Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Psychosocial Morbidity and the Effect of Weight Loss

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Clinician’s Guide to the Treatment of Obesity

Part of the book series: Endocrine Updates ((ENDO))

  • 1574 Accesses

Abstract

There currently is an obesity epidemic that threatens the population of the USA and that of the world. Currently, two thirds of the US population is overweight or obese. As a result, a large proportion of the population is at risk for a number of short- and long-term health consequences. These have been well described in the preceding chapters. However, obesity is also associated with a number of significant psychiatric and psychosocial consequences. This chapter will review the most common psychiatric comorbidities of obesity with a focus on depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and substance use. These sections will include strategies for assessment and the impact of these disorders on outcome as well as the impact of weight loss on these disorders. Next, psychosocial consequences of obesity such as stigma, quality of life, and body image will be reviewed. Similarly, the bidirectional impact of these factors on weight loss will be discussed. Finally, conclusions will include future directions for the examination of the complex relationship between obesity and psychological factors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Adami GF, Gandolfo P, Campostano A. Body image and body weight in obese patients. Int J Eat Disord. 1998;24:229–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Adami GF, Meneghelli A, Bressani A, et al. Body image in obese patients before and after stable weight reductions following bariatric surgery. J Psychosom Res. 1999;46:275–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Ali MR, Rasmussen JJ, Monash JB, Fuller WD. Depression is associated with increased severity of co-morbidities in bariatric surgical candidates. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2009;5(5):559–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Allison KC, Stunkard AJ. Obesity and eating disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2005;28:55–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Allison K, Wadden T, Sarwer D, et al. Night eating syndrome and binge eating disorder among persons seeking bariatric surgery: prevalence and related features. Obesity. 2006a;14(Suppl 2):S77–S82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Allison DB, Newcomer JW, Dunn AL, Blumenthal JA, Fabricatore AN, Daumit GL, Cope MB, Riley WT, Vreeland B, Hibbeln JR, Alpert JE. Obesity among those with mental disorders: a National Institute of Mental Health meeting report. Am J Prev Med. 2009;36(4):341–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Allison KC, Lundgren JD, O’Reardon JP, et al. Proposed diagnostic criteria for night eating syndrome. In J Eat Disord. 2010;43:241–7.

