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Stem Cells and Neurogenesis in Relation to Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Models

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Book cover Neural Stem Cells in Development, Adulthood and Disease

Part of the book series: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine ((STEMCELL))

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Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder associated with progressive cognitive decline and extensive neuropathology throughout the brain. Its main features include limited cell loss in selected subregions, generalized brain atrophy, and gradual accumulation of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in several brain regions. One of the earliest and most prominently affected brain regions is the hippocampus, a brain structure involved in learning and memory that displays prominent cell loss in its CA1 subregion as well as abundant plaque and tangle pathology.

Recent studies have identified the presence of stem cells in brains of adult rodents, primates, and also humans. Only in a few subregions do these stem cells continue to proliferate and differentiate to form new neurons within the mature brain, a process known as adult neurogenesis. Adult neurogenesis occurs in the hippocampal subgranular zone and in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and olfactory bulb. These adult-generated neurons are involved in learning and memory and respond well to various hormonal and environmental factors, like stress, age, physical exercise, and also, surprisingly, to hippocampal insults. With the discovery of functional adult neurogenesis and increasing insights role in cognition and into its environmental control, hopes have risen that stem cells in the adult brain could one day be used to modulate neurodegeneration, and/or cognition e.g., by stimulating neuroregeneration. In this chapter, we discuss properties of stem cells and neurogenesis and their changes during the development of neuropathology and functional deficits in Alzheimer’s disease and some of its main animal models. In addition, we discuss possibilities to stimulate stem cells and neurogenesis for therapeutic purposes in relation to dementia.

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Acknowledgements

PJL, AK, and LH are supported by Alzheimer Nederland, AK is supported by an NWO Meervoud grant, and PJL is supported by de HersenStichting Nederland, NWO, and ISAO. HK, LH and AK are supported by ISAO.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Paul J. Lucassen, Lianne Hoeijmakers, Sylvie Lesuis, Harm Krugers & Aniko Korosi

  2. Workgroup Circadian Rhythms & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Edwin H. Jacobs

  3. Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden

    H. Georg Kuhn

  4. Faculty of Science, Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Karin Boekhoorn

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Lucassen, P.J. et al. (2015). Stem Cells and Neurogenesis in Relation to Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Models. In: Kuhn, H., Eisch, A. (eds) Neural Stem Cells in Development, Adulthood and Disease. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1908-6_4

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