Abstract
This chapter will describe a three-factor model of personal resiliency (Prince-Embury, 2006a, 2006b, 2006c, 2007) that is based on three core developmental systems commonly associated with adaptive functioning. In addition, this chapter will summarize and integrate the developmental theory underlying the three-factor model, present theory, and research evidence supporting the model. This model was developed by Prince-Embury (2006a, 2006b, 2006c, 2007) as a way of simplifying resilience theory for practical application, in conjunction with the development of the Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents (RSCA) (Prince-Embury, 2006a, 2006b, 2006c, 2007) as a user friendly tool for tapping the three-factor model.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44, 709–716.
Alvord, M. K., Zucker, B., & Grados, J. J. (2011). Resilience builder program: Enhancing social competence and self-regulation. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
Armsten, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). Inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescents. 16(5), 427–454.
Ayyash-Abdo, H., & Sanchez-Ruiz, M. J. (Unpublished manuscript). Resilience, hope, and personality among Lebanese adolescents.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.
Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117–148.
Barrera, M. J. (1986). Distinctions between social support concepts, measures and models. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 413–445.
Beck, A., Beck, J., Jolly, J., & Steer, R. (2005). Beck youth inventories (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.
Beightol, J., Jevertson, J., Carter, S., Gray, S., & Gass, M. (2012). Adventure education and resilience enhancement. Journal of Experiential Education, 35(2), 3007–3325.
Beightol, J., Jevertson, J., Gray, S., Carter, S., & Gass, M. (2009). The effect of an experiential adventure-based “anti-bullying initiative” on levels of resilience: A mixed method study. Journal of Experiential Education, 31(3), 420–424.
Benard, B., & Marshall, K. (2001). Adventure education: Making a lasting difference. Retrieved from http://www.cce.umn.edu/National-Resilience-Resource-Center/Resilience-Research/
Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resilience in the organization of behavior. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), Development of cognition, affect and social relations. The Minnesota symposia on child psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 39–101). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bolby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss a retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664–668.
Bolby, J. (1988). Developmental psychiatry comes of age. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1–10.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Volume 1: Attachment. The International Psycho-Analytical Library, 79:1-401. London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
Bretherton, I., & Munholland, K. A. (1999). Internal working models in attachment: A construct revisited. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical application (pp. 89–111). New York: Guilford.
Brooks, R., & Goldstein, S. (2001). Raising resilient children; fostering strength, hope and optimism in your child. New York: Contemporary Books.
Brooks, R., & Goldstein, S. (2008). The mindset of teachers capable of fostering resilience in students. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 23, 114–126.
Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6, 284–290.
Cicchetti, D., Ganiban, J., & Barnett, D. (1991). Contributions from the study of high-risk populations to understanding the development of emotion regulation. In J. Garber & K. Dodge (Eds.), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation (pp. 15–48). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cicchetti, D., & Tucker, D. (1994). Development and self-regulatory structures of the mind. Development and Psychopathology, 6(4), 533–549.
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310–357.
Connors, C. K. (1997). Connors-Wells Adolescent Symptoms Scale; Short Form (CASS). Toronto: Multi-Health Systems, Inc.
Cowen, E. L., Pryor-Brown, L., Hightower, A. D., & Lotyczewski, B. S. (1991). Age perspectives on the stressfulness of life events for 10–12 year old children. School Psychology Quarterly, 6, 240–250.
Cui, L., Teng, X., Li, X., & Oei, T. P. S. (2010). The factor structure and psychometric properties of the resiliency scale in Chinese undergraduates. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26(3), 162–171.
de Boo, G. M., & Prins, P. J. M. (2007). Social incompetence in children with ADHD: Possible moderators and mediators in social-skills training. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(1), 78–97.
Doll, B., Zucker, S., & Brehm, K. (2004). Resilient classrooms: Creating healthier environments for learning. New York: Guilford Press.
Dumont, M., & Provost, M. A. (1999). Resilience in adolescents: Protective role of social support, coping strategies, self-esteem, and social activities on experience of stress and depression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28(3), 343–363.
Eisenberg, N., Champion, C., & Ma, Y. (2004). Emotion-related regulation: An emerging construct. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 50, 236–259.
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society (2nd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.
Ewert, A., & Yoshino, A. (2011). The influence of short-term adventure-based experiences on levels of resilience. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 11(1), 37–41.
Greenberg, M. T., Weissberg, R. P., O’Brien, M. T., Zins, J. E., Fredericks, L., Resnik, H., et al. (2003). Enhancing school-based prevention and youth development through coordinated social, emotional and academic learning. American Psychologist, 58, 466–474.
Hogan, B. E., Linden, W. M., & Najarian, B. (2002). Social support interventions: Do they work? Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 381–440.
Hutson, L. (2012). Evaluation of an adventure therapy program for inner-city youth. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL.
Jackson, Y., & Warren, J. (2000). Appraisal, social support and life events: Predicting outcome behavior in school-age children. Child Development, 71, 1441–1453.
Jordani, R. B. (2008). Translation and validation of the Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents. Dissertation, CAPES, Brazil.
Kaplan, H. B. (2005). Understanding the concept of resilience. In S. Goldstein & R. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (pp. 223–237). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
Luthar, S. S. (2006). Resiliency in low SES adolescents. Unpublished study.
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D. C., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543–562.
Luthar, S. S., & Zelazo, L. B. (2003). Research on resilience: An integrative review. In S. S. Luthar (Ed.), Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 510–549). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Masten, A. S. (1994). Resilience in individual development: Successful adaptation despite risk and adversity. In M. C. Wang & E. W. Corden (Eds.), Educational resilience in inner city America; challenges and perspectives (pp. 3–25). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227–238.
Masten, A. S., Burt, K. B., & Coatsworth, J. D. (2006). Competence and psychopathology in development. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (2nd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 696–738). New York: Wiley.
Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53, 205–220.
Masten, A. S., & Obradovic, J. (2006). Competence and resilience in development. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 13–22.
Masten, A. S., & Powell, J. L. (2003). A resilience framework for research, policy, and practice. In S. S. Luthar (Ed.), Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 1–25). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Neill, J. T., & Dias, K. L. (2001). Adventure education and resilience: The double-edged sword. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 1(2), 35–42.
Piers, E. (2002). Piers-Harris children’s self-concept scale (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
Prince-Embury, S. (2006). Adolescent Risk Behavior Inventory. Unpublished study.
Prince-Embury, S. (2006). Negative Life Events Inventory. Unpublished study.
Prince-Embury, S. (2006c). Resiliency Scales for Adolescents: Profiles of personal strengths. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessments.
Prince-Embury, S. (2007). Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents: Profiles of personal strengths. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessments.
Prince-Embury, S. (2008). Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents, psychological symptoms and clinical status of adolescents. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 23, 41–56.
Prince-Embury, S., & Courville, T. (2008a). Comparison of one, two and three factor models of personal resilience using the Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 23, 11–25.
Prince-Embury, S., & Courville, T. (2008b). Measurement invariance of the Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents with respect to sex and age cohorts. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 23, 26–40.
Prince-Embury, S., & Steer, R. (2010). Profiles of personal resiliency for normative and clinical samples of children and adolescents using the Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents. Journal of Psychological Assessment., 28(4), 303–315.
Reivich, K., Gilham, J. E., Chaplin, T. M., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). From helplessness to optimism: The role of resilience in treating and preventing depression in youth. In S. Goldstein & R. B. Brooks (Eds.), Handbook of resilience in children (pp. 223–237). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
Reynolds, W. (2004). Reynolds bully victimization scale. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.
Rothbart, M. K., & Derryberry, D. (1981). Development of individual differences in temperament. In M. E. Lamb & A. L. Brown (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 37–86). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Sarason, B. R., Shearon, E. N., Pierce, G. R., & Sarason, I. G. (1987). Interrelationships of social support measures. Theoretical and practical implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 813–832.
Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J., et al. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 167–177.
Seligman, M. E. P., Reivich, K., Jaycox, L., & Gillham, J. (1995). The optimistic child. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Siegel, D. J. (1999). The developing mind: How relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are. New York: Guilford Press.
Sroufe, L. A., Carlson, E. A., Levy, A. K., & Egeland, B. (1999). Implications of attachment theory for developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 1–13.
Thompson, R. A. (1990). Emotion and self-regulation. In R. Dienstbier (Series Ed.) & R. A. Thompson (Vol. Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Socioemotional development (pp. 367–467). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Thompson, R. A. (2000). The legacy of early attachments. Child Development, 71(1), 145–152.
Thompson, R. A., Flood, M. F., & Goodvin, R. (2006). Social support and developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti, & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (Vol. 3, 2nd ed., pp. 1–37). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
Van Wyk, H. (2011). The relationship between vulnerability factors and life satisfaction in adolescents: A cross cultural study. Unpublished Thesis, University of the Free State, South Africa.
Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1982). Vulnerable but invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. New York: McGraw-Hill.
White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66, 297–333.
Whittington, A., Budbill, N., & Aspelmeier, J. (2013). Promoting resiliency in adolescent girls through adventure education. Presented at Outdoor leadership research symposium. Black Mountains, NC: Wilderness Education Association, Colloquium on Outdoor Education.
Wilson, D. B., Gottfredson, D. C., & Najaka, S. S. (2001). School-based prevention of problem behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 17, 247–272.
Wyman, P. A., Cowen, E. L., Work, W. C., & Kerley, J. H. (1993). The role of children’s future expectations in self-system functioning and adjustment to life stress: A prospective study of urban at-risk children (Special issue). Development and Psychopathology, 5, 649–661.
Zins, J. E., Bloodworth, M. R., Weissberg, R. P., & Walberg, H. J. (2004). The scientific base linking social and emotional learning to school success. In J. D. Zins, R. P. Weissberg, M. C. Wang, & H. J. Walberg (Eds.), Building academic success on social and emotional learning: What does the research say? (pp. 3–22). New York: Teachers College Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Prince-Embury, S. (2014). Three-Factor Model of Personal Resiliency and Related Interventions. In: Prince-Embury, S., Saklofske, D. (eds) Resilience Interventions for Youth in Diverse Populations. The Springer Series on Human Exceptionality. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0542-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0542-3_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-0541-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-0542-3
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)