Abstract
In this chapter, I first discuss the status of British women in the North American colonies and the status of Native women in their own societies. I describe Christian ministers’ roles in the stereotyping of Native women as “sexual savages” and trace the continued application of these stereotypes in genocidal government actions and in government-church alliances to force assimilation. I then discuss the social messages implicit in popular-culture depictions of Native women that continued to perpetuate these negative stereotypes, contributing to social and governmental disinterest in protecting them. Next, I describe the aggregate impact of these actions by summarizing recent statistics on violent victimization of indigenous women in the USA and Canada. In concluding, I suggest ways that Christian leaders and mental health professionals can reduce this violence through a reconciliation and healing process.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
When describing the indigenous peoples of Canada, I use the terms First Nations and Native, and when describing the indigenous peoples of the United States, I use the terms American Indian/Alaska Native, and Native. Colonial documents typically use the term “Indian,” so when referencing these documents, I use that term.
References
Aboriginal Justice Implementation Commission. (1999). Report of the Aboriginal justice inquiry of Manitoba: Chap. 9—The death of Helen Betty Osborne. Retrieved from http://www.ajic.mb.ca/volumell/Chap.9.html. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Adams, D. A. (1995). Education for extinction: American Indians and the boarding school experience, 1875–1928. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press.
Alaska Native Epidemiology Center. (2009). Alaska Native health status report. Anchorage AK: Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium. Retrieved from http://www.anthc.org/chs/epicenter/upload/ANHSR.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Almeida, D. A. (1997). The hidden half: A history of Native American women’s education. Harvard Educational Review, 67(4), 757–772.
Amnesty International. (2004). Stolen sisters: A human rights response to discrimination and violence against indigenous women in Canada. Retrieved from http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AMR20/003/2004. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Amnesty International. (2007). Maze of injustice: The failure to protect indigenous women from sexual violence in the USA. Retrieved from http://www.amnestyusa.org/pdfs/MazeOfInjustice.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Anderson, S. (2000, May). On sacred ground: Commemorating survival and loss at the Carlisle Indian School. Central Pennsylvania Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.danielnpaul.com/CarlisleIndianSchool.html. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Archibald, L. (2006). Final report of the Aboriginal Healing Foundation, Volume III: Promising healing practices in Aboriginal communities. Retrieved from http://www.ahf.ca/downloads/final-report-vol-3.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Artichoker, K. (2008). Tribal issues. In C. Renzetti & J. Edleson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of interpersonal violence. SAGE. Retrieved from http://knowledge.sagepub.com/view/violence/n518.xml. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Artichoker, K., Mousseau, M., & Cross, J. (2008, March). Violence against Native women is not traditional. Thunder Bird House. Retrieved from http://xene.wordpress.com/2008/03/17/violence-against-women-is-not-traditional/. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Assistant Deputy Minister’s Committee on Prostitution and Sexual Exploitation of Youth. (2001). Sexual exploitation of youth in British Columbia. Victoria: Ministry of the Attorney General, Ministry for Children and Families, and Ministry of Health. Retriev from http://www.mcf.gov.bc.ca/youth/pdf/sex_exploit.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Axtell, J. (1975). The White Indians of colonial America. William and Mary Quarterly, 32(1), 55–88. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1922594. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Bachman, R., Zaykowski, H., Kallmyer, R., Poteyeva, M., & Lanier, C. (2008, August). Violence against American Indian and Alaska Native women and the criminal justice response: What is known? Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/223691.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Barkan, E., & Karn, A. (2006). Group apology as an ethical imperative. In E. Barkin & A. Karn (Eds.), Taking wrongs seriously: Apologies and reconciliation (pp. 3–30). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Ball, D. P. (2012, 15 June). Missing women inquiry hearings end amid cover-up charges from victims’ families. Indian Country Today. Retrieved from http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2012/06/15/missing-women-inquiry-hearings-end-amid-cover-up-charges-from-victims-families-117884. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Balzer, R., James, G., LaPrairie, L., & Olson, T. (1994). Full circle: Coming back to where we began. Duluth, MN: Mending the Sacred Hoop.
Becker, S. (2007). Race and violent offender “propensity”: Does the intraracial nature of violent crime persist at the local level? Justice Research & Policy, 9(2), 53–86.
Bennett, D., Eby, D., Govender, K., & Pacey, K. (2012). Blueprint for an inquiry: Learning from the failures of the Missing Women Commission of Inquiry. B.C. Civil Liberties Association, West Coast Women’s Legal Education and Action Fund, & Pivot Legal Society. Retrieved from http://bccla.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/20121119-Report-Missing-Women-Inquiry.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Benoit, C. & Millar, A. (2001). Dispelling myths and understanding realities: Working conditions, health status, and exiting experiences of sex workers. Victoria, BC: Prostitutes Empowerment, Education, and Resource Society (PEERS). Retrieved from http://www.peers.bc.ca/pubs.html. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Black, M. C., Basile, K. C., Breiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., Walters, M. L., Merrick, M. T., Stevens, M. R. (2011). National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 summary report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/pdf/NISVS_Report2010-a.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Blackwood, E. (1984). Sexuality and gender in certain Native American tribes: The case of cross-gender females. Signs, 10(1), 27–42.
Bonomi, P. U. (1986). Under the cape of heaven: Religion, society, and politics in colonial America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bonvillain, N. (1989). Gender relations in Native North America. American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 13(2), 1–28.
Bopp, M., Bopp, J., & Lane, P. Jr. (2003). Aboriginal domestic violence in Canada. Aboriginal Healing Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.ahf.ca/downloads/domestic-violence.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Bourgeault, R. (1989). Race, class, and gender: Colonial domination of Indian women. In J. Forts, et al. (Eds.), Race, class and gender: Bonds and barriers (2nd ed.). Toronto: Jargoned Press.
Boyer, P. S., Clark, C. E. Jr., Halttunen, K., Kett, J. F., Salisbury, N., Sitkoff, H., & Woloch, N. (2011). The enduring vision: A history of the American people, Volume I: To 1877. Boston: Wadsworth.
Brave Heart-Jordan, M. Y. H. (1998). The return to the sac path: Healing from historical trauma and historical unresolved grief among the Lakota. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 68(3), 287–305.
Brennan, S. (2011). Violent victimization of Aboriginal women in the Canadian provinces. Juristat. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2011001/article/11439-eng.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Brown, S. (1996). Strangers in blood: Fur trade company families in Indian Country. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Bryce, P. H. (1907). Report on the Indian schools of Manitoba and the North-West territories. Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau.
Brzozowski, J. A., Taylor-Butts, A., & Johnson, S. (2006). Victimization and offending among the Aboriginal population in Canada. Juristat: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Retrieved from http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection-R/Statcan/85-002-XIE/85-002-XIE2006003.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Bureau of Indian Affairs. (1918, 29 October). Letter of condolence from Superintendent of the Yakima Indian Agency. Washington D.C. Retriev from http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/influenza-epidemic/records-list.html. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Burgmann, T. (2012, 23 April). 911 operator says police didn’t care: inquiry. The Canadian Press. Retrieved from http://metronews.ca/news/canada/115354/911-operator-says-police-didnt-care-inquiry/. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Burnet, W. G. (1851). The Comanches and other tribes of Texas; and the policy to be pursued respecting them. In H. Schoolcraft (Ed.), Historical and statistical information respecting the history and prospects of the Indian tribes of the United States. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co.
Butler, J. (1990). Awash in a sea of faith: Christianization of the American people. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Campbell, D. M. (2010, March). Puritanism in New England. Literary Movements. Washington State University Department of English. Retrieved from http://public.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/purdef.htm. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Canadian Feminist Alliance for International Action. (2012). Disappearances and murders of Aboriginal women and girls in Canada: Submission to the United Nations Committee on the elimination of racial discrimination. Retrieved from http://fafia-afai.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/FAFIACERDsubmissionfinalJan252012.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Canadian Save the Children Fund, & National Aboriginal Consultation Project. (2000). Sacred lives: Canadian aboriginal children and youth speak out about sexual exploitation. Vancouver, B.C.: National Aboriginal Consultation Project.
Carneiro, R. (2002). Warrior women of the Amazon. Paper presented at the Meetings of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America (SALSA), June 2002, Annapolis, MD.
Carter, S. (1997). Capturing women: The manipulation of cultural imagery in Canada’s Prairie West. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Cave, A. (1996). The Pequot War. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
CBC/Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. (2013, 16 February). RCMP questions claim of 600 missing Aboriginal women. CBC News. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2013/02/16/rcmp-aboriginal-women.html. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Charles, M. (2012, 16 and 20 December). A public reading of the apology to Native peoples of the United States. Reflections from the hogan. Retrieved from http://wirelesshogan.blogspot.com/2012_12_01_archive.html. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Child, B. J. (1999). Boarding school seasons: American Indian families, 1900–1940. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Christ, C. P., & Plaskow, J. (Eds.) (1979). Woman spirit rising: A feminist reader in religion. San Francisco: Harper and Row.
Cler-Cunningham, C., & Christensen, L. (2001). Studying violence to stop it: Canadian research on violence against women in Vancouver’s street level sex trade. Research for Sex Work, 4, 25–26. Retrieved from http://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/iles/research-for-sex-work-4-english.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Cohen, M., & Maclean. H. (2004). Violence against Canadian women. Women’s Health, 4(1), S22–S44. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2096693/. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Coleman, M. (1985). Presbyterian missionary attitudes toward American Indians, 1837–1893. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi.
Crime Investigation Network. (2012). Robert Pickton. Retrieved from http://www.crimeandinvestigation.co.uk/crime-files/robert-pickton/biography.html. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Deer, S. (2004). Toward an indigenous jurisprudence of rape. Faculty Scholarship. Paper 79. William Mitchell College of Law. Retrieved from http://open.wmitchell.edu/facsch/79. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Deer, S. (2010). Relocation revisited: Sex trafficking of Native women in the United States. William Mitchell Law Review, 36(2), 622–683. Retrieved from http://www.wmitchell.edu/lawreview/documents/8.Deer.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Del Mar, D. P. (1998). What trouble I have seen: A history of violence against wives. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
D’Emilio, J., & Freedman, E. B. (1997). Intimate matters: A history of sexuality in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
DeMarban, A. (2010, 7 October). FBI, APD: Sex-trafficking rings target rural girls new to Anchorage. Alaska Dispatch. Retrieved from http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/fbi-apd-sex-traficking-rings-target-rural-girls-new-anchorage. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs. (1883). Rules governing the Court of Indian Offenses. Retrieved from http://rclinton.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/code-of-indian-offenses.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Dobie, K. (2011, February). Tiny little laws: A plague of sexual violence in Indian Country. Harper’s Magazine. Retrieved from http://harpers.org/archive/2011/02/tiny-little-laws/. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Doka, K. J. (Ed.). (1989). Disenfranchised grief: Recognizing hidden sorrow. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Dodge, R. I. (1883). Our wild Indians: Thirty-three years’ personal experience among the red men of the great West. Hartford, CT: A.D. Worthington & Company. Retrieved from http://archive.org/stream/indiansourwildth00dodgrich/indiansourwildth00dodgrich_djvu.txt. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Dominion of Canada. (1899). Annual report of the Department of Indian Affairs. Ottawa, ON: Collections Canada. Retriev from http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/indianaffairs/001074-119.01-e.php?page_id_nbr=6558PHPSESSID=2a9ndus6aa27ekve5d0ib76250. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Downame, J. (1633). The Christian warfare against the devil, world, and flesh. In F. Luttmer. Retrieved from http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/260down.html. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Farley, M., & Lynne, J. (2005). Prostitution of indigenous women: Sex inequality and the colonization of Canada’s Aboriginal women. Fourth World Journal, 6(1), 21–29. Retrieved from http://www.rapereliefshelter.bc.ca/learn/resources/prostitution-indigenous-women-sex-inequality-and-colonization-canadas-first-nations-. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Fawcett, J., Starr, K., & Patel, A. (2008, December). Now that we know: Findings and recommendations from the Washington State Domestic Violence Fatality Review. Seattle, WA: Washington State Coalition Against Domestic Violence. Retriev from http://www.wscadv.org/docs/08_FR_report.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Fear-Segal, J. (n.d.). Map: Remaining buildings of Carlisle Indian School at U.S. Army War College. Retrieved from http://www.uea.ac.uk/~p842/remainingbldgs.htm. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Fischer, K. (2002). Suspect relations: Sex, race, and resistance in colonial North Carolina. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Fournier, S., & Crey, E. (1997). Stolen from our embrace: The abduction of First Nations children and the restoration of Aboriginal communities. Madeira Park, BC: Douglas & McIntyre.
Franklin, C. W. II. (1984). The changing definition of masculinity. New York: Plenum.
Frey, C. H. (2001). For(e)knowledge of youth: Malaeska: The Indian wife of the White Hunter. The Alan Review, 28(3). Retrieved from http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ALAN/v28n3/frey.html. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Fritz, H. E. (1960). The making of Grant’s Peace Policy. Chronicles of Oklahoma, 37. Retrieved from http://digital.library.okstate.edu/chronicles/v037/v037p411.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Gilchrist, K. (2010). “Newsworthy” victims? Exploring differences in Canadian local press coverage of missing/murdered Aboriginal and White women (online preprint). Feminist Media Studies, 10(4), 373–390. Retrieved from http://ipsmo.files.wordpress.com/2010/12/newsworthy-victims-gilchrist-2010-missing-murdered-aboriginal-women.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Gonzales, J. (1999). Native American survivors. In California Coalition Against Sexual Assault (Ed.), Support for survivors manual. Sacramento, CA: California Coalition Against Sexual Assault.
Gover, K. (2000). Remarks of Kevin Gover, Assistant Secretary-Indian Affairs: Address to tribal leaders. Journal of American Indian Education, 39(2). Retrieved from http://jaie.asu.edu/v39/V39I2A1.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Green, R. (1975). The Pocahontas perplex: The image of Indian women in American culture. The Massachusetts Review, 16(4), 698–714.
Greenfeld, L. A., & Smith, S. K. (1999). American Indians and crime. Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. Retrieved from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/aic.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Gregg, J. (1844). Chapter 15, Indians of the prairies. In Commerce of the prairies (Vol. 2). Retrieved from Kansas Collection Books http://www.kancoll.org/books/gregg/gr_ch15_2.htm. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Grumet, R. S. (1980). Sunksquaws, shamans, and tradeswomen: Middle Atlantic coastal Algonkian women during the 17th and 18th centuries. In M. Etienne & E. Woodcock (Eds.), Women and colonization: Anthropological perspectives. New York: Praeger.
Gunn Allen, P. (1992). The sacred hoop: Recovering the feminine in American Indian traditions. Boston: Beacon Press.
Gutiérrez, R. (1991). When Jesus came, the corn mothers went away: Marriage, sexuality, and power in New Mexico, 1500–1846. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Hickok-Wall, E. (2010, 30 April). Catholic Church issues apology to Menominees for sins committed during Boarding School Era. Shawano Leader. Retrieved from http://www.indianz.com/News/2010/019563.asp. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Hooker, D. A., & Czajkowski, A. P. (2012). Transforming historical harms. Coming to the Table: Eastern Mennonite University Center for Justice and Peacebuilding. Retrieved from http://s3.amazonaws.com/cttt/assets/164/CTTT_TransformingHistoricalHarms_manual_web_original.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Hopkins, D. (2002). The greatest killer: Smallpox in history. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hopkins, K. (2010, 2 December). ‘I can’t get my sister back:’ Investigators warn of sex traffickers targeting Natives. Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved from http://community.adn.com/adn/node/154636. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Hoxie, F. (1989). A final promise: The campaign to assimilate the Indians, 1880–1920. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Human Rights Watch. (2013). Those who take us away: Abusive policing and failures in protection of indigenous women and girls in Northern British Columbia, Canada. Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/canada0213webwcover_0.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Hurtado, A. (1988). Indian survival on the California frontier. New York: Vail-Ballou Press.
Hyde, L. (Ed.) (2002). The essays of Henry D. Thoreau: Selected and edited by Lewis Hyde. New York: North Point Press.
Hyer, S. (1990). One house, one voice, one heart: Native American education at the Santa Fe Indian School. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press.
Hylton, J. H. (2002). Aboriginal sexual offending in Canada. Ottawa, ON: Aboriginal Healing Foundation.
ICTMN Staff. (2011, 28 October). Halloween horror show: The sexualized Indian maiden, same as she ever was. Indian Country Today. Retrieved from http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/gallery/photo/halloween-horror-show%3A-the-sexualized-indian-maiden%2C-same-as-she-ever-was-60177. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Indigenous Peoples Issues & Resources. (2013, 15 April). On this day: Grant’s ‘Indian Peace Policy’. Washington DC: Department of the Interior. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/indigenouspeoplesissues?ref=streamhe_location=timeline. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Institute for Government Research. (1928). The problem of the Indian Administration. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press. Retrieved from http://tm112.community.uaf.edu/files/2010/09/b_meriam_letter.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Jacoby, K. (2008). Shadows at dawn: A borderlands massacre and the violence of history. Retrieved from http://dl.lib.brown.edu/repository2/repoman.php?verb=render_xsltid=1227634538639017.xml&view=1226416901875000.xsl&colid=55. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Jaimes, M. A., & Halsey, T. (1997). American Indian women: At the center of indigenous resistance in contemporary North America. In A. McClintock, A. Mufti, & E. Shohat (Eds.), Dangerous liaisons: Gender, nation, and postcolonial perspectives. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Jensen, D. (2004). The culture of make believe. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Company.
Jezierski, M. B. (2001). Family violence: Helping survivors and abusers—A manual for faith communities. Retrieved from http://www.mincava.edu. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Jiwani, Y. (2009). Symbolic and discursive violence in media representations of Aboriginal missing and murdered women. In D. Weir & M. Guggisberg (Eds.), Violence in hostile contexts E-Book. Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press. Retrieved from http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/ptb/hhv/vcce/vch7/Jiwani%20paper.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Jiwani, Y., & Young, M. L. (2006). Missing and murdered women: Reproducing marginality in news discourses. Canadian Journal of Communication, 31(4), 895–917. Retrieved from http://www.cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/viewFile/1825/1932. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Johnson, A. (2012). A perfect storm. Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 43(2), 617–710.
Johnson, E., & Craven, J. (2000). Comments by Eugene Johnson (Siletz) and Jim Craven (Blackfoot) from AP report by Matt Kelly, September ’00 Indian Affairs head makes ‘apology.’ Retrieved from http://www.chgs.umn.edu/histories/victims/nativeAmerican/pdf/Revised_Apology.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Johnston, A. (1908). Myths and facts of the American Revolution: A commentary on United States history as it is written. Toronto: William Briggs. Retrieved from http://www.archive.org/stream/mythsandfactsam01johngoog/mythsandfactsam01johngoog_djvu.txt. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Joint Committee on Printing. (1909). The abridgment 1908: Containing the annual message of the President of the United States to the two Houses of Congress, 60th Congress, 2nd session (Vol. 2). Washington DC: Washington Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://google.com/books?id=YcYXAQAAMAAJprintsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Karlsen, C. F. (1998). The devil in the shape of a woman: Witchcraft in colonial New England. London: Norton & Company.
Keller, R. H. (1983). American Protestantism and United States Indian policy, 1869–1882. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
King, L. B. (2011, 3 December). A tree fell in the forest: The U.S. apologized to Native Americans and no one heard a sound. Indian Country Today. Retrieved from http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/opinion/a-tree-fell-in-the-forest%3A-the-u.s.-apologized-to-native-americans-and-no-one-heard-a-sound-65750. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Koch, R. G. (2001, Winter). Orasmus Turner. Crooked Lake Review. Retrieved from http://www.crookedlakereview.com/authors/turner.html. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Landis, B. (1996a). Carlisle Indian Industrial School history. Retrieved from http://home.epix.net/~landis/histry.html. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Landis, B. (1996b). How an Indian girl might tell her own story if she had the chance. Transcribed from The Indian Helper, October 18, 1899 to December 20, 1899. Carlisle, PA: Carlisle Indian Industrial School. Unpublished, quoted with permission of the author.
LaPointe, C. (1987). Boarding schools teach violence. Plainswoman, 10(4), 3–4.
LaRoque, E. (1990, 5 February). Written presentation to Aboriginal Justice Inquiry Hearings, quoted in Manitoba, Chap. 13: Aboriginal women, The Justice System and Aboriginal people. Retrieved from http://www.ajic.mb.ca/volumel/Chap.13.html#3. Accessed 15 May 2013.
LaRoque, E. (1994). Violence in Aboriginal Communities. Ottawa, ON: Royal Commissions on Aboriginal Peoples. Retrieved from http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/H72-21-100-1994E.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
LaRoque, E. (1996). The colonization of a Native woman scholar. In C. Miller & P. Chuchryk (Eds.), Women of the First Nations: Power, wisdom, and strength. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
Lawson, J. (1709). A New Voyage to Carolina. In Documenting the American South. Chapel Hill: Academic Affairs Library, University of North Carolina (originally published in 1709, electronic version posted in 2001). Retriev from http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/lawson/lawson.html. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Levan, M. B. (2003). Creating a framework for the wisdom of the community: Review of victim services in Nunavut, Northwest and Yukon Territories. Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada. Retriev from http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/pi/rs/rep-rap/2003/rr03_vic3/rr03_vic3.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Lheidli T’enneh First Nation, Carrier Sekani Family Services, Carrier Sekani Tribal Council, Prince George Native Friendship Center, & Prince George Nechako First Nations Employment and Training Association. (2006). The Highway of Tears symposium recommendations report. Retrieved from http://www.ubcic.bc.ca/files/PDF/highwayoftearsfinal.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Library of Congress. (2010). America as a religious refuge: The seventeenth century. Religion and the founding of the American Republic. Retrieved from http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel01.html. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Linsey, D. F. (1995). Indians at Hampton Institute, 1877–1923. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Luttmer, F. (1999). The Devil, history, and Studia humanitatis: Mortar Board last lecture. Hanover, MA: Hanover College. Retrieved from http://history.hanover.edu/news/llfl99.html. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Lux, M. (1992). Prairie Indians and the 1918 influenza epidemic. Native Studies Review, 8(1), 23–33. Retrieved from http://iportal.usask.ca/docs/Native_studies_review/v8/issue1/pp23-33.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Lynne, J. (1998, August 17). Colonialism and the sexual exploitation of Canada’s First Nations women. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association 106th Annual Convention, San Francisco, CA.
MacGillivray, A., & Comaskey, B. (1999). Black eyes all of the time: Intimate violence, Aboriginal women, and the justice system. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
MacLachlan, M., & Suttles, W. (1999). Fort Langley journals, 1827–1830 (pp. 189–190). Vancouver, BC: University of Vancouver Press.
MacLeitch, G. (2011). Imperial entanglements: Iroquois change and persistence on the frontiers of empire. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Mann, B. (2000). Iroquoian women: The gantowisas. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
Marr, C. J. (2004) Assimilation through education: Indian boarding schools in the Pacific Northwest. Retrieved from http://content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/marr.html#author. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Matthews, N., Farley, M., Lopez, G., Deer, S., & Stark, C. (2011). Garden of truth: The prostitution and trafficking of Native women in Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Indian Women’s Sexual Assault Coalition and Prostitution Research & Education. Retrieved from http://www.miwsac.org/images/stories/garden%20of%20truth%20final%20project%20web.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Mayer, F. H. (1958). The buffalo harvest. Denver: Sage Books.
McBride, R. (Producer). (2011, 3 March). Stones in the backpack: The burden of teenage prostitution, Part 3 [Television broadcast]. Retrieved from http://www.wsbt.com/news/ktuu-stones-in-the-backpack-part-3-030311,0,4547320.story. Accessed 15 May 2013.
McClure, P. F. (1919). Bishop Hare address at the biennial meeting of the State Historical Society. Pierre, SD: Hippue Printing Company. Retrieved from (South Dakota Historical Collections). http://www.archive.org/stream/reporthistorical10soutuoft/reporthistorical10soutuoft_djvu.txt. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Media Smarts. (2011). Common portrayals of Aboriginal people. Ottawa, ON: Canada’s Center for Media and Digital Literacy. Retrieved from http://mediasmarts.ca/diversity-media/aboriginal-people/common-portrayals-aboriginal-people. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Medicine, B. (1983). Warrior women: Sex role alternatives for Plains Indian women. In P. Albers & B. Medicine (Eds.), The hidden half: Studies of Plains Indian women. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Mies, M. (1998). Patriarchy and capital accumulation on a world scale: Women in the international division of labor. New York: Zed Books Ltd.
Milloy, J. S. (1999). A national crime: The Canadian government and the residential school system, 1879 to 1986. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
Moore, J. (1991). The developmental cycle of Cheyenne polygyny. American Indian Quarterly, 15(3), 331.
Morrison, K. M. (1974). That art of coyning Christians: John Eliot and the praying Indians of Massachusetts. Ethnohistory, 21(1), 77–92.
Native Women’s Association of Canada (NWAC). (2010a). Fact sheet: Missing and murdered Aboriginal women and girls in Alberta. Retrieved from http://www.nwac.ca/sites/default/files/imce/FACT%20SHEET_AB.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Native Women’s Association of Canada (NWAC). (2010b). Fact sheet: Missing and murdered Aboriginal women and girls in British Columbia. Retrieved from http://www.nwac.ca/sites/default/files/imce/FACT%20SHEET_BC.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Native Women’s Association of Canada (NWAC). (2010c). Fact sheet: Missing and murdered Aboriginal women and girls in Manitoba. Retrieved from http://www.nwac.ca/sites/default/files/imce/FACT%20SHEET_MB.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Native Women’s Association of Canada (NWAC). (2010d). What their stories tell us: Research findings from the sisters in spirit initiative. Retrieved from http://www.nwac.ca/sites/default/files/imce/2010_NWAC_SIS_Report_EN.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Native Women’s Association of Canada (NWAC). (2013, 17 February). NWAC shocked with recent RCMP comments on CBC. Retrieved from http://www.nwac.ca/press-release-immediate-release-29. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Native Women’s Association of Canada (NWAC), Canadian Feminist Alliance for International Action (CFAIA), & University of Miami School of Law Human Rights Clinic. (2012). Missing and murdered Aboriginal women and girls in British Columbia, Canada. Briefing paper, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 144th Period of Sessions. Retrieved from >http://www.nwac.ca/sites/default/files/imce/IACHR%20Canada%20Briefing%20Paper%20March%2028,%202012.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Noriega, J. (1992). American Indian education in the United States: Indoctrination for subordination to colonialism. In M.A. Jaimes (Ed.), The state of Native America: Genocide, race, and resistance. Cambridge, MA: South End Press.
Northrup, J. (1993). Ditched. Walking the rez road. Minneapolis: Voyageur Press.
Norton, M. B. (2002). In the devil’s snare: The Salem witchcraft crisis of 1692. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Norton, M. B., & Alexander, R. M. (1996). The impact of Christianity on Native women. In R. M. Alexander & M. B. Norton (Eds.), Major problems in American women’s history (2nd ed., pp. 20–45). Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.
O’Brien, S. (1989). American Indian tribal governments. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
O’Donnell, V., & Wallace, S. (2011). First Nations, Métis, and Inuit women. Statistics Canada. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-503-x/2010001/article/11442-eng.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Parker, W. T. (1918). Personal experiences among our North American Indians from 1867 to 1885: Supplement. Northampton, MA: Author. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=FuFyAAAAMAAJpg=PA39dq=William+Thornton+Parker&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YPyCUfLnFMS7ygHrpICYCg&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCA. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Parkman, F. (1865). The Jesuits in North America in the seventeenth century. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved from http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/6933/pg6933.html. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Pearce, M. (2013, September). An awkward silence: Missing and murdered vulnerable women and the Canadian Justice System (dissertation). Common Law Section, Faculty of Law, University of Ottawa. Retrieved from http://www.ruor.uottawa.ca/en/handle/10393/26299?show=full. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Perkel, C. (2013, 18 February). At least 3,000 aboriginal children died in residential schools, research shows. The Canadian Press. Retrieved from http://m.theglobeandmail.colm/news/politics/at-least-3000-aboriginal-children-died-in-residential-schools-research-shows/article8786118/?service=mobile. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Perry S. W. (2004, December). American Indians and crime—A BJS statistical profile 1992–2002. Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. Retrieved from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/aic02.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Perry, S. W. (2012, October). Tribal crime data collection activities, 2012. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/tcdca12.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Pierce, A. (2009). Shattered hearts: The commercial sexual exploitation of American Indian women and girls in Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Indian Women’s Resource Center.
Pierce, A. (2011). American Indian adolescent girls—Vulnerability to sex trafficking. American Indian/Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 19(1), 37–56. Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/EJ970439.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Plane, A. M. (1993). The examination of Sarah Ahhaton: The politics of adultery in an Indian town of 17th century Massachusetts. In P. Benes (Ed.), Algonquins of New England past and present (pp. 1–12). Boston: Boston University Press.
Plane, A. M. (2000). Colonial intimacies: Indian marriage in early New England. Ithaca, NY: Cornell.
Poupart, L. (2003). The familiar face of genocide: Internalized oppression among American Indians. Hypatia, 18(2), 86–100. Retrieved from http://www.public.asu.edu/~asmfc/18.2poupart.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Pratt, R. (1973). The advantages of mingling Indians with Whites. In F. Prucha (Ed.), Americanizing the American Indians: Writings by the “friends of the Indian” 1880–1990. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Presbyterian Church in Canada. (2013). Why truth and reconciliation matters to Presbyterians. Retrieved from http://presbyterian.ca/healing/. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Proulx, J., & Perrault, S. (2000). No place for violence. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Fernwood.
Project Coe. (2011). Native Americans in video games: Racism, stereotypes, & the digitized Indian. Retrieved from http://www.projectcoe.com/2011/04/04/native-americans-in-video-games-racism-stereotypes-and-progress/. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Prucha, F. P. (1986). The Great Father: The United States government and the American Indians. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Quinn, A. (2007). Reflections on intergenerational trauma: Healing as a critical intervention. First Peoples Child & Family Review, 3(4), 72–82. Retrieved from http://fncaringsociety.com/sites/default/files/online-journal/vol3num4/Quinn_pp72.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Rahill, P. J. (1953). The Catholic Indian missions and Grant’s Peace Policy 1870–1884. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press. Retrieved from http://archive.org/details/catholicindianmi013196mbp. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Ray, C. M. (2013, 7 May). Letters detail alleged Church abuse. South Dakota Public Broadcasting. Retrieved from http://listen.sdpb.org/post/letters-detail-alleged-church-sex-abuse. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Rennison, C. M. (2001). Violent victimization and race, 1993–98. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/vvr98.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Rennison, C. M. (2002). Hispanic victims of violent crime, 1993–2000. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/hvvc00.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Reuther, R. (1983). Sexism and God-talk: Toward a feminist theology. Boston: Beacon Press.
Roach, M. K. (2004). The Salem witch trials: A day by day chronicle of a community under siege. Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade Publishing.
Roesch Wagner, S. (1986). The untold story of the Iroquois influence on early feminists. On the Issues (Winter). Retrieved from http://www.feminist.com/resources/artspeech/genwom/iroquoisinfluence.html. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Rolston, A. (2010). Highway of Tears revisited. Ryerson Review of Journalism, Summer. Retrieved from http://www.rrj.ca/m8461. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Rowlandson, M. (1682/1974). A narrative of the captivity and removes of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson. Temecula, CA: Reprint Services Corporation.
Salmon, M. (2000). The limits of independence. In N. F. Cott (Ed.), No small courage: A history of women in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sands, K. M. (1992). Indian women’s personal narrative: Voices past and present. In M. Cully (Ed.), American Women’s Autobiography: Fea[s]ts of memory. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Schatz, D. (2010). Unsettling the politics of exclusion: Aboriginal activism and the Vancouver Downtown Eastside. Annual Meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, June 23, Montreal, QC. Retrieved from http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2010/Schatz.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Schereschewsky, J. W. (1913). Trachoma among the Indians. Journal of the American Medical Association, 61(13), 1113–1116. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books/about/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Associat.html?id=dbAhAQAAMAAJ. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Secretary of the Interior (1908). Reports of the Department of the Interior for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, Administrative reports, Volume II, Indian affairs. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=YUMwAQAAMAAJ&lpg=PA55&ots=6JRr7VNfii&dq=indian%20appropriations%20act%201908&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q=indian%20appropriations%20act%201908&f=false. Accessed 4 Feb 2015.
Sethi, A. (2007). Domestic sex trafficking of Aboriginal girls in Canada: Issues and implications. First Peoples Child & Family Review, 3, 57–71. Retrieved from http://www.fncaringsociety.com/sites/default/files/online-journal/vol3num3/Sethi_57.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Silva, C. (2011). Miraculous plagues: An epidemiology of early New England narrative. New York: Oxford University Press.
Simmons, P. (2009). Intraracial crime. In H. Greene & S. Gabbidon (Eds.), Encyclopedia of race and crime (pp. 398–400). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. doi:10.4135/9781412971928.n161.
Sisterwatch Project, & Women’s Memorial March Committee. (2011). The tragedy of missing and murdered Aboriginal women in Canada. Vancouver Police Department. Retrieved from http://vancouver.ca/police/assets/pdf/reports-policies/missing-murdered-aboriginal-women-canada-report.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Slotkin, R. (1973). Regeneration through violence: The mythology of the American frontier 1600–1860. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
Smith, A. (2004). Boarding school abuses, human rights, and reparations. Social Justice. Retrieved from http://www.thefreelibrary.com/_/print/PrintArticle.aspx?id=136652504. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Smith, A. (2005). Conquest: Sexual violence and American Indian genocide. Cambridge, MA: South End Press.
Smith, A. (2007). Soul wound: The legacy of Native American schools. Amnesty International Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.amnestyusa.org/node/87342. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Smith, A. & Ross, L. (2004). Introduction: Native women and State violence. Social Justice, 31(4), 1.
Society of Jesus, LeJeune, P., Thwaites, R. G., & Bolin, S. (2012). The Jesuit relations and allied documents: Travels and explorations of the Jesuit missionaries in New France (Vol. 18). Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books/download/The_Jesuit_relations_and_allied_document.pdf?id=ZD4OAAAAYAAJoutput=pdf & sig=ACfU3U0mQoNlMopuefK8omrehNri6-9pQg. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Sonnichsen, C. L. (1978). From Hopalong to Hud: Thoughts on Western fiction. College Station: Texas A & M University Press.
Spencer, H. (1896). The principles of ethics (Vol. 1). New York: D. Appleton & Company. Retrieved from http://library.mises.org/books/Herbert%20Spencer/The%20Principles%20of%20Ethics,%20Volume%20I.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Stannard, D. E. (1992). American holocaust: The conquest of the New World. New York: Oxford
Statistics Canada. (2006). Measuring violence against women: Statistical trends 2006. Retrieved from http://ywcacanada.ca/data/research_docs/00000043.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Statistics Canada. (2008). Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal victims of homicide in Canada, by sex and accused-victim relationship, 1997–2004. Cited in Violence Prevention Initiative. (2009). Violence against Aboriginal persons. Retrieved from http://www.gov.nl.ca/VPI/facts/aboriginal_persons.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Statistics Canada. (2011, 17 May). Study: Violent victimization of Aboriginal women. The Daily. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/110517/dq110517b-eng.htm. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Tannahill, R. (1982). Sex in history. Briarcliff Manor, NY: Stein & Day.
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (1998). Prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Retriev from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/172837.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2000a). Extent, nature, and consequences of intimate partner violence. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/181867.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2000b). Full report of the prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/183781.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2006). Extent, nature, and consequences of rape victimization: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Washington DC: National Institute of Justice. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/210346.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Trainor, C., & Mihorean, K. (Eds.) (2001). Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile. Ottawa: Ministry of Industry.
Trafzer, C. (Ed.) (2009). American Indians/American Presidents: A history. Washington DC: National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution.
Truth Commission into Genocide in Canada. (2001). Hidden from history: The Canadian holocaust. Retrieved from http://canadiangenocide.nativeweb.org/genocide.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (n.d.a). Reconciliation. Retrieved from http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/index.php?p=9. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (n.d.b). Residential schools. Retrieved from http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/index.php?p=4. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2012). They came for the children: Canada, Aboriginal peoples, and residential schools. Retrieved from http://www.trc-cvr.ca/. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Tsianina-Lomawaima, K. (1994). They called it Prairie Light: The story of Chilocco Indian School. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Tsosie, R. (2006). The BIA’s apology to Native Americans: An essay on collective memory and collective conscience. In E. Barkan & A. Karn (Eds.), Taking wrongs seriously: Apologies and reconciliation (pp. 185–212). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Turner, O. (1851). History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham’s purchase, and Morris’ reserve. Rochester, NY: Lee, Mann & Co. Retriev from http://openlibrary.org/works/OL16720989W/History_of_the_pioneer_settlement_of_Phelps_and_Gorham’s_purchase_and_Morris’_reserve. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Tyler, S. L. (1973). A history of Indian policy. Washington DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs.
United Nations. (1951, 12 January). Convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide. Retrieved from http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/x1cppcg.htm. Accessed 15 May 2013.
U.S. Attorney’s Office, District of North Dakota. (2012, 10 April). New Town man found guilty of sex trafficking, sexual abuse, drug trafficking, and witness tampering. U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/usao/nd/news/2012/04-10-12-Dustin%20Morsette%20Verdict.html. Accessed 15 May 2013.
U.S. Senate. (1865). Massacre of the Cheyenne Indians: Report on the conduct of the war, 38 Cong., 2 sess. Washington DC: Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?hl=enoutput=acs_help & id=YMIFAAAAQAAJ. Accessed 15 May 2013.
U.S. Senate. (1907). Rules and regulations governing the Department of the Interior in its various branches, Part 4, Senate documents, 59th Congress, 2D session, December 3, 1906-March 4, 1907(21). Washington DC: Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=yuU3AQAAIAAJprintsec=frontcover&dq=Congressional+serial+set+1907hl=en&sa=X&ei=xWAZUrvKO8qLqwGBu4GYAQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Valencia-Weber, G., & Zuni, C. P. (1995). Domestic violence and tribal protection of indigenous women in the United States. St. John’s Law Review, 69(1), 69–170.
Vaughan, A. T., & Richter, D. K. (1980). Crossing the cultural divide: Indians and New Englanders, 1605–1763. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, 90, 23–99.
Waldram, J. B., Herring, D. A., & Young, T. K. (2006). Aboriginal health in Canada: Historical, cultural, and epidemiological perspectives. Guelph, ON: University of Toronto Press.
Waselkov, G. A., & Braund, K. E. (1995). William Bartram on the Southeastern Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Washington State Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2012). Domestic violence fatalities involving Native people in Washington State. Seattle, WA: Author. Retriev from http://www.wscadv.org/docs/FR-Native-Issues-Brief.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Weber, M. (1930). The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. New York: Routledge.
White Plume, D. L. (1991). The work of Sina Waken Win Okolakiciye-Sacred Shawl Women’s Society. In C. Reyer, B. Medicine, & D. White Plume (Eds.), Canta Ohitika Win (Brave Hearted Woman): Images of Lakota women from the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota. Vermillion, SD: University of South Dakota Press.
Williams, S. C. (1930). Adair’s history of the American Indians. New York: Promontory Press.
Williams, T. (2012, 22 May). For Native American women, scourge of rape, rare justice. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/us/native-americans-struggle-with-high-rate-of-rape.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Wolk, L. E. (1982, June). Minnesota’s American Indian battered women: The cycle of oppression. St. Paul, MN: Battered Women’s Project, St. Paul American Indian Center.
Woodward, S. (2011, 28 July). South Dakota boarding school survivors detail sexual abuse. Indian Country Today Media Network. Retrieved from http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/article/south-dakota-boarding-school-survivors-detail-sexual-abuse-42420. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Yellow Horse Brave Heart, M., & DeBruyn, E. (1998). The American Indian holocaust: Healing historical unresolved grief. American Indian/Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 8(2), 60–82.
Yu, J. (2009). Kill the Indian, save the man. Pennsylvania Book, Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved from http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/CarlisleIndianSchool.html. Accessed 15 May 2013.
Zion, J. W., & Zion, E. B. (1993). Hozho’ Sokee’—Stay together nicely: Domestic violence under Navajo common law. Arizona State University Law Journal, 25(2), 407–426.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pierce, A. (2015). “Sexual Savages:” Christian Stereotypes and Violence Against North America’s Native Women. In: Johnson, A. (eds) Religion and Men's Violence Against Women. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2266-6_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2266-6_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2265-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2266-6
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)