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Dual-Modality Preclinical SPECT/MRI Instrumentation

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Molecular Imaging of Small Animals

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Abstract

Single photon emission tomography (SPET or SPECT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are in use routinely in hospitals worldwide. Each of these modalities is steadily growing in study volume and makes a major contribution to healthcare, with approximately 40 million SPECT and 60 million MRI patient exams completed every year. Also in the preclinical research field both SPECT and MRI are found to play important roles, with an installed base of about 200 microSPECT and 400 small animal MRI systems in use as of the beginning of 2009. The high magnetic field strengths of modern MRI machines, both clinical and preclinical, preclude the use of conventional photomultiplier-tube based SPECT equipment in the vicinity of the magnet. If a patient or a laboratory animal is to be imaged by both modalities, the two studies must be done in separate imaging sessions—always in different rooms and often in different departments and sometimes even in different buildings within a medical facility. Combined SPECT/MRI imaging is important since non-invasive probing of intact, living biological organisms—human or laboratory animal—bridges the gap between exponentially growing understanding of molecular and genetic mechanisms and the phenotypical embodiments of diseases and their response to treatments.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Also known as Breast-Specific Gamma Imaging (BSGI)

  2. 2.

    ADME-Tox stands for Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination, and Toxicity.

  3. 3.

    Varian, Inc. (Palo Alto, California) and Bruker Biospin GmbH (Ettingen, Germany are the primary vendors of preclinical MRI instruments.

  4. 4.

    Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) and multi-pixel photon counters (MPPCs) are two names for silicon photosensors operated in Geiger-mode.

  5. 5.

    For example, the Triumph™ (Gamma Medica-Ideas, Inc.) preclinical microSPECT system uses 4 heads, with 25 modules per head, and 256 CZT pixels per module, for a total of 25,600 pixels.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the following individuals for their substantial contributions to the SPECT/MRI progress: Benjamin M.W. Tsui, Orhan Nalcioglu, Si Chen, Mark Hamamura, Jingyan Xu, Werner Roeck, Yuchuan Wang, Seung-Hoon Ha, Samir Chowdhury, Gunnar Maehlum, Bjorn Sundal, Jon Gjaerum, Marek Szawlowski, Maciej Kapusta, and Ryan Gomez. Funding from the U.S. NIH NIBIB Grant R44 EB006712 and the Research Council of Norway is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Gamma Medica-Ideas (USA), Northridge, CA, USA

    Douglas J. Wagenaar & Bradley E. Patt

  2. Integrated Detector Electronics AS, Fornebu, Norway

    Dirk Meier

Authors
  1. Douglas J. Wagenaar
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  2. Dirk Meier
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  3. Bradley E. Patt
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dirk Meier .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology & Medical Informatics, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland

    Habib Zaidi

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Wagenaar, D.J., Meier, D., Patt, B.E. (2014). Dual-Modality Preclinical SPECT/MRI Instrumentation. In: Zaidi, H. (eds) Molecular Imaging of Small Animals. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0894-3_14

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