    Google Scholar 

  8. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC:Author; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  9. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental health disorders: DSM-V. 5th ed. Washington, DC:American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  10. Amy NK, Aalborg A, Lyons P, Keranen L. Barriers to routine gynecological cancer screening for White and African-American obese women. Int J Obes. 2006;30:147–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ashton K, Heinberg L, Windover A, Merrell J. Positive response to binge eating intervention enhances postoperative weight loss. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2011;7:315–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Barbor TF, Higgins-Biddle JC, Saunders JB, Monteiro MG. Manual for the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT). 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. pp. 1–40.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bauchowitz A, Gonder-Frederick L, Olbrisch M, et al. Psychosocial evaluation of bariatric surgery candidates: a survey of present practices. Psychosom Med. 2005;67:825–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, et al. An inventory of measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:53–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988;56:893–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Becker ES, Margraf J, Türke V, Soeder U, Neumer S. Obesity and mental illness in a representative sample of young women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(Suppl 1):S5–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Busch AM, Whited MC, Appelhans BM, Schneider KL, Waring ME, DeBiasse MA, Oleski JL, Crawford SL Pagoto SL. Reliable change in depression during behavioral weight loss treatment among women with major depression. Obesity. 2013;21:E211–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Chaput JP, Drapeau V, Hetherington M, et al. Psychobiological impact of a progressive weight loss program in obese men. Physiol Behav. 2005;86(1–2):224–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Chen EY. Depressed mood in class III obesity predicted by weight-related stigma. Obes Surg. 2007;17:470–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Clark MM, Balsinger BM, Sletten CD, et al. Psychosocial factors and 2-year outcome following bariatric surgery for weight loss. Obes Surg. 2003;13:739–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Colles SL, Dixon JB, O’Brien PE. Grazing and loss of control related to eating: two high-risk factors following bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2008;16(3):615–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Cunningham JL, Merrell CC, Sarr M, et al. Investigation of antidepressant medication usage after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2012;22(4):530–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Dallman MF, Pecoraro NC, la Fleur SE. Chronic stress and comfort foods: self-medication and abdominal obesity. Brain Behav Immun. 2005;19(4):275–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. de Zwaan M, Mitchell JE, Seim HC, et al. Eating related and general psychopathology in obese females with binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord. 1994;15:43–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. de Zwaan M, Hilbert A, Swan-Kremeier L, et al. Comprehensive interview assessment of eating behavior 18–35 months after gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6(1):79–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. de Zwaan M, Enderle J, Wagner S, Mühlhans B, Ditzen B, Gefeller O, Mitchell JE, Müller A. Anxiety and depression in bariatric surgery patients: a prospective, follow-up study using structured clinical interviews. J Affect Disord. 2011;133:61–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Derogatis LR. Symptom Checklist-90-Revised: Administration, scoring and procedures manual. 3rd ed. Minneapolis:National Computer Systems, Inc.; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Dixon JB, Dixon ME, O’Brien PE. Quality of life after lab-band placement: influence of time, weight loss, and comorbidities. Obes Res. 2001;9:713–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Dixon JM, Dixon ME, O’Brien PE. Body image: appearance orientation and evaluation in the severely obese: changes with weight loss. Obes Surg. 2002;12:65–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Dixon JB, Dixon ME, O’Brien PE. Depression in association with severe obesity: changes with weight loss. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(7):2058–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Elfhag K, Rossner, S, Barkeling B, Rooth P. Sibutramine treatment in obesity: initial eating behavior in relation to weight loss results and changes in mood. Pharmacol Res. 2005;51:159–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ertelt TW, Mitchell JE, Lancaster K, Crosby RD, Steffen KJ, Marino JM. Alcohol abuse and dependence before and after bariatric surgery: a review of the literature and report of a new data set. Surg Obes Rel Dis. 2008;4(5):647–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Fabricatore AN, Wadden TA. Obesity. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2005;2:357–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Faulconbridge LF, Wadden TA, Berkowitz RI, et al. Changes in symptoms of depression with weight loss: results of a randomized trial. Obesity (Silver Springs). 2009;17(5):1009–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Fossati M, Amati F, Painot D, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy with simultaneous nutritional and physical activity education in obese patients with binge eating disorder. Eat Weight DIsord. 2004;9(2):134–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Foster GD, Wadden TA, Vogt RA. Body image in obese women before, during, and after weight loss treatment. Health Psychol. 1997;16:226–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Friedman KE, Reichmann SK, Costanzo PR, et al. Weight stigmatization and ideological beliefs: relation to psychological functioning obese adults. Obes Res. 2005;13:907–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Friedman KE, Ashmore JA, Applegate KL. Recent experiences of weight-based stigmatization in a weight loss surgery population: psychological and behavioral correlates. Obesity. 2008;2(Suppl. 16):69–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Gariepy G, Nitka D, Schmitz N. The association between obesity and anxiety disorders in the population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond). 2010;34(3):407–19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Gorin AA, Raftopoulos I. Effect of mood and eating disorders on the short-term outcome of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2009;19(12):1685–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Gormally J, Black S, Daston S, Rardin D. The assessment of binge eating severity among obese persons. Addict Behav. 1982;7:47–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Greenber I, Sogg S, Perna F. Behavioral and psychological care in weight loss surgery: best practice update. Obesity. 2009;17:880–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Grilo CM, Masheb RM, Brody M, Burke-Martindale CH, Rothschild BS. Binge eating and self-esteem predict body image dissatisfaction among obese men and women seeking bariatric surgery. Int J Eat Disord. 2005;37:347–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Grucza RA, Przybeck TR, Cloninger CR. Prevalence and correlates of binge eating disorder in a community sample. Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48:124–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Hainer V, Kunesova M, Bellisle F, et al. Psychobehavioral and nutritional predictors of weight loss in obese women treated with sibutramine. Int J Obes. 2005;29:208–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Ogburn E, Grant BF. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(7):830–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Hayden MJ, Dixon JB, Dixon ME, Shea TL, O’Brien PE. Characterization of the improvement in depressive symptoms following bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2011 Mar;21(3):328–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Heinberg LJ, Ashton K. History of substance abuse relates to improved postbariatric body mass index outcomes. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6:417–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Heinberg LJ, Keating K, Simonelli L. Discrepancy between ideal and realistic goal weights in three bariatric procedures: who is likely to be unrealistic? Obes Surg. 2009;20:148–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Heinberg LJ, Ashton K, Coughlin J. Alcohol and bariatric surgery: review and suggested recommendations for assessment and management. Surg Obes Rel Dis. 2012;8:357–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Heneghan H, Heinberg LJ, Windover A, Rogula T, Schauer PR. Weighing the evidence for an association between obesity and suicide risk. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012;8:98–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Hotter A, Mangweth B, Kemmler G, et al. Therapeutic outcome of adjustable gastric banding in morbid obese patients. Eat Weight Disord. 2003;8:218–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Hrabosky JI, Masheb RM, White MA, et al. A prospective study of body dissatisfaction and concerns in extremely obese gastric bypass patients: 6- and 12-month postoperative outcomes. Obes Surg. 2006;16:1615–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Hudson JI, Hiripi E, Pope HG, Kessler RC. The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61(3):438–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Huizinga MM, Cooper LA, Bleich SN, Clark JM, Beach MC. Physician respect for patients with obesity. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24(11):1236–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Javaras KN, Pope HG, Lalonde JK, Roberts JL, Nillni YI, Laird NM, Bulik CM, Crow SJ, McElroy SL, Walsh BT, Tsuang MT, Rosenthal NR, Hudson JI. Co-occurrence of binge eating disorder with psychiatric and medical disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008a;69(2):266–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Jones-Corneille LR, Wadden RA, Sarwer DB, et al. Axis I psychopathology in bariatric surgery candidates with and without binge eating disorder: results of structured clinical interviews. Obes Surg. 2012;22:389–97.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Kalarchian M, Wilson G, Brolin R, Bradley L. Effects of bariatric surgery on binge eating and related psychopathology. Eat Weight Disord. 1999;4:1–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kalarchian M, Marcus M, Wilson G, Labouvie E, Brolin R, LaMarca L. Binge eating among gastric bypass patients at long-term follow-up. Obes Surg. 2002;12:270–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Kalarchian MA, Marcus MD, Levine MD, et al. Psychiatric disorders among bariatric surgery candidates: a relationship to obesity and functional health status. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:328–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Kalarchian MA, Marcus, MD, Levine MD, Soulakova JN, Courcoulas AP, Wisinski MSC. Relationship of psychiatric disorders to 6-month outcomes after gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2008a;4:544–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Karlsson J. Sjostrom L, Sullivan M. Swedish obese subjects (SOS)-an intervention study of obesity: two-year follow-up of health-related quality of life (HRQL) and eating behavior after gastric surgery for severe obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998;22:113–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Karlsson J, Taft C, Ryden A, Sjostrom L, Sullivan M. Ten-year trends in health-related quality of life after surgical and conventional treatment for severe obesity: the SOS intervention study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007;31:1248–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kessler RC, Wang PS. The descriptive epidemiology of commonly occurring mental disorders in the United States. Annu Rev Public Health. 2008;29:115–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. King WC, Chen J-Y, Mitchell JE, et al. Prevalence of alcohol use disorders before and after bariatric surgery. JAMA. 2012;307(23):2516–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Kiortis DN, Tsouli S, Flippatos TD, Konitsiotis S, Elisaf MS. Effects of sibutramine and orlistat on mood in obese and overweight participants: a randomized study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2008;18:207–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kolotkin RL, Crosby RD, Williams GR. Health-related quality of life varies among obese subgroups. Obes Res. 2002;10:748–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Kolotkin RL, Crosby RD, Gress RE, Hunt SC, Engel SG, Adams TD. Health and health-related quality of life: differences between men and women who seek gastric bypass surgery. Surg Obes Rel Dis. 2008;4:651–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Kolotkin RL, Crosby RD, Gress RA, Hunt SC, Adams TD. Two-year changes in health-related quality of life in gastric bypass patients compared with severely obese controls. Surg Obes Rel Dis. 2009;5:250–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Kolotkin RL, Davidson LE, Crosby RD, Hunt SC, Adams TD. Six-year changes in health-related quality of life in gastric bypass patients versus obese comparison groups. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012;8:625–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Linde JA, Simon GE, Ludman EJ, Ichikawa LE, Operskalski BH, Arterburn D, et al. A randomized controlled trial of behavioral weight loss treatment versus combined weight loss/depression treatment among women with comorbid obesity and depression. Ann Behav Med. 2011;41:119–30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Livhits M, Mercado C, Yermilov I, et al. Preoperative predictors of weight loss following bariatric surgery: systematic review. Obes Surg. 2012;22(1):70–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Luppino FS, de Wit LM, Bouvy PF, Stijnen T, Cuijpers P, Penninx BW, Zitman FG. Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(3):220–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Madan AK, Beech BM, Tichansky DS. Body esteem improves after bariatric surgery. Surg Inov. 2008;15:32–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Masheb RM, Grilo CM, Burke-Martindale CH, et al. Evaluating oneself by shape and weight is not the same as being dissatisfied about shape and weight: a longitudinal examination in severely obese gastric bypass patients. Int J Eat Disord. 2006;39:716–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Matz PE, Foster GD, Faith MS, Wadden TA. Correlates of body image dissatisfaction among overweight women seeking weight loss. J Consul Clin Psychol. 2002;70:1040–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Mechanick JI, Youdim A, Jones DB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutritional, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of the bariatric surgery patient-2013 update: cosponsored by American association of clinical endocrinologists, the obesity society, and American society for metabolic & bariatric surgery. Obesity. 2013;21:S1–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Mitchell J, Lancaster K, Burgard M, et al. Long-term follow-up in patients’ status after gastric bypass. Obes Surg. 2001;11:464–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Mitchell JE, Selzer F, Kalarchian MA, et al. Psychopathology before surgery in the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery-3 (LABS-3) psychosocial study. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2012a;8:533–541.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Munoz D, Chen EY, Fischer S, et al. Changes in desired body shape after bariatric surgery. Eat Disord. 2010;18:437–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Helping patients who drink too much: a clinician's guide and related professional support resources. http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/practitioner/cliniciansguide2005/clinicans_guideHYPERLINK "http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/practitioner/cliniciansguide2005/clinicans_guide.htm".htm. Accessed: 1 July 2013.

