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Nipah Virus Emergence, Transmission, and Pathogenesis

  • Chapter
Global Virology I - Identifying and Investigating Viral Diseases

Abstract

Nipah virus was discovered during an outbreak of respiratory and neurological disease in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998–1999 involving 276 human cases, with 106 fatalities. Since 2001, outbreaks of Nipah virus disease have occurred almost every year in Bangladesh with case-fatality rates up to 90 %. Human disease is characterized by both respiratory and neurological symptoms; effective vaccines or treatments are currently unavailable.

Two different transmission cycles from the natural host, fruit bats, to humans have been proposed. In Malaysia, pigs functioned as an intermediate and amplifying host and human-to-human transmission was not described. In Bangladesh, Nipah virus is thought to be transmitted via consumption of date palm juice contaminated by bats during collection, with subsequent human-to-human transmission in an estimated 50 % of cases.

This chapter provides an overview of the current knowledge on Nipah virus, with a special focus on the emergence, transmission, and pathogenesis of Nipah virus. Outbreak intervention strategies and treatment options are also discussed.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Anita Mora (DIR, NIAID, NIH) for help with preparing the figures. This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA

    Emmie de Wit Ph.D. & Vincent J. Munster Ph.D.

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  1. Emmie de Wit Ph.D.
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  2. Vincent J. Munster Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Vincent J. Munster Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA

    Paul Shapshak

  2. Infectious Diseases and International He, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA

    John T. Sinnott

  3. Division of Infectious Diseases and Inte, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA

    Charurut Somboonwit

  4. C.W. Bill Young Center for Biodefense & Emerging Infectious Diseases, NIH-NIAID Div. Clinical Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA

    Jens H. Kuhn

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de Wit, E., Munster, V.J. (2015). Nipah Virus Emergence, Transmission, and Pathogenesis. In: Shapshak, P., Sinnott, J., Somboonwit, C., Kuhn, J. (eds) Global Virology I - Identifying and Investigating Viral Diseases. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2410-3_7

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