and exile in white Australian historical mythology. In R. Nile & M. Williams (Eds.), Imaginary homelands: The dubious cartographies of Australian identity (pp. 1–18). Brisbane: University of Queensland Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davison, G. (2003). The habit of commemoration and the revival of anzac day. Australian Cultural History, 23, 73–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F (1987). A thousand plateaus. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, M. (1966). Purity and danger. London: Routldege and Kegan Paul.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Edensor, T. (1998). Tourists at the Taj: Performance and meaning at a symbolic site. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edensor, T. (2002). National identity, popular culture and everyday life. Oxford: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elaide, M. (1963). Myth and reality. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elsrud, T. (2001). Risk creation in traveling: Backpacker adventure narration. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(3), 597–617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fewster, K., Basarin, V., & Basarin, H.H. (1985). A Turkish view of Gallipoli: Canakkale. Richmond: Hodja.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine, G.A. (1996). Reputational entrepreneurs and the memory of incompetence: Melting supporters, partisan warriors, and images of president harding. American Journal of Sociology, 101, 1159–1193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, J., Hodge, B., Turner, G. (1988). Myths of Oz: Reading Australian popular culture. St Leonards: Allen & Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallipoli Litterbug Fallout. (2005). Sydney Morning Herald April 27. http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Gallipoli-litterbug-fallout/2005/04/27/1114462074454.html#. Accessed 20 June 2014.

  • Geertz, C. (1968). Islam observed: Religious development in morocco and indonesia. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1974). The presentation of self in everyday Life. London: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gotham, K. F. (2005). Tourism from above and below: Globalization, localization and New Orleans’s Mardi Gras. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 29(2), 309–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenblat, C.S., & Gagnon, J.H. (1983). Temporary strangers: Travel and tourism from a sociological perspective. Sociological Perspectives, 26(1), 89–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenfeld, L. (1992). Nationalism: Five roads to modernity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, J. (1989). The structural transformation of the public sphere (trans: Thomas Burger). Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halbwachs, M. (1941). La Topographie Legendaire des Evangiles. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halbwachs, M. (1980). The collective memory. New York: Harper & Row

    Google Scholar 

  • Halbwachs, M. (1992). On collective memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Igdemir, U. (1978). Ataturk and the Anzacs. Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, K.S. (1987). Men, women, and war memorials: Anzac Australia. Daedalus, 116, 35–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, K.S. (1998). Sacred places: War memorials in the Australian landscape. Carlton: Miegunyah Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, K.S. (1999). The unknown Australian soldier. Journal of Australian Studies, 60, 8–17. Inglis, K. S. (2005). They shall not grow old. The Age. http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/They-shall-not-grow-old/2005/04/29/1114635733495.html. Accessed 15 Jan 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kapferer, B. (1988). Legends of people, myths of state. London: Smithsonian Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, C. (1996). Questions of travel: Postmodern discourses of displacement. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, M., & Celik, T. (2008). The impact of tourism on economic performance: The case of Turkey. The International Journal of Applied Economics and Finance, 2(1), 13–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, P. (1990). Commitment to their fellows key to tradition. The Australian 26 April: 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lake, M. (1992). Mission impossible: How men gave birth to the Australian nation Gender and History, 4(3), 305–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard, R. (2009). The mystical gaze of the cinema: The films of peter weir. Carlton: Melbourne University Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, P. (2000). Modernism, nationalism, and the novel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lloyd, D. (1981). Battlefield tourism: Pilgrimage and the commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • MacCannell, D. (1976). The tourist. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacCannell, D. (2001). Tourist agency. Tourist Studies, 1(1), 23–38. Macdonald, S. (2006). Mediating heritage: Tour guides T the former Nazi Party rally grounds, Nuremberg. Tourist Studies, 6(2), 119–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malcolm, X. (1966). Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: Grove.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manne, R. (2007). A Turkish tale: Gallipoli and the Armenian genocide. The Monthly February.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, S.L.A. (1947). Men against fire: The problem of battle command. New York: William Morrow & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauss, M. (1969). The gift. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKay, J. (1991). No pain, no gain? Sport and Australian culture. Sydney: Prentice Hall Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKay, J. (2013a). A critique of the militarisation of australian history and culture thesis: The case of anzac battlefield tourism. PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, 10(1), 1–15. Online. Available HTTP: http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/portal/article/view/2371. Accessed 15 Jan 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merton, R. (1936). The unanticipated consequences of purposive social action. American Sociological Review, 1(6), 894–904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noy, C. (2004). This trip really changed me: Backpackers’ narratives of self-change. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(1), 78–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly, C.C. (2006). From drifter to gap year tourist: Mainstreaming backpacker travel. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(4), 998–1017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, J.D. (2001). Witnessing. Media, Culture and Society, 23, 707–723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prakash, G. (1995). Orientalism now. History & Theory, 34(3), 199–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Republic of Turkey (2013). Ministry of foreign affairs press release regarding the motion passed by the legislative council of the parliament of the state of New South Wales in Australia. No: 133, 7 May.

    Google Scholar 

  • Said, E. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Pantheon.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sather-Wagstaff, J. (2011). Heritage that hurts: Tourists in the memoryscapes of September 11. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shils, E. (1975). Center and periphery: Essays in macrosociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, Catherine. (2007). Bonds of war: Tolga Ornek on ‘Gallipoli: The frontline’ and Australian-Turkish relations. Metro Magazine: Media & Education Magazine, 153, 92–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snowden, W. (2012). “Planning for Anzac Day 2015 at Gallipoli” Media Release: The Department of Veterans’ Affairs 26 September: http://minister.dva.gov.au/media_releases/2012/sep/va080.htm. Accessed 20 June 2014.

  • Stanley, P. (2010). Bad characters: Sex, crime, mutiny and murder in the Australian Imperial Force. Sydney: Murdoch.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, P., & Cupper, P. (2000). Gallipoli: a battlefield Guide. Sydney: Kangaroo Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turkey bans Maori war dance for ceremonies (2005). Sydney morning herald. April 24. http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Turkey-bans-Maori-war-dance-for-ceremonies/2005/04/23/1114152365178.html. Accessed 20 June 2014.

  • Turner, V. (1974). Drama, fields and metaphors: Symbolic action in human society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, V. (1979). Process, performance and pilgrimage. New Delhi: Concept.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, G. (1994). Making It national: Nationalism and Australian popular culture. St Leonards: Allen & Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, B. (2007). The enclave society: Towards a sociology if immobility. European Journal of Social Theory, 10(2), 287–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, L., & Ash, J. (1975). The Golden Hordes: International tourism and the pleasure periphery. London: Constable.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, V., & Turner, E. (1978). Image and pilgrimage in christian culture. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urry, J., & Larsen, J. (2012). the tourist gaze 3.0. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vice, S. (1997). Introducing bakhtin. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, L. (1959). The living and the dead. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner-Pacifici, R. (2005). Dilemmas of the witness. In M. Jacobs & N. Hanrahan (Eds.), The blackwell companion to the sociology of culture. Oxford: Blackwell Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner-Pacifici, R., & Schwartz, B. (1991). The Vietnam veterans memorial: commemorating a difficult past. American Journal of Sociology, 97, 376–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward S. J. (2004). A war memorial in celluloid: The Gallipoli legend in australian cinema, 1940–1980s. In J. Macleod (Ed.), Gallipoli: Making history (pp. 59–72). London: Frank Cass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weir, P. (1981). Peter Weir on Gallipoli. Literature/Film Quarterly, 19(4), 213–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, B. (2008a). Enchanting pasts: The role of international civil religious pilgrimage in reimagining national collective memory. Sociological Theory, 26(3), 258–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, B. (2008b). Collective memory and crisis: The 2002 bali bombing, national heroic archetypes and the counter narrative of cosmopolitan nationalism. Journal of Sociology, 44(4), 337–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winter, J. (1995). Sites of memory, sites of mourning: The great war in European cultural history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelizer, B. (1998). Remembering to forget: Holocaust memory through the camera’s eye. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziino, B. (2006). Who own’s Gallipoli? Australia’s Gallipoli anxieties 1915–2005. Journal of Australian Studies, 88, 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sociology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Brad West

Authors
  1. Brad West
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Brad West .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

West, B. (2015). International Civil Religious Pilgrimage: Gallipoli and Dialogical Remembrance. In: Re-enchanting Nationalisms. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2513-1_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation