Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Confocal Microscopy and Micro-endoscopy of the Larynx

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biomedical Optics in Otorhinolaryngology

  • 931 Accesses

Abstract

The current gold standard in the evaluation of laryngeal lesions is white light examination followed by invasive tissue biopsy. This is a cost-intensive and time-consuming method, with a risk of over- or undertreatment in diffuse and widespread lesions. In the last decades, various optical techniques have been developed to noninvasively reveal in situ information about the histologic characteristics of tissues. Especially for the fine and fragile tissue of the larynx, a noninvasive tissue diagnosis seems to be of major importance, to reduce the risk of a function deficit after surgery.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Minsky M. Memoir on inventing the confocal scanning microscope. Scanning. 1988;10:128–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Petroll WM, Jester JV, Cavanagh HD. In vivo confocal imaging: general principles and applications. Scanning. 1994;16:131–49.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Stave J, Slowik C, Somodi S, Hahnel C, Grummer C, Guthoff R. Keratozytendichte der in vivo-Kornea: Automatische Messung mit einem modifiziertem konfokalen Mikroskop Microphthal. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1998;213:38–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Paull PE, Hyatt BJ, Wassef W, Fischer AH. Confocal laser endomicroscopy: a primer for pathologists. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2011;135:1343–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Goetz M, Watson A, Kiesslich R. Confocal laser endomicroscopy in gastrointestinal diseases. J Biophotonics. 2011;4:498–508.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Humphris J, Swartz D, Egan BJ, Leong RWL. Status of confocal laser endomicroscopy in gastrointestinal disease. Trop Gastroenterol. 2012;33:9–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Jabbour JM, Saldua MA, Bixler JN, Maitland KC. Confocal endomicroscopy: instrumentation and medical applications. Ann Biomed Eng. 2012;40:378–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Dickensheets DL, Kino GS. Scanned optical fiber confocal microscope. In: Proceedings of SPIE; 1994, p. 39–47.