  84. Neven K, Dymek M, le Grange D, Maasdam H, Boogerd AC, Alverdy J. The effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on body image. Obes Surg. 2002;12:265–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Nickel C, Widermann C, Harms D, et al. Patients with extreme obesity: changes in mental symptoms three years after gastric banding. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2005;35(2):109–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Nickel MK, Loew TH, Bachler E. Change in mental symptoms in extreme obesity patients after gastric banding, part II: six-year follow up. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2007;37:69–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. O’Reardon JP, Ringel BL, Dinges DF, et al. Circadium eating and sleeping patterns in the night eating syndrome. Obes Res. 2004;12:1789–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Onyike CU, Crum RM, Lee HB, Lyketsos CG, Eaton WW. Is obesity associated with major depression? Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158(12):1139–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Pagoto S, Bodenlos JS, Kantor L, Gitkind M, Curtin C, Ma Y. Association of major depression and binge eating disorder with weight loss in a clinical setting. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15(11):2557–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Pagoto S, Schneider KL, Whited MC, Oleski JL, Merriam P, Appelhans B, Ma Y, Olendzki B, Waring ME, Busch AM, Lemon S, Ockene I, Crawford S. Randomized controlled trial of behavioral treatment for comorbid obesity and depression in women: the Be Active Trial. Int J Obes. 2013;5:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Puhl RM, Brownell KD. Confronting and coping with weight stigma: an investigation of overweight and obese adults. Obesity. 2006;14(10):1802–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Puhl RM, Heuer CA. The stigma of obesity: a review and update. Obesity. 2009;17(5):941–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Puhl RM, Moss-Racusin CA, Schwartz MB. Internalization of weight bias: implication for binge eating and emotional well-being. Obesity. 2007;15:19–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Puhl RM, Andreyeva T, Brownell KD. Perceptions of weight discrimination: prevalence and comparison to race and gender discrimination in America. Int J Obes. 2008;32:992–1000.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Puhl RM, Gold JA, Luedicke J, DePierre JA. The effect of physicians’ body weight on patient attitudes: implications for physician selection, trust and adherence to medical advice. Int J Obes. 2013;37:1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Radloff LS. The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychological Meas. 1977;1(3):385–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Rosenberger PH, Henderson KE, Grilo CM. Correlates of body image dissatisfaction in extremely obese female bariatric surgery candidates. Obes Surg. 2006a;16(10):1331–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Rosenberger PH, Henderson KE, Grilo CM. Psychiatric disorder comorbidity and association with eating disorders in bariatric surgery patients: a cross-sectional study using structured interview-based diagnosis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006b;67:1090–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Rosenström T, Jokela M, Hintsanen M, Josefsson K, Juonala M, Kivimäki M, Pulkki-Råback L, Viikari JS, Hutri-Kähönen N, Heinonen E, Raitakari OT, Keltikangas-Järvinen L. Body-image dissatisfaction is strongly associated with chronic dysphoria. J Affect Disord. 2013. Epub ahead of print.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Rubio JM, Markowitz JC, Alegría A, Pérez-Fuentes G, Liu SM, Lin KH, Blanco C. Epidemiology of chronic and nonchronic major depressive disorder: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Depress Anxiety. 2011;28(8):622–31.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Curioni C, Lau DC. Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis. BMJ. 2007;335:1194–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  102. Rutledge T, Braden AL, Woods G, Herbst KL, Groesz LM, Savu M. Five-year changes in psychiatric treatment status and weight-related comorbidities following bariatric surgery in a veteran population. Obes Surg. 2012;22:1734–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Sarwer DB, Wadden TA, Foster GD. Assessment of body image dissatisfaction in obese women: specificity, severity, and clinical significance. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998;66:651–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Sarwer DB, Thompson JK, Cash TF. Body image and obesity in adulthood. Psych Clin North Am. 2005;28:69–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Sarwer DB, Wadden TA, Moore RH, Eisenberg, MH, Raper SE, Williams NN. Changes in quality of life and body image after gastric bypass surgery. Surg Obes Rel Dis. 2010;6:608–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Saules KK, Wiedemann A, Ivezaj V, Hopper JA, Foster-Hartsfield J, Schwartz D. Bariatric surgery history among substance abuse treatment patients: prevalence and associated features. Surg Obes Rel Dis. 2010;6:615–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Saunders R. Binge eating in gastric bypass patients before surgery. Obes Surg. 1999;9:72–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Obesity and body image. Body Image. 