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Antioxidant Supplementation and Therapies

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Studies on Pediatric Disorders

Abstract

Excessive production and/or inadequate removal of reactive oxygen species results in oxidative stress, which contributes to the etiology and/or development of chronic and degenerative illness such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancer, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, effects of dietary antioxidants supplements in pathological condition have been intensively studied. Surprisingly, larger clinical trials show ineffective or harmful effect of antioxidant supplements, although many epidemiological studies showed their beneficial effect. This chapter reviews the mechanism of action of antioxidant supplements like vitamin C, vitamin E, flavonoids, β-carotene, and essential metals. In addition, we will summarize the evidence of their therapeutic effects in human subjects and animal models on oxidative damage in CVD and cancer.

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Abbreviations

AFR:

Ascorbic free radicals

Asc:

Ascorbic acid

ATBC:

Alpha-Tocopherol-Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention study

CARET:

β-carotene and retinol efficiency trial

CAT:

Catalase

CHAOS:

Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study

CHD:

Coronary heart disease

CVD:

Cardiovascular diseases

DBCT:

Double-blinded Clinical Trial

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

EPA:

Eicosapentaenoic acid

Fl-O• :

Aroxyl radical

Fl-OH:

Flavonoid

GISSI:

Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

GRx:

Glutathione reductase

GSH:

Glutathione

GSSG:

Glutathione disulfide

GST:

Glutathione-S-transferase

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

HOCl:

Hypochlorous acid

HOPE:

Heart Outcomes Protection Evaluation

HOPE-TOO:

Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation-The Ongoing Outcomes

ICARE:

Israel Cardiovascular Events Reduction with Vitamin E

L• :

Carbon-centered lipid radical

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

LH:

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

LOH:

Lipid hydroxides

LOO• :

Lipid peroxyl radical

LOOH:

LIPID hydroperoxides

MPO:

Myeloperoxidases

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NHANES:

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

NO:

Nitric oxide

NOS:

Nitric oxide synthase

O2•− :

Superoxide

•OH:

Hydroxyl radical

ONOO− :

Peroxynitrite

PHS:

Physicians’ Health Study

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

ROS/RNS:

Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species

Se:

Selenium

SELECT:

The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

SPACE:

Secondary prevention with antioxidants of cardiovascular disease in end-stage renal disease

SVCT1:

Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 1

SVCT2:

Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2

Ts:

Tocopherols

VEAPS:

Vitamin E Atherosclerosis Prevention Study

vit C:

Vitamin C

vit E:

Vitamin E

VLDL:

Very low-density lipoprotein

WHS:

Women Health Study

α-T or αTOH:

α-Tocopherol

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by NIH R01 HL070187 (to T.F.), Department of Veterans Affairs Merit Review Grant 1I01BX001232 (to T.F.), and 11POST5740006 (to V.S).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Medicine (Section of Cardiology) and Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, M/C868, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA

    Varadarajan Sudhahar & Tohru Fukai M.D., Ph.D.

  2. Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 820 S. Damen Ave., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA

    Varadarajan Sudhahar

Authors
  1. Varadarajan Sudhahar
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  2. Tohru Fukai M.D., Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Tohru Fukai M.D., Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan

    Hirokazu Tsukahara

  2. Department of Pediatrics, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan

    Kazunari Kaneko

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Sudhahar, V., Fukai, T. (2014). Antioxidant Supplementation and Therapies. In: Tsukahara, H., Kaneko, K. (eds) Studies on Pediatric Disorders. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0679-6_11

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