Abstract
This chapter deals with the question of democratization in the Middle East and North Africa in recent years. The chosen examples are Tunisia and Egypt as examples for the so-called Arab Spring and Turkey because it very often serves as a model for democratization in the Middle East on the one hand and the marriage of democracy and Islam on the other hand. Furthermore, due to its geographical and historical-cultural location, it serves as the interlocutor between East and West. A specific focus in the chapter is given to the role of new media in the protests for and the process of democratization.
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Notes
- 1.
Cited after Kreft (2011)
- 2.
Cited after Kreft (2011): “That these movements—contrary to common opinion—were no complete surprise to careful observers of the developments in the Middle East has to be clearly stated. The analyses of the “Arab Human Development Report’ published by the UNDP every year since 1995, have been pointing out the grave social and political deficits of the Arab states for more than a decade. These were unfortunately hardly perceived by the rulers in the Middle East.”
- 3.
See Kreft (2011)
- 4.
- 5.
Preiss (2013), p.221 cf.
- 6.
Cited after Mainz (2012)
- 7.
Ebd.
- 8.
Cited after ibid.
- 9.
Cited after ibid.
- 10.
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
- 14.
See Preiss (2013), p.207
- 15.
See Pott (2012), p.124
- 16.
See Preiss (2013), p.34
- 17.
- 18.
Cited after Preiss (2013): “Thus the military council freed Colonel Aboud al-Zomor, ‘the mastermind behind the Sadat assasination,’ however, it imprisoned the liberal Egyptian blogger Maikel Nabil Sanad on March 28th 2011 and sentenced him to three years in military prison because of his critique of the military government.” Cynthia (2011)
- 19.
Cited after Preiss (2013): “It is said that there have already been 5000 people sentenced by military courts, says Amira El Ahl (2011) in Die Revolution zuerst’ (The Revolution First). Muslim Brothers, Salafists and young mavericks are unified by the anger towards the military council which, because of diffuse decrees and delays of trial, have lost their credit with the people.” Die Welt, July 11th 2011, p.7
- 20.
Erhardt (2011)
- 21.
See Croiteru (2011), p.87
- 22.
- 23.
See Windfuhr (2011)
- 24.
- 25.
See Kreft (2011)
- 26.
See Milz (2012)
- 27.
Cited after Kneuer and Demmelhuber (2012)
- 28.
Cited after Kneuer and Demmelhuber (2012); Rafal: Liberations. Control in Cyberspace, in: Journal of Democracy 4/2010, p.43–58.
- 29.
See Kneuer and Demmelhuber (2012)
- 30.
See Spiegel et al. (2013)
- 31.
Cited after Spiegel et al. (2013)
- 32.
See Spiegel et al. (2013)
- 33.
Cited after Spiegel et al. (2013)
- 34.
See (Fathy (2011)
- 35.
See Ibd.
- 36.
Cited after Spiegel et al. (2013)
- 37.
Cited after Spiegel et al. (2013)
- 38.
See Spiegel et al. (2013)
- 39.
See Milz (2012)
- 40.
See Ibd.
- 41.
Lüders (2011), p.42f.
- 42.
See Schimm (2013)
- 43.
See Schimm (2013)
- 44.
See Gül (2004)
- 45.
See Schulz (2011)
- 46.
See Schulz (2011)
- 47.
See Schimm (2013)
- 48.
See Erdogan (2011a)
- 49.
See Erdoğan, Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood criticizes Erdoğan’s call for a secular state (2011b)
- 50.
See Orient-Institut (2011)
- 51.
See Schulz (2011)
- 52.
See Schulz (2011)
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Özcan, T. (2014). Democratization in the Middle East and North Africa: Tunisia, Egypt, and Turkey. In: Carayannis, E., Campbell, D., Efthymiopoulos, M. (eds) Cyber-Development, Cyber-Democracy and Cyber-Defense. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1028-1_6
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