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Progress in Motor Control pp 161–178Cite as

Apollo’s Curse: Causes and Cures of Motor Failures in Musicians: A Proposal for a New Classification

Part of the Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology book series (AEMB,volume 826)

Abstract

Performing music at a professional level is probably one of the most complex of human accomplishments. Extremely fast and complex temporo-spatially predefined movement patterns have to be learned, memorized, and retrieved with high reliability in order to meet the expectations of listeners. Performing music requires not only the integration of multimodal sensory and motor information and its precise monitoring via auditory and kinesthetic feedback but also emotional communicative skills for a “speaking” rendition of a musical masterpiece. To acquire these specialized auditory–sensory–motor and emotional skills, extensive training periods over many years are a prerequisite, starting in early infancy and passing through stages of increasing physical and strategic complexities. Performance anxiety, linked to high societal pressures, fear of failure, and heightened self-demands is a frequent accompaniment of these learning processes.

Motor disturbances in musicians are not uncommon and include mild forms, such as temporary motor fatigue with short-term reduction of motor skills, painful overuse injuries following prolonged practice, anxiety-related motor failures during performances, such as choking under pressure, and more persistent losses of motor control, here termed “dynamic stereotypes.” Musician’s dystonia, characterized by the permanent loss of control of highly skilled movements when playing a musical instrument, is the most grave manifestation of dysfunctional motor programs, frequently linked to a genetic susceptibility to develop such motor disturbances.

In this chapter, we propose a new classification of motor failures in musicians based on the different degrees of “motor” or “psychological” mechanisms involved in the development of these disturbances. We argue that motor failures in musicians develop on a continuum, starting with subtle transient degradations, due to fatigue, overuse, or performance stress, which by and by transform into more permanent, still fluctuating motor degradations, the dynamic stereotypes, until a more irreversible condition, musician’s dystonia manifests. This new classification has implications for specific prevention strategies and for a client-tailored treatment.

Keyword

  • Musicians’ dystonia
  • Dynamic stereotype
  • Classification of movement disorders
  • Choking under pressure
  • Treatment
  • Performing arts

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the IMMM members for their beneficial feedback and insights, as well as to Martin K. Klämpfl from the German Sport University Cologne for his stimulating work on yips and the many discussions on the topic of classification.

This work has been funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG, AL269/8-1).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians’ Medicine, Hannover University of Music, Drama and Media, Emmichplatz 1, 30175, Hannover, Germany

    Prof. Dr. Eckart Altenmüller M.Sc., MA, DiS & Christos I. Ioannou MSc, MA

  2. Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Köln, Germany

    Prof. Dr. Markus Raab PhD. & Babett Lobinger PhD

  3. Department of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, London, UK

    Prof. Dr. Markus Raab PhD.

Authors
  1. Prof. Dr. Eckart Altenmüller M.Sc., MA, DiS
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  2. Christos I. Ioannou MSc, MA
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  3. Prof. Dr. Markus Raab PhD.
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  4. Babett Lobinger PhD
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Correspondence to Eckart Altenmüller M.Sc., MA, DiS .

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  1. School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada

    Mindy F. Levin

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Altenmüller, E., Ioannou, C., Raab, M., Lobinger, B. (2014). Apollo’s Curse: Causes and Cures of Motor Failures in Musicians: A Proposal for a New Classification. In: Levin, M. (eds) Progress in Motor Control. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 826. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1338-1_11

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