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Integrative Weight Management pp 71–105Cite as

The Human Gut Microbiome and Its Role in Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome

Part of the Nutrition and Health book series (NH)

Abstract

The gut microbiota helps balance key vital functions for the host, including immunity and nutritional status. Studies have also linked the microbiome to human mood and behavior, as well as many gut disorders, eczema, and a number of systemic disorders (Azad et al., CMAJ 185:385–394, 2013). Changes in the gut microbiota composition and/or activity may be implicated in the control of inflammation, fat storage, and altered glucose response in obese patients. Dietary short-chain fatty acids appear to be “indirect nutrients” produced by the gut microbiota that can modulate adiposity and immunity as well as send signals to the gut to produce hormones that regulate appetite, permeability, and inflammation. Numerous data have been published regarding differences in the composition of the gut microbiota in obesity. Taken together, the data currently published suggest that specific changes in the gut microbiota occur in overweight or obese patients and are either positively or negatively linked with adiposity, inflammation, and glucose or lipid homeostasis. Manipulation of the microbiota though diet can promote healthy weight loss by altering gut function and metabolism. Probiotics and prebiotics are interesting research tools to assess the relevance of specific bacteria in obesity. Prebiotics may lessen obesity and related metabolic stress by modulating gut peptides involved in the control of appetite and gut barrier function.

Keywords

  • Obesity
  • Gut microbiome
  • Dysbiosis
  • Diet
  • Prebiotics
  • Probiotics
  • Fecal bacteriotherapy

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA

    Gerard E. Mullin MD

  2. Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

    Nathalie M. Delzenne PhD

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  1. Gerard E. Mullin MD
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  2. Nathalie M. Delzenne PhD
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Correspondence to Nathalie M. Delzenne PhD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Gerard E. Mullin

  2. Weight Management Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

    Lawrence J. Cheskin

  3. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA

    Laura E. Matarese

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Mullin, G.E., Delzenne, N.M. (2014). The Human Gut Microbiome and Its Role in Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome. In: Mullin, G., Cheskin, L., Matarese, L. (eds) Integrative Weight Management. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0548-5_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0548-5_7

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