Skip to main content

Considering the Role of Social Determinants of Health in Black–White Breast Cancer Disparities

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Although White women are more likely to develop breast cancer, Black women are more likely to die from the disease. A number of social factors have been implicated as social determinants of this disparity in breast cancer mortality, including race/ethnicity, social class, gender, and neighborhood. This chapter illustrates how knowledge of the determinants of racial and ethnic breast cancer disparities that occur at multiple levels of influence, ranging from the microbiological to the societal, might be used to develop interventions to eliminate those disparities. Further, this chapter presents a model to identify social determinants of breast cancer in Black women, examining each link in the chain of causation in a downward, iterative manner. Finally, the chapter examines specific areas of intervention, including the need to address social isolation, improving early detection efforts, the inclusion of social factors in addition to clinical information, and the development of community partners that can help achieve these goals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alterkruse, S. F., Kosary, C. L., Krapcho, M., Neyman, N., Aminou, E., Waldron, W., & Edwards, B. K. (2010). SEER breast cancer statistics, 1975-2010. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Cancer Society. (2009). Breast cancer facts and figures 2009–2010. Atlanta, GA. Retrieved from http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content@nho/dcouments/document/f861009final90809pdf.pdf

  • Anderson, W. F., Rosenberg, P. S., Menashe, I., Mitani, A., & Pfeiffer, R. M. (2008). Age-related crossover in breast cancer incidence rates between Black and White ethnic groups. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 100(24), 1804–1814.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Angel, J. L., Montez, J. K., & Angel, R. J. (2009). A window of vulnerability: Health insurance coverage among women 55 to 64 years of age. Women’s Health Issues, 21(1), 6–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balfour, J. L., & Kaplan, G. A. (2002). Neighborhood environment and loss of physical function: Evidence from the Alameda County Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155(6), 507–515.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhikoo, R., Srinivasa, S., Yu, T. C., Moss, D., & Hill, A. G. (2011). systematic review of breast cancer biology in developing countries (part 1): Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Mexico, the Caribbean and South America. Cancers, 3(2), 2358–2381.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bobo, L. (1989). Keeping the linchpin in place: Testing the multiple sources opposition to residential integration. Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale, 2(3), 306–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonham, V. (2001). Race, ethnicity, and pain management: Striving to understand the causes and solutions to disparities in pain treatment. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 29(28), 52–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. (2003). Social isolation and health, with an emphasis on underlying mechanisms. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 46(3), S39–S52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, R. T., Li, X., Dolecek, T. A., Barrett, R. E., Weaver, K. E., & Warnecke, R. B. (2009). Economic, racial and ethnic disparities in breast cancer in the US: Towards a more comprehensive model. Health & Place, 15(3), 870–879.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, L. A., Perou, C. M., Livasy, C. A., Dressler, L. G., Cowan, D., Conway, K., et al. (2006). Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 295(21), 2492–2502.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cavigelli, S. A., Yee, J. R., & McClintock, M. K. (2006). Infant temperament predicts life span in female rats that develop spontaneous tumors. Hormones and Behavior, 50(3), 454–462.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). Behavioral risk factor system survey data. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/brfss

  • Charles, C. Z. (2003). The dynamics of racial residential segregation. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 167–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chavez-MacGregor, M., Litton, J., Chen, H., Giordano, S. H., Hudis, C. A., Wolff, A. C., et al. (2010). Pathologic complete response in breast cancer patients receiving anthracycline- and taxane-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer, 116(17), 4168–4177.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cho, Y., Johnson, T., Barrett, R., Campbell, R., Dolecek, T., & Warnecke, R. (2011). Neighborhood changes in concentrated immigration and late stage breast cancer diagnosis. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 13(1), 9–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., & Williams, D. R. (2002). Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. In T. LaVeist (Ed.), Race, ethnicity, and health: A public health reader (pp. 319–339). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colen, C. G., Geronimus, A. T., Bound, J., & James, S. A. (2006). Maternal upward socioeconomic mobility and Black-White disparities in infant birthweight. American Journal of Public Health, 96(11), 2032–2039.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Crespo, C. J., Smit, E., Andersen, R. E., Carter-Pokras, O., & Ainsworth, B. E. (2000). Race/ethnicity, social class, and their relation to physical inactivity during leisure time: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 18(1), 46–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crimmins, E. M., & Seeman, T. E. (2004). Integrating biology into the study of health disparities. Population and Development Review, 30(1), 89–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cui, Y., Whiteman, M. K., Langenberg, P., Sexton, M., Tkaczuk, K. H., Flaws, J. A., & Bush, T. L. (2002). Can obesity explain the racial difference in stage of breast cancer at diagnosis between Black and White women? Journal of Women’s Health & Gender-Based Medicine, 11(6), 527–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, W. W., Hartman, A. M., & Gibson, J. T. (2007). Trends in smoking prevalence by race on the tobacco use supplement to the current survey. Rockville, MD: National Cancer Institute. Retrieved from http://www.fcsm.gov/07papers/Davis.VII-C.pdf

  • Dawood, S., Broglio, K., Kau, S. S.-W., Green, M. C., Giordano, S., Meric-Bernstam, F., et al. (2009). Triple receptor negative breast cancer: The effect of race on response to primary systemic treatment and survival outcomes. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 27(2), 220–226.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Din-Dziethan, R., Couper, D., Evans, G., Arnett, D., & Jones, D. (2004). Arterial stiffness is greater in African-Americans than in Whites. Evidence from the Forsyth County, NC, ARIC cohort. American Journal of Hypertension, 17(4), 304–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doherty, L., Bromer, J., Zhou, Y., Aldad, T., & Taylor, H. (2010). In utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) or bisphenol-A (BPA) increases EZH2 expression in the mammary gland: An epigenetic mechanism linking endocrine disruptors to breast cancer. Hormones and Cancer, 1(3), 146–155.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Elmore, J. G., Nakano, C. Y., Linden, H. M., Reisch, L. M., Ayanian, J. Z., & Larson, E. B. (2005). Racial inequities in the timing of breast cancer detection, diagnosis, and initiation of treatment. Medical Care, 43(2), 141–148.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esteller, M. (2008). Epigenetics in cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 358(11), 1148–1159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farley, R., & Frey, W. H. (1994). Changes in the segregation of Whites from Blacks during the 1980s: Small steps toward a more integrated society. American Sociological Review, 59(1), 23–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fullilove, M. (2004). Root shock: How tearing up city neighborhoods hurts America, and what we can do about it. New York: Ballantine Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gehlert, S., & Coleman, R. (2010). Using community-based participatory research to ameliorate cancer. Health & Social Work, 35(4), 302–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gehlert, S., Mininger, C., & Cipriano-Steffen, T. M. (2011). Placing biology in breast cancer disparities research. In L. M. Burton, S. P. Kemp, M. Leung, S. A. Matthews, & D. T. Takeuchi (Eds.), Communities, neighborhoods, and health: Expanding the boundaries of place (pp. 57–72). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gehlert, S., Sohmer, D., Sacks, T., Mininger, C., McClintock, M., & Olopade, O. (2008). Targeting health disparities: A model linking upstream determinants to downstream interventions. Health Affairs, 27(2), 339–349.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Geronimus, A. T. (2003). Damned if you do: Culture, identity, privilege, and teenage childbearing in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 57(5), 881–893.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geronimus, A. T., Hicken, M., Keene, D., & Bound, J. (2006). “Weathering” and age patterns of allostatic load scores among Blacks and Whites in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 95(5), 826–833.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, C. (2008). Mapping decline: St. Louis and the fate of the American city. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grönberg, H. (2003). Prostate cancer epidemiology. Lancet, 361(9360), 859–864.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gukas, I. D., Jennings, B. A., Mandong, B. M., Manasseh, A. N., Harvey, I., & Leinster, S. J. (2006). A comparison of the pattern of occurrence of breast cancer in Nigerian and British women. The Breast, 15(1), 90–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hermes, G. L., Delgado, B., Tretiakova, M., Cavigelli, S. A., Krausz, T., Conzen, S. D., & McClintock, M. K. (2009). Social isolation dysregulates endocrine and behavioral stress while increasing malignant burden of spontaneous mammary tumors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(52), 22393–22398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hermes, G. L., Rosenthal, L., Montag, A., & McClintock, M. K. (2006). Social isolation and the inflammatory response: Sex differences in the enduring effects of a prior stressor. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 290(2), R273–R282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Higginbotham, E., & Weber, L. (1992). Moving up with kin and community: Upward social mobility for Black and White women. Gender & Society, 6(3), 416–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Institute of Medicine. (2003). Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalager, M., Zelen, M., Langmark, F., & Adami, H. O. (2010). Effect of screening mammography on breast-cancer mortality in Norway. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(13), 1203–1210.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsen, S., & Nazroo, J. Y. (2002). Fear of racism and health. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 58(12), 1017–1018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawachi, I., & Berkman, L. F. (2001). Social ties and mental health. Journal of Urban Health, 78(3), 458–466.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Keating, W. D. (2006, November). Preserving properties on the edge: Rapid recycling of distressed and abandoned properties. Cambridge: Joint Center for Housing Studies, Harvard University. Retrieved from http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/publications/resisiting_rental_symposium/papers/rr07-16_keating.pdf

  • Kessler, R., Mickelson, K., & Williams, D. (1999). The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 40(3), 208–230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kittles, R. A., Santos, E. R., Oji-Njideka, N. S., & Bonilla, C. (2007). Race, skin color and genetic ancestry: Implications for biomedical research on health disparities. California Journal of Health Promotion, 5(Special Issue), 9–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, N., & Sidney, S. (1996). Racial discrimination and blood pressure: The CARDIA Study of young Black and White adults. American Journal of Public Health, 86(10), 1370–1378.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, N., Williams, D., & Moss, N. (1997). Measuring social class in US public health research: Concepts, methodologies, and guidelines. Annual Review of Public Health, 18(1), 341–378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lareau, A. (2003). Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaVeist, T. A. (2005). Minority populations and health: An introduction to health disparities in the United States. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. (1995). Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 35(Extra Issue), 80–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lund, M., Brawley, O., Ward, K., Young, J., Gabram, S., & Eley, J. (2008). Parity and disparity in first course treatment of invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 109(3), 545–557.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, H. T., & de la Chapelle, A. (2003). Hereditary colorectal cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 348(10), 919–932.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marmot, M. G., White, I., Brunner, E., & Feeney, A. (1991). Health inequalities among British civil servants: The Whitehall II Study. Lancet, 337(8754), 1387–1393.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masi, C. M., & Olopade, O. I. (2005). Racial and ethnic disparities in breast cancer: A multilevel perspective. Medical Clinics of North America, 89(4), 753–770.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Massey, D., & Denton, N. (1993). American apartheid, segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClintock, M. K., Conzen, S. D., Gehlert, S., Masi, C., & Olopade, F. (2005). Mammary cancer and social interactions: Identifying multiple environments that regulate gene expression throughout the life span. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60 (Special Issue 1), 32–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGinnis, J. M., Williams-Russo, P., & Knickman, J. R. (2002). The case for more active policy attention to health promotion. Health Affairs, 21(2), 78–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McTiernan, A., Kooperberg, D., White, E., Wilcox, S., Coates, R., Adams-Campbell, L., et al. (2003). Recreational physical activity and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: The Women’s Health Initiative. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(10), 1331–1336.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morimoto, L. M., White, E., Chen, Z., Chlebowski, R. T., Hays, J., Kuller, L., et al. (2002). Obesity, body size, and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: The Women’s health initiative. Cancer Causes and Control, 13(8), 741–751.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mullings, L. (2002). The Sojourner syndrome: Race, class, and gender in health and illness. Voices, 6(1), 32–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullings, L. (2005). Resistance and resilience: The Sojourner syndrome and the context of reproduction in Central Harlem. Transforming Anthropology, 13(2), 79–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullings, L., & Wali, A. (2001). Stress and resilience: The social context of reproduction in Central Harlem. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Newman, L. A. (2005). Breast cancer in African-American women. The Oncologist, 10(1), 1–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). Gender differences in depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(5), 173–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, M. L., & Shapiro, T. M. (1995). Black wealth/White wealth. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, M. L., & Shapiro, T. M. (2008, September 22). Sub-prime as a Black catastrophe. The American Prospect. Retrieved from http://prospect.org/cs/articles?article=sub_prime_as_a_Black_catastrophy

  • Olopade, O. I., Fackenthal, J. D., Dunston, G., Tainsky, M. A., Collins, F., & Whitfield-Broome, C. (2003). Breast cancer genetics in African Americans. Cancer, 97(S1), 236–245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ondrich, J., Ross, S., & Yinger, J. (2003). Now you see it, now you don’t: Why do real estate agents withhold available houses from Black customers? The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 854–873.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patillo, M. (1998). Sweet mothers and gangbangers: Managing crime in a Black middle class neighborhood. Social Forces, 76(3), 747–774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peek, M. E., & Han, J. H. (2004). Disparities in screening mammography: Current status, interventions and implications. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 19(2), 184–194.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918–924.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sassi, F., Luft, H. S., & Guadagnoli, E. (2006). Reducing racial/ethnic disparities in female breast cancer: Screening rates and stage at diagnosis. American Journal of Public Health, 96(12), 2165–2171.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Satcher, D. (1999). The initiative to eliminate racial and ethnic health disparities is moving forward. Public Health Reports, 114(3), 283–287.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, A. J., Kannan, S., Dvonch, J. T., Israel, B. A., Allen, A., James, S. A., et al. (2005). Social and physical environments and disparities in risk for cardiovascular disease: The healthy environments partnership conceptual model. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(12), 1817–1825.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, A. J., & Mullings, L. R. (2006). Gender, race, class, and health: Intersectional approaches. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, A. G., & Ruckdeschel, J. C. (2006). Familial lung cancer: Genetic susceptibility and relationship to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 173(1), 16–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, T. M. (2004). The hidden cost of being African American: How wealth perpetuates inequality. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szreter, S., & Woolcock, S. (2004). Heath by association? Social capital, social theory, and the political economy of public health. International Journal of Epidemiology, 33(4), 650–667.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, R. B. (2001). Breaking away from broken windows: Baltimore evidence and implications from the nationwide fight against crime, grime, fear and decline. New York: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terry, P. D., & Rohan, T. E. (2002). Cigarette smoking and the risk of breast cancer in women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 11(10), 953–971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Houtven, C., Voils, C., Oddone, E., Weinfurt, K., Friedman, J., Schulman, K., & Bosworth, H. B. (2005). Perceived discrimination and reported delay of pharmacy prescriptions and medical tests. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 20(7), 578–583.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Warnecke, R. B., Oh, A., Breen, N., Gehlert, S., Paskett, E., Tucker, K. L., et al. (2008). Approaching health disparities from a population perspective: The National Institutes of Health Centers for Population Health and Health Disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 98(9), 1608–1615.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Western, B., & Wildeman, C. (2009). The Black family and mass incarceration. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 621(1), 221–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitman, S., Ansell, D., Orsi, J., & Francois, T. (2011). The racial disparity in breast cancer mortality. Journal of Community Health, 36(4), 588–596.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. R. (1999). Race, socioeconomic status, and health: The added effects of racism and discrimination. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896(1), 173–188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (1995). US socioeconomic and racial differences in health: Patterns and explanations. Annual Review of Sociology, 21(1), 349–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (2001). Racial residential segregation: A fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Reports, 116(5), 404–416.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. B., Pang, D., Delgado, B., Kocherginsky, M., Tretiakova, M., Krausz, T., et al. (2009). A model of gene-environment interaction reveals altered mammary gland gene expression and increased tumor growth following social isolation. Cancer Prevention Research, 2(10), 850–861.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. R., Takeuchi, D., & Adair, T. (1992). Marital status and psychiatric disorders among Blacks. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33(2), 140–157.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socioeconomic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2(3), 335–351.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkleby, M., Cubbin, C., & Ahn, D. (2006). Effect of cross-level interaction between individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status on adult mortality rates. American Journal of Public Health, 96(12), 2145–2153.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yabroff, K. R., Breen, N., Vernon, S. W., Meissner, H. I., Freedman, A. N., & Ballard-Barbash, R. (2004). What factors are associated with diagnostic follow-up after abnormal mammograms? Findings from a U.S. national survey. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 13(5), 723–732.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yinger, J. (1986). Measuring discrimination with fair housing tests: Caught in the act. American Economic Review, 76(5), 881–893.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yinger, J. (1995). Closed doors, opportunities Lost: The continuing costs of housing discrimination. New York: Russell Sage.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sarah Gehlert .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hudson, D.L., Gehlert, S. (2015). Considering the Role of Social Determinants of Health in Black–White Breast Cancer Disparities. In: Bangs, R., Davis, L. (eds) Race and Social Problems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0863-9_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics