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Role of Macrophages in the Immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection

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Book cover Global Virology I - Identifying and Investigating Viral Diseases

Abstract

Macrophages have important functions in both alerting and activating the immune system. They have the ability to activate both the innate and adaptive immune responses through their role as antigen presenting cells, presenting viral antigens to immune cells. They can further reduce the viral burden by removing dead and dying cells, and they themselves contain several restriction factors that offer a level of protection against HIV-1 infection. However, macrophages also have a central role in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. Through the secretion of chemokines, they can recruit T cells to the site of infection and provide new cellular targets for HIV-1. They have the ability to harbor HIV-1 in their internal vesicles, and facilitate infection of cells through cell–cell transfer of HIV-1. In addition, macrophages have a long-life span, and through persistent infection and recruitment of cellular targets, they can contribute to the viral reservoir. A viral reservoir is a cell or anatomical site where replication-competent HIV-1 accumulates and persists stably. Additionally macrophages, reside in multiple tissues within the body, including the central nervous system, creating complications for immune detection and penetration of current antiretroviral therapies. The multi faceted role of macrophages during HIV-1 disease pathogenesis makes them important immune cells to be considered in future HIV-1 elimination strategies.

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Acknowledgements

PRG is supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT2). The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution to this work of the Victorian Operational Infrastructure Support Program received by the Burnet Institute. JKF and PRG declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Applied Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, 3000, VIC, Australia

    Jacqueline K. Flynn & Paul R. Gorry

  2. Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Jacqueline K. Flynn & Paul R. Gorry

  3. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Paul R. Gorry

Authors
  1. Jacqueline K. Flynn
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  2. Paul R. Gorry
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Correspondence to Paul R. Gorry .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA

    Paul Shapshak

  2. Infectious Diseases and International He, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA

    John T. Sinnott

  3. Division of Infectious Diseases and Inte, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA

    Charurut Somboonwit

  4. C.W. Bill Young Center for Biodefense & Emerging Infectious Diseases, NIH-NIAID Div. Clinical Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA

    Jens H. Kuhn

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Flynn, J.K., Gorry, P.R. (2015). Role of Macrophages in the Immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection. In: Shapshak, P., Sinnott, J., Somboonwit, C., Kuhn, J. (eds) Global Virology I - Identifying and Investigating Viral Diseases. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2410-3_27

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