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Synaptic Stress and Pathogenesis of Neuropsychiatric Disorders pp 203–222Cite as

Synaptic Mechanisms and Cognitive Computations Underlying Stress Effects on Cognitive Function

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Abstract

The cognitive effects of stress vary depending on a number of factors related to the characteristics of the stressor, the cognitive function under study and individual differences. Identifying the unifying principles that can explain this diversity is one of the main challenges in the field. Here, we attempt to define how variations in stressor intensity affect cognitive function. At the phenomenological level, we confirm the existence of an inverted-U-shaped function to account for varying stress intensities and cognitive performance under certain conditions. At the mechanistic level, we revise potential synaptic mechanisms and computations underlying these diverging effects of stress. Among the synaptic mechanisms, we discuss strong evidence implicating glutamatergic pathways and neural cell adhesion molecules as key mediators of the varying cognitive effects of stress on memory. As computational modeling is emerging as a useful approach to integrate and to reveal neural and cognitive computations underlying complex behaviors, we introduce its basic concepts and explain its recent applications to the field of stress and cognition.

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Abbreviations

AMPAR:

α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor

BCM:

Bienenstock–Cooper–Munro

Ca2 +  :

Calcium

NMDAR:

GluN2B subunit-containing N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor

LTD:

Long-term depression

LTP:

Long-term potentiation

NCAM:

Neural cell adhesion molecule

NE:

Norepinephrine

PSA-NCAM:

Polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule

TDRL:

Temporal difference reinforcement learning

HPA axis:

Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis

DA:

Dopamine

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Birmannsgasse 8, CH-4055, Basel, Switzerland

    Gediminas Luksys

  2. Division of Molecular Psychology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 60/62A, CH-4055, Basel, Switzerland

    Gediminas Luksys

  3. Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Carmen Sandi

Authors
  1. Gediminas Luksys
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Correspondence to Carmen Sandi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy

    Maurizio Popoli

  2. Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA

    David Diamond

  3. Psychiatry Depression Research Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Gerard Sanacora

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Luksys, G., Sandi, C. (2014). Synaptic Mechanisms and Cognitive Computations Underlying Stress Effects on Cognitive Function. In: Popoli, M., Diamond, D., Sanacora, G. (eds) Synaptic Stress and Pathogenesis of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1056-4_12

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