Abstract
Excessive sleepiness, a manifestation of a medical or neurologic disorder, sleep disorder, or insufficient nocturnal sleep, can lead to impaired functional ability during waking hours and a tendency for mood disturbances that can include irritability, anxiety, and depressive feelings. Although the clinical history is most important to detect and quantify sleepiness, this should be supplemented by the appropriate use of questionnaires that assess nocturnal sleep, sleepiness, and the timing of sleep, as well as objective tests that include polysomnography or actigraphy, and performance tests to assess functional outcome. The following text reviews some of the more commonly used measures in the assessment of sleepiness.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ohayon MM. From wakefulness to excessive sleepiness: what we know and still need to know. Sleep Med Rev. 2008;12(2):129–41.
Broughton R, Ghanem Q, Hishikawa Y, Sugita Y, Nevsimalova S, Roth B. Life effects of narcolepsy in 180 patients from North America, Asia and Europe compared to matched controls. Can J Neurol Sci. 1981;8(4):299–304.
Markowitz AJ, Rabow MW. Palliative management of fatigue at the close of life: “it feels like my body is just worn out”. JAMA. 2007;298:217.
Horne JA, Ostberg O. Self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness–eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol. 1976;4:97–110.
Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep. 1991;14(6):540–5.
Buysse DJ, Reynolds III CF, Monk TH, et al. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28(2):193–213.
Dolan DC, Taylor DJ, Okonkwo R. The time of day sleepiness scale to assess differential levels of sleepiness across the day. J Psychosom Res. 2009;67(2):127–33.
Sangal RB. Evaluating sleepiness-related daytime functioning by querying wakefulness inability and fatigue: sleepiness-wakefulness inability and fatigue test (SWIFT). J Clin Sleep Med. 2012;8(6):701–11.
Akerstedt T, Gillberg M. Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual. Int J Neurosci. 1990;52:29–37.
Lazar AS, Slak A, Lo JC, et al. Sleep, diurnal preference, health, and psychological well-being: a prospective single-allelic-variation study. Chronobiol Int. 2012;29(2):131–46.
Archer SN, Carpen JD, Gibson M, et al. Polymorphism in the PER3 promoter associates with diurnal preference and delayed sleep phase disorder. Sleep. 2010;33(5):695–701.
Howard SK, Gaba DM, Rosekind MR, et al. The risks and implications of excessive daytime sleepiness in resident physicians. Acad Med. 2002;77(10):1019–25.
Guimares C, Martins MV, Vaz Rodrigues L, et al. Epworth sleepiness scale in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome—an underestimated subjective scale. Rev Port Pneumol. 2012;18(6):267–71.
Ugur KS, Ark N, Kurtaran H, et al. Comparison of scores of application methods of the Epworth sleepiness scale: self administered or nurse administered. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2011;73(5):249–52.
Carskadon MA, Dement WC, Mitler MM, et al. Guidelines for the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT): standard measure of sleepiness. Sleep. 1986;9(4):519–24.
Arand D, Bonnet M, Hurwitz T, et al. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The clinical use of the MSLT and MWT. Sleep. 2005;28(1):123–44.
Levine B, Roehrs T, Zorick F, et al. Daytime sleepiness in young adults. Sleep. 1988;11(1):39–46.
Johns MW. Sensitivity and specificity of the multiple latency test (MSLT), the maintenance of wakefulness test and the Epworth sleepiness scale: failure of the MSLT as a gold standard. J Sleep Res. 2000;9(1):5–11.
Bliwise DL, Carskadon MA, Seidel WF, et al. MSLT-defined sleepiness and neuropsychological test performance do not correlate in the elderly. Neurobiol Aging. 1991;12(5):463–8.
Steinberg R, Schonberg C, Weess HG, et al. The validity of the multiple sleep latency test. J Sleep Res. 1996;5 Suppl 1:220.
Richardson GS, Carskadon MA, Flagg W, et al. Excessive daytime sleepiness in man:multiple sleep latency measurement in narcoleptic and control subjects. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1978;45(5):621–7.
Hartse KM, Zorick F, Sicklesteel J, et al. Nap recordings in the diagnosis of daytime somnolence. Sleep Res. 1979;8:190.
Van den Hoed J, Kraemer H, Guilleminault C, et al. Disorders of excessive daytime somnolence: polygraphic and clinical data for 100 patients. Sleep. 1981;4(1):23–37.
Aldrich MS, Chervin RD, Malow BA. Value of the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) for the diagnosis of narcolepsy. Sleep. 1997;20(8):620–9.
Mignot E, Lin L, Finn L, et al. Correlates of sleep-onset REM periods during the multiple sleep latency test in community adults. Brain. 2006;129(Pt 6):1609–23.
Mitler MM, Gujavarty KS, Browman CP, et al. Maintenance of wakefulness test: a polysomnographic technique for evaluating treatment efficacy in patients with excessive somnolence. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1982;53:658.
Doghramji K, Mitler MM, Sangal RB, et al. A normative study of the maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT). Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1997;103(5):554–62.
Littner MR, Kushida C, Wise M, et al. Practice parameters for clinical use of the multiple sleep latency test and the maintenance of wakefulness test. Sleep. 2005;28:113.
Miller CM, Khnna A, Strohl KP. Assessment and policy for commercial driver license referrals. J Clin Sleep Med. 2007;3(4):417–23.
Pizza F, Moghadam KK, Vandi S, et al. Daytime continuous polysomnography predicts MSLT results in hypersomnias of central origin. J Sleep Res. 2013;22(1):32–40.
Stoohs RA, Philip P, Andries D, et al. Reaction time performance in upper airway resistance syndrome versus obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Med. 2009;10(9):1000–4.
Lamond N, Jay SM, Dorrian J, et al. The sensitivity of a palm-based psychomotor vigilance task to sleep loss. Behav Res Methods. 2008;40(1):347–52.
Krieger AC, Ayappa I, Norman RG, et al. Comparison of the maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) to a modified behavioral test (OSLER) in the evaluation of daytime sleepiness. J Sleep Res. 2004;13(4):407–11.
Bennett LS, Stradling JR, Davies RJ. A behavioural test to assess daytime sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnoea. J Sleep Res. 1997;6(2):142–5.
Priest B, Brichard C, Aubert G, et al. Microsleep during a simplified maintenance of wakefulness test. A validation study of the OSLER test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1619.
Wilhelm B, Wilhelm H, Ludtke H, et al. Pupillographic assessment of sleepiness in sleep deprived healthy subjects. Sleep. 1998;21:258.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ahmed, I., Thorpy, M.J. (2014). Determinants and Measures of Daytime Sleepiness. In: Pagel, J., Pandi-Perumal, S. (eds) Primary Care Sleep Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1185-1_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1185-1_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1184-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1185-1
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)