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Antiproton Production and Cooling

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Accelerator Physics at the Tevatron Collider

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Abstract

The progress in the antiproton production and cooling has been absolutely essential for the success of the Collider Run II. Improvements of the Tevatron optics and operation resulted in a gradual increase in the fraction of antiprotons lost in the proton–antiproton collisions in the interaction points. However, by the middle of 2004, it achieved its maximum of about 30–40 % (see Fig. 7.1) determined mainly by the intra-beam scattering (IBS) and the beam–beam effects (see Chap. 8). Since that time, it stayed basically unchanged through the end of the Run II. Further progress in the luminosity could not be achieved without an increase in the antiproton production. Figure 7.2 presents the weekly antiproton production in the course of Run II. One can see that starting from the beginning of 2005, the rate of antiproton production grew significantly reflecting an increased priority for antiproton production.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    This value takes into account the finite value of beam betatron size and therefore is smaller than ±2.5 % quoted above (Sect. 7.1) and representing the momentum acceptance of particles with zero betatron amplitudes.

  2. 2.

    This value of the yield was measured by DCCT (direct current transformer). Additional ~5 % loss occurs in the course of beam debunching and stochastic cooling in Debuncher.

  3. 3.

    Note that in Chap. 6 we look for harmonic solutions in the form of exp(−iωt). That changes signs for the rule to traverse the poles. All equations of this chapter can be converted to this notation by their complex conjugation.

  4. 4.

    The damping achieves its maximum at near-complete band overlap. If the common mode signals are well suppressed, the cooling rate stays at this maximum with further increase of slip factor and band overlap. Achieving sufficient common mode suppression is not always possible. Therefore, most cooling systems operate without band overlap.

  5. 5.

    Note that the damping rate definition has been introduced for damping beam emittance. The damping rate for the amplitude is twice smaller. Consequently, for the case of complete band overlap, the amplitude damping rate is λ ≈ (f max − f min)/(4N).

  6. 6.

    Here the same as above, we assume that the thermal noise of amplifiers is negligible in comparison to the particle noise. It is well justified for the stacktail in normal operating conditions.

  7. 7.

    To distinguish the antiprotons accumulated in the Accumulator ring from those accumulated in the Recycler ring, the term “stash” was adopted to describe the antiprotons stored in the Recycler (hence “stack” refers to antiprotons accumulated in the Accumulator).

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  1. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, 500, Batavia, IL, 60510, USA

    V. Lebedev, R. Pasquinelli, L. Prost & A. Shemyakin

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  1. Accelerator Division, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA

    Valery Lebedev

  2. Accelerator Physics Center, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA

    Vladimir Shiltsev

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Lebedev, V., Pasquinelli, R., Prost, L., Shemyakin, A. (2014). Antiproton Production and Cooling. In: Lebedev, V., Shiltsev, V. (eds) Accelerator Physics at the Tevatron Collider. Particle Acceleration and Detection. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0885-1_7

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