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Global Supply Chain Security pp 181–202Cite as

Planned and Emergent Strategy

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Abstract

Since the 1970s, there has been an ongoing debate in the literature as to the most effective means of formulating strategy. One camp has touted the merits of formal, deliberate strategic planning, while the other camp has maintained that strategy simply emerges over time as a firm takes various actions in response to environmental stimuli. Recently, researchers have recognized the more realistic view that deliberately planned strategies transform during implementation through an emergent strategy formation process. This chapter will review the literature on deliberate and emergent strategies, exploring the perspectives of the proponents and critics from each academic camp. It will then examine the two perspectives as ends of a continuum, citing a number of strategy types that exist between the end points. The concept of planned emergence, or a complementary deliberate and emergent approach, will next be discussed followed by an examination of the numerous empirical studies that have sought a link between formal strategic planning and organizational performance. Finally, a discussion of the emergent impact of chaotic systems and improvisation on deliberate strategy will be followed by perspectives on the future of strategy creation and implementation.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Andrews (1971), Ansoff (1991), Mintzberg (1977), Mintzberg and Waters (1985).

  2. 2.

    Boyd (1991), Brews and Hunt (1999), Greenley (1994), Holloway (2004), Miller and Cardinal (1994), Schäffer and Willauer (2003).

  3. 3.

    Falshaw et al. (2006), Hopkins and Hopkins (1997), Thune and House (1970).

  4. 4.

    Parnell and Lester (2003).

  5. 5.

    Boyd and Reuning-Elliot (1998), Mintzberg and Waters (1985).

  6. 6.

    Mintzberg (1977), p 29.

  7. 7.

    Grant (2003).

  8. 8.

    Mintzberg (1990), Grant (1995), Ginter et al. (1985), Boyd and Reuning-Elliot (1998).

  9. 9.

    Bain and Co. (2003).

  10. 10.

    Ansoff (1991), Mintzberg (1990).

  11. 11.

    Ansoff (1991).

  12. 12.

    Mintzberg (1977), p 29.

  13. 13.

    Mintzberg (1987).

  14. 14.

    Mintzberg (1987), p 74.

  15. 15.

    Wiltbank et al. (2006).

  16. 16.

    Bain and Co. (2003).

  17. 17.

    Ansoff (1991).

  18. 18.

    Mintzberg (1987), pp 66–75.

  19. 19.

    Bain and Co. (2003).

  20. 20.

    Mintzberg and Waters (1985).

  21. 21.

    Holloway (2004), p 472.

  22. 22.

    Grant (2003), pp 491–517, Mintzberg and Waters (1985).

  23. 23.

    Holloway (2004), pp 469–483.

  24. 24.

    Entrekin and Court (2001).

  25. 25.

    Holloway (2004).

  26. 26.

    Holloway (2004).

  27. 27.

    Mintzberg (1977).

  28. 28.

    Ansoff (1991).

  29. 29.

    Ansoff (1991).

  30. 30.

    Ansoff (1991).

  31. 31.

    Mintzberg (1987), pp 66–75.

  32. 32.

    Mintzberg (1987), pp 28–40.

  33. 33.

    Mintzberg (1977), p 32.

  34. 34.

    Ansoff (1991), p 458.

  35. 35.

    Mintzberg (1977).

  36. 36.

    Mintzberg (1987), pp 66–75.

  37. 37.

    Mintzberg (1987), pp 66–75.

  38. 38.

    Mintzberg (1987), p 71.

  39. 39.

    Andersen (2004), Grant (2003), pp 491–517, Harrington et al. (2004), Mintzberg and Waters (1985).

  40. 40.

    Mintzberg and Waters (1985).

  41. 41.

    Mintzberg and Waters (1985).

  42. 42.

    Mintzberg and Waters (1985).

  43. 43.

    Mintzberg and Waters (1985).

  44. 44.

    Mintzberg and Waters (1985).

  45. 45.

    Mintzberg and Waters (1985).

  46. 46.

    Mintzberg (1977, 1987), pp 66–75.