2004;1:43–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Scott KM, McGee MA, Wells JE, Oakley Browne MA. Obesity and mental disorders in the adult general population. J Psychosom Res. 2008;64(1):97–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Semanscin-Doerr DA, Windover A, Ashton K, Heinberg LJ. Mood disorders in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy patients: does it affect early weight loss? Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6(2):191–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Sjostrom L, Lindroos AK, Peltonen M, et al. Swedish Obese Subjects Study Scientific Group. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004;12:473–81.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Soczynska JK, Kennedy SH, Woldeyohannes HO, Liauw SS, Alsuwaidan M, Yim CY, McIntyre RS. Mood disorders and obesity: understanding inflammation as a pathophysiological nexus. Neuromolecular Med. 2011;13(2):93–116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Song AY, Rubin JP, Thomas V, et al. Body image and quality of life in post massive weight loss body contouring patients. Obesity. 2006;14:1626–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Specker S, de Zwaan M, Raymond N, et al. Psychopathology in subgroups of obese women with and without binge eating disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 1994;35:185–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary care evaluation of mental disorders. Patient health questionnaire. JAMA. 1999;282(18):1737–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Stunkard AJ, Wadden TA. Psychological aspects of severe obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;55:524S–32S.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Stunkard AJ, Faith MS, Allison KC. Depression and obesity. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54(3):330–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Suzuki J, Haimovici F, Chang G. Alcohol use disorders after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2012;22(2):201–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Teufel M, Rieber N, Meile T, et al. Body image after sleeve gastrectomy: reduced dissatisfaction and increased dynamics. Obes Surg. 2012;22:1232–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Torres SJ, Nowson CA. Relationship between stress, eating behavior and obesity. Nutrition. 2007;23:887–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. van Hout MS, van Oudheusden I, van Heck GL. Psychological profile of the morbidly obese. Obes Surg. 2004;14:579–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. van Hout GC, Fortuin FA, Pelle AJ, et al. Psychosocial functioning, personality, and body image following vertical banded gastroplasty. Obes Surg. 2008;18:115–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Vanina Y, Podolskaya A, Sedky K, et al. Body weight changes associated with psychopharmacology. Psychiatr Serv. 2002;53:842–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Vartarian LR, Shaprow JG. Effects of weight stigma on exercise motivation and behavior: a preliminary investigation among college-aged females. J Health Psychol. 2008;13:131–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Vartanian LR. “Obese people” vs “Fat people”: impact of group label on weight bias. Eat Weight Disord. 2010;15(3):e195–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Wadden TA, Didie E. What’s in a name? Patients’ preferred terms for describing obesity. Obes Res. 2003;11(9):1140–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Wadden TA, Sarwer DB. Behavioral assessment of candidates for bariatric surgery: a patient-oriented approach. Surg Obes Rel Dis. 2006;2:171–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. White MA, Kalarchian MA, Masheb RM, Marcus MD, Grilo CM. Loss of control over eating predicts outcomes in bariatric surgery: a prospective 24-month follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(2):175–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Yoon CK. Weight gain and first-generation antipsychotics: experience from a developing country. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28:574–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Bariatric and Metabolic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue/M61, 44195, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Asst. Prof. Julie Merrell Rish PhD & Prof. Leslie J. Heinberg PhD

Authors
  1. Asst. Prof. Julie Merrell Rish PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Prof. Leslie J. Heinberg PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Leslie J. Heinberg PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Assistant Professor of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Adrienne Youdim

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Merrell Rish, J., Heinberg, L. (2015). Psychosocial Morbidity and the Effect of Weight Loss. In: Youdim, A. (eds) The Clinician’s Guide to the Treatment of Obesity. Endocrine Updates. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2146-1_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2146-1_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2145-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2146-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation