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Pediatric Malignancies: Pathology and Imaging pp 321–357Cite as

Tumors of the Adrenal Gland

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Abstract

Adrenal tumors, classified by their cellular origin and function, may arise from the medulla or cortex. In addition to those located in the adrenal glands, tumors originating from the neural crest may occur anywhere along the sympathetic nervous chain. Those arising from the adrenal medulla or extramedullary sites include neuroblastic tumors (neural crest origin) and the paraganglionic cells (pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma). Those arising from the cortex include adrenocortical carcinoma and adenoma. In this chapter, the initial imaging and pathologic features of the neuroblastic tumors, pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma, and adrenocortical carcinoma are emphasized. The role of imaging modalities from plain radiography and ultrasound to computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and functional radionuclide imaging is discussed, including the relatively new International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System to identify preoperative and pretreatment imaging-defined risk factors. The Pathology section reviews current concepts in histological classification, immunohistochemical markers, cytogenetics, and molecular genetics as pertaining to the diagnosis and prognosis of these tumors.

Keywords

  • Adrenal tumor
  • Radiology
  • Imaging
  • Nuclear medicine
  • Pathology
  • Neuroblastic tumors
  • Pheochromocytoma
  • Paraganglioma
  • Adrenocortical carcinoma

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology, Director of Pediatric Radiology Fellowship Program, University of Iowa Healthcare, 3894 JPP, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA

    Simon Ching-Shun Kao M.B., B.S., D.M.R.D., D.A.B.R.

  2. University of Calgary, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T3B 6A8

    Alfredo Pinto-Rojas M.D.

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  1. Simon Ching-Shun Kao M.B., B.S., D.M.R.D., D.A.B.R.
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  2. Alfredo Pinto-Rojas M.D.
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Correspondence to Alfredo Pinto-Rojas M.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA

    David M. Parham

  2. Associate Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

    Joseph D. Khoury

  3. Department of Radiological Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

    M. Beth McCarville

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Kao, S.CS., Pinto-Rojas, A. (2015). Tumors of the Adrenal Gland. In: Parham, D., Khoury, J., McCarville, M. (eds) Pediatric Malignancies: Pathology and Imaging. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1729-7_12

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