  47. 47.

    Mintzberg and Waters (1985), p 271.

  48. 48.

    Bain and Co. (2003).

  49. 49.

    Andersen (2004), Grant (2003), pp 491–517, Harrington et al. (2004).

  50. 50.

    Mintzberg (1987), pp 66–75.

  51. 51.

    Mintzberg and Waters (1985).

  52. 52.

    Mintzberg and Waters (1985).

  53. 53.

    Grant (2003), pp 491–517.

  54. 54.

    Mintzberg (1977), p 36.

  55. 55.

    Mintzberg (1977), p 36.

  56. 56.

    Miller et al. (1984).

  57. 57.

    Mintzberg (1987), p 74.

  58. 58.

    Grove (1997).

  59. 59.

    Grove (1997).

  60. 60.

    Kjaergaard (2009).

  61. 61.

    Miller et al. (1984), Mintzberg (1987), pp 66–75.

  62. 62.

    Miller et al. (1984).

  63. 63.

    Mintzberg (1987), pp 66–75.

  64. 64.

    Greenley (1994).

  65. 65.

    Thune and House (1970).

  66. 66.

    Greenley (1994).

  67. 67.

    Greenley (1994).

  68. 68.

    Brews and Hunt (1999).

  69. 69.

    Miller and Cardinal (1994), p 1649.

  70. 70.

    Boyd (1991).

  71. 71.

    Greenley (1994).

  72. 72.

    Greenley (1994), Boyd (1991).

  73. 73.

    Hopkins and Hopkins (1997).

  74. 74.

    Falshaw et al. (2006).

  75. 75.

    Bradbury and Lichtenstein (2000), Lee et al. (1999).

  76. 76.

    Schäffer and Willauer (2003).

  77. 77.

    Greenley (1994), Miller and Cardinal (1994), Boyd and Reuning-Elliot (1998), pp 257–272.

  78. 78.

    Grant (2003), p 492.

  79. 79.

    Bain and Co. (2003).

  80. 80.

    Bradbury and Lichtenstein (2000).

  81. 81.

    Greenley (1994).

  82. 82.

    S&T Encyclopedia (2007).

  83. 83.

    Levy (1994).

  84. 84.

    Levy (1994), p 167.

  85. 85.

    Grant (2003), pp 491–517.

  86. 86.

    Ashill et al. (2003), Blythe and Zimmerman (2004), Depperu and Gnan (2006), Harrington et al. (2004), Miller et al. (1998).

  87. 87.

    Grant (2003), pp 491–517.

  88. 88.

    Boyd and Reuning-Elliot (1998), pp 257–272, Mintzberg and Lampel (1999).

  89. 89.

    Ashill et al. (2003).

  90. 90.

    Mintzberg and Waters (1985).

  91. 91.

    Mintzberg and Waters (1985), p 257.

  92. 92.

    Sminia (2009).

  93. 93.

    Porter (1996).

  94. 94.

    Crossan (1998).

  95. 95.

    Crossan, and Sorrenti (1997).

  96. 96.

    Crossan (1998), Moorman and Miner (1998).

  97. 97.

    Mintzberg and Waters (1985).

  98. 98.

    Canadian Oxford Dictionary (2004).

  99. 99.

    Kanter (2002).

  100. 100.

    Kanter (2002).

  101. 101.

    Parnell and Lester (2003).

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Management of stratergy, Sprott School of Business, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada

    Wade R. Rose Ph.D.

  2. Entrepreneurship and strategy, Ted Rogers School of Management, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada

    Steven A. Murphy Ph.D.

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  1. Wade R. Rose Ph.D.
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  2. Steven A. Murphy Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Wade R. Rose Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Akron College of Business Administration, Akron, Ohio, USA

    Andrew R. Thomas

  2. Emanuel University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania

    Sebastian Vaduva

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Rose, W.R., Murphy, S.A. (2015). Planned and Emergent Strategy. In: Thomas, A., Vaduva, S. (eds) Global Supply Chain Security. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2178-2_11

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