    Google Scholar 

  9. White WM, Rajadhyaksha M, Gonzales S, Fabian RL, Anderson RR. Noninvasive imaging of human oral mucosa in vivo by confocal reflectance microscopy. Laryngoscope. 1999;109:1709–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Just T, Pau HW, Bombor I, Guthoff R, Fietkau R, Hummel T. Confocal microscopy of the peripheral gustatory system: comparison between healthy subjects and patients suffering from taste disorders during radiochemotherapy. Laryngoscope. 2005;115:2178–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Just T, Stawe J, Pau HW, Guthoff R. In-vivo observation of papillae of the human tongue using confocal laser scanning microscopy. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2005;67:207–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Shahid MW, Crook JE, Meining A, et al. Exploring the optimal fluorescein dose in probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy for colonic imaging. J Interv Gastroenterol. 2011;1:166–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Wallace MB, Sharma P, Lightdale C, et al. Preliminary accuracy and interobserver agreement for the detection of intraepithelial neoplasia in Barrett’s esophagus with probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;72:19–24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Pogorzelski B, Hanenkamp U, Goetz M, et al. Systematic intraoperative application of confocal endomicroscopy for early detection and resection of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a preliminary report. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;138:404–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Volgger V, Conderman C, Betz CS. Confocal laser endomicroscopy in head and neck cancer: steps forward? Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2013;21(2):164–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Becker V, von Delius S, Bajbouj M, et al. Intravenous application of fluorescein for confocal laser scanning microscopy: evaluation of contrast dynamics and image quality with increasing injection-to-imaging time. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;68(2):319–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Dunbar KB. Endomicroscopy in the evaluation of Barrett’s esophagus. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2011;27(4):374–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kwan AS, Barry C, McAllister IL, Constable I. Fluorescein angiography and adverse drug reactions revisited: the Lions Eye experience. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2006;34:33–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. O’goshi K, Serup J. Safety of sodium fluorescein for in vivo study of skin. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2006;34:33–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Wallace MB, Meining A, Canto MI, et al. The safety of intravenous fluorescein for confocal laser endomicroscopy in the gastrointestinal tract. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;31:548–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Polglase A, McLaren WJ, Skinner SA, et al. A fluorescence confocal endomicroscope for in vivo microscopy of the upper and lower GI-tract. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;62:686–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kiesslich R, Burg J, Vieth M, et al. Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:706–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Fuchs FS, Zirlik S, Hildner K, et al. Confocal laser endomicroscopy for diagnosing lung cancer in vivo. Eur Respir J. 2013;41(6):1401–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. ASGE Technology Committee, Kantsevoy SV, Adler DG, et al. Confocal laser endomicroscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;70:197–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Olivo M, Lau W, Manivasager V, et al. Macro-microscopic fluorescence of human bladder cancer using hypericin fluorescence cystoscopy and laser confocal microscopy. Int J Oncol. 2003;23:983–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Zheng W, Harris M, Kho KW, et al. Confocal endomicroscopic imaging of normal and neoplastic human tongue tissue using ALA-induced-PPIX fluorescence: a preliminary study. Oncol Rep. 2004;12:397–401.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Wang TD, Friedland S, Sahbaie P, et al. Functional imaging of colonic mucosa with a fibered confocal microscope for real time in vivo pathology. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:1300–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Gorospe EC, Leggett CL, Sun G, et al. Diagnostic performance of two confocal endomicroscopy systems in detecting Barrett’s dysplasia: a pilot study using a novel bioprobe in ex vivo tissue. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76(5):933–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Hsu ER, Gillenwater AM, Hasan MQ, et al. Real-time detection of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in fresh oral cavity biopsies using a molecular-specific contrast agent. Int J Cancer. 2006;118:3062–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Goetz M, Ziebart A, Foersch S, et al. In vivo molecular imaging of colorectal cancer with confocal endomicroscopy by targeting epidermal growth factor receptor. Gastroenterology. 2010;138:435–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Foersch S, Kiesslich R, Waldner MJ, et al. Molecular imaging of VEGF in gastrointestinal cancer in vivo using confocal laser endomicroscopy. Gut. 2010;59:1046–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Rajadhyaksha M, Anderson RR, Webb RH. Video-rate confocal scanning laser microscope for imaging human tissues in vivo. Appl Opt. 1999;38:2105–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. New KC, Petroll WM, Boyde A, Martin L, Corcuff P, Leveque JL, Lemp MA, Cavanagh HD, Jester JV. In vivo imaging of human teeth and skin using real-time confocal microscopy. Scanning. 1991;13:369–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Rajadhyaksha M, Gonzalez S, Zavislan JM, Anderson RR, Webb RH. In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of human skin II: advances in instrumentation and comparison with histology. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113:293–303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Just T, Zeisner C, Stave J, Pau HW. Konfokale Laser-Scanning Mikroskopie zur Beurteilung des Zungenepithels. Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie. 2004;83:108–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Just T, Stave J, boltze C, Wree A, Kramp B, Gufhoff RF, Pau HW. Laser scanning microscopy of the human larynx mucosa: a preliminary, ex vivo study. Laryngoscope. 2006;116:1136–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Just T, Stave J, Kreutzer HJ, Guthoff R, Pau HW. Konfokalmikroskopische Untersuchungen des Kehlkopfepithels. Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie. 2007;86:644–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Boudoux C, Leuin SC, Oh WY, Suter MJ, Desjardins AE, Vakoc BJ, Bouma BE, Hartnick CJ, Tearney GJ. Preliminary evaluation of noninvasive microscopic imaging techniques for the study of vocal fold development. J Voice. 2009;23(3):269–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Boudoux C, Leuin SC, Oh WY, Suter MJ, Desjardins AE, Vakoc BJ, Bouma BE, Hartnick CJ, Tearney GJ. Optical microscopy of the pediatric vocal fold. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;135(1):53–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Su P, Liu Y, Lin S, et al. Efficacy of confocal laser endomicroscopy for discriminating colorectal neoplasms from non-neoplasms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Color Dis. 2013;15(1):e1–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Sonn GA, Jones SN, Tarin TV, et al. Optical biopsy of human bladder neoplasia with in vivo confocal laser endomicroscopy. J Urol. 2009;182:1299–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Wu K, Liu JJ, Adams W, et al. Dynamic real-time microscopy of the urinary tract using confocal laser endomicroscopy. Urology. 2011;78:225–31.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Tan J, Quinn MA, Pyman JM, et al. Detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in vivo using confocal endomicroscopy. BJOG. 2009;116:1663–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Thong PS, Olivo M, Kho KW, et al. Laser confocal endomicroscopy as a novel technique for fluorescence diagnostic imaging of the oral cavity. J Biomed Opt. 2007;12:014007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Maitland KC, Gillenwater AM, Williams MD, et al. In vivo imaging of oral neoplasia using a miniaturized fiber optic confocal reflectance microscope. Oral Oncol. 2008;44:1059–66.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Haxel BR, Goetz M, Kiesslich R, Gosepath J. Confocal endomicroscopy: a novel application for imaging of oral and oropharyngeal mucosa in human. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;267:443–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Just T, Stave J, Stachs O, et al. Rigid confocal endoscopy of the larynx. In: Wang C-C, editor. Laser scanning, theory and applications. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech; 2011. p. 97–112.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Farahati B, Stachs O, Prall F, et al. Rigid confocal endoscopy for in vivo imaging of experimental oral squamous intra-epithelial lesions. J Oral Pathol Med. 2010;39:318–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Thong PS, Tandjung SS, Movania MM, et al. Toward real-time virtual biopsy of oral lesions using confocal laser endomicroscopy interfaced with embedded computing. J Biomed Opt. 2012;17:056009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Klinikum Großhadern, Klinikum der Universität München, Marchioninistr. 15, Munich, 81377, Germany

    Veronika Volgger MD

  2. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Munich University Hospital, Marchioninistr. 15, Munich, 81377, Germany

    Anna Englhard MD & Christian Stephan Betz MD

Authors
  1. Veronika Volgger MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anna Englhard MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Christian Stephan Betz MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Veronika Volgger MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Facial Plastic Surgery, The Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA

    Brian J.-F. Wong

  2. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Plastic, Head and Neck Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany

    Justus Ilgner

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Volgger, V., Englhard, A., Betz, C.S. (2016). Confocal Microscopy and Micro-endoscopy of the Larynx. In: Wong, BF., Ilgner, J. (eds) Biomedical Optics in Otorhinolaryngology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1758-7_30

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1758-7_30

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1757-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1758-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation