Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins inhibit the release from cholinergic nerve terminals of the sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nervous systems. This has clinical utility in treating conditions involving hyperactivity of the autonomic nervous system, including hyperhidrosis, hypersalivation and conditions of smooth muscle hyperactivity. These clinical uses of the neurotoxin are reviewed in this chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbott JA, Jarvis SK, Lyons SD, Thomson A, Vancaille TG (2006) Botulinum toxin type A for chronic pain and pelvic floor spasm in women: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 108:915–923
Ahsan SF, Meleca RJ, Dworkin JP (2000) Botulinum toxin injection of the cricopharyngeus muscle for the treatment of dysphagia. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 122:691–695
Akbar M, Abel R, Seyler TM, Bedke J, Haferkamp A, Gerner HJ, Möhring K (2007) Repeated botulinum-A toxin injections in the treatment of myelodysplastic children and patients with spinal cord injuries with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. BJU Int 100:639–645
Alberty J, Oelerich M, Ludwig K, Hartmann S, Stoll W (2000) Efficacy of botulinum toxin A for treatment of upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction. Laryngoscope 110:1151–1156
Allescher HD, Storr M, Seige M, Gonzales-Donoso R, Ott R, Born P, Frimberger E, Weigert N, Stier A, Kurjak M, Rösch T, Classen M (2001) Treatment of achalasia: botulinum toxin injection vs pneumatic balloon dilation. A prospective study with long-term follow-up. Endoscopy 33:1007–1017
Alrefai AH, Aburahma SK, Khader YS (2009) Treatment of sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy: a double-blind placebo controlled trial. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 111:79–82
Annese V, Janssens J, Vantrappen G (1990) Primary esophageal motility disorders: medical treatment. Minerva Dietol Gastroenterol 36:145–155
Annese V, Basciani M, Perri F, Lombardi G, Frusciante V, Simone P, Andriulli A, Vantrappen G (1996) Controlled trial of botulinum toxin injection versus placebo and pneumatic dilation in achalasia. Gastroenterology 111:1418–1124
Annese V, Basciani M, Borrelli O, Leandro G, Simone P, Andriulli A (1998) Intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin is effective in long-term treatment of esophageal achalasia. Muscle Nerve 21:1540–1542
Annese V, Bassotti G, Coccia G, Dinelli M, D’Onofrio V, Gatto G, Leandro G, Repici A, Testoni PA, Andriulli A (2000) A multicentre randomised study of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin in patients with esophageal achalasia. Gut 46:597–600
Arts J, van Gool S, Caenepeel P, Verbeke K, Janssens J, Tack J (2006) Influence of intrapyloric botulinum toxin injection on gastric emptying and meal-related symptoms in gastroparesis patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 24:661–667
Arts J, Holvoet L, Caenepeel P, Bisschops R, Sifrim D, Verbeke K, Janssens J, Tack J (2007) Clinical trial: a randomized-controlled crossover study of intrapyloric injection of botulinum toxin in gastroparesis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 26:1251–1258
Atkinson SI, Rees J (1997) Botulinum toxin for cricopharyngeal dysphagia: case reports of CT-guided injection. J Otolaryngol 26:273–276
Bagi P, Biering-Sørensen F (2004) Botulinum toxin A for treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity and incontinence in patients with spinal cord lesions. Scand J Urol Nephrol 38:495–498
Bakhshipour A, Rabbani R, Shirani S, Soleimani HA, Mikaeli J (2010) Comparison of pneumatic dilation with pneumatic dilation plus botulinum toxin for treatment of achalasia. Acta Med Iran 48:107–110
Banerjee KJ, Glasson C, O’Flaherty SJ (2006) Parotid and submandibular botulinum toxin A injections for sialorrhoea in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 48:883–887
Barañano DE, Miller NR (2004) Long term efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin A injection for crocodile tears syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 88:588–589
Barnes MA, Ho AS, Malhotra PS, Koltai PJ, Messner AH (2011) The use of botulinum toxin for pediatric cricopharyngeal achalasia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 75:1210–1214
Basciani M, Di Rienzo F, Fontana A, Copetti M, Pellegrini F, Intiso D (2011) Botulinum toxin type B for sialorrhoea in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized trial comparing three doses. Dev Med Child Neurol 53:559–564
Bassotti G, D’Onofrio V, Battaglia E, Fiorella S, Dughera L, Iaquinto G, Mazzocchi A, Morelli A, Annese V (2006) Treatment with botulinum toxin of octo-nonagerians with oesophageal achalasia: a two-year follow-up study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23:1615–1619
Baumann LS, Halem ML (2003) Systemic adverse effects after botulinum toxin type B (myobloc) injections for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. Arch Dermatol 139:226–227
Baumann L, Frankel S, Welsh E, Halem M (2003) Cryoanalgesia with dichlorotetrafluoroethane lessens the pain of botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Surg 29:1057–1059
Baumann L, Slezinger A, Halem M, Vujevich J, Mallin K, Charles C, Martin LK, Black L, Bryde J (2005) Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of the safety and efficacy of Myobloc (botulinum toxin type B) for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Surg 31:263–270
Bechara FG, Sand M, Achenbach RK, Sand D, Altmeyer P, Hoffmann K (2007) Focal hyperhidrosis of the anal fold: successful treatment with botulinum toxin A. Dermatol Surg 33:924–927
Beerens AJ, Snow GB (2002) Botulinum toxin A in the treatment of patients with Frey syndrome. Br J Surg 89:116–119
Beleggia F, Beccia E, Imbriani E, Basciani M, Intiso D, Cioffi R, Simone P, Ricci Barbini V (1997) The use of type A botulin toxin in the treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. Arch Ital Urol Androl 69 (Suppl 1):61–63
Ben-Youssef R, Baron PW, Franco E, Walter MH, Lewis T, Ojogho O (2006) Intrapyloric injection of botulinum toxin a for the treatment of persistent gastroparesis following successful pancreas transplantation. Am J Transplant 6:214–218
Bhatia KP, Münchau A, Brown P (1999) Botulinum toxin is a useful treatment in excessive drooling in saliva. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 67:697
Bjerkhoel A, Trobbe O (1997) Frey’s syndrome: treatment with botulinum toxin. J Laryngol Otol 111:839–844
Blaheta HJ, Vollert B, Zuder D, Rassner G (2002) Intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier’s block) for botulinum toxin therapy of palmar hyperhidrosis is safe and effective. Dermatol Surg 28:666–671
Blitzer A, Brin MF (1997) Use of botulinum toxin for diagnosis and management of cricopharyngeal achalasia. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 116:328–330
Boroojerdi B, Ferbert A, Schwarz M, Herath H, Noth J (1998) Botulinum toxin treatment of synkinesia and hyperlacrimation after facial palsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 65:111–114
Bosdotter Enroth S, Rystedt A, Covaciu L, Hymnelius K, Rystedt E, Nyberg R, Naver H, Swartling C (2010) Bilateral forearm intravenous regional anesthesia with prilocaine for botulinum toxin treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 63:466–474
Bothwell JE, Clarke K, Dooley JM et al (2002) Botulinum toxin A as a treatment for excessive drooling in children. Pediatr Neurol 27:18–22
Brant CQ, Siqueira ES, Ferrari AP Jr (1999) Botulinum toxin for oropharyngeal dysphagia: case report of flexible endoscope-guided injection. Dis Esophagus 12:68–73
Brin MF, Vapnek JM (1997) Treatment of vaginismus with botulinum toxin injections. Lancet 349:252–253
Bromer MQ, Friedenberg F, Miller LS, Fisher RS, Swartz K, Parkman HP (2005) Endoscopic pyloric injection of botulinum toxin A for the treatment of refractory gastroparesis. Gastrointest Endosc 61:833–839
Brown CS, Glazer HI, Vogt V, Menkes D, Bachmann G (2006) Subjective and objective outcomes of botulinum toxin type A treatment in vestibulodynia: pilot data. J Reprod Med 51:635–641
Brubaker L, Richter HE, Visco A, Mahajan S, Nygaard I, Braun TM, Barber MD, Menefee S, Schaffer J, Weber AM, Wei J (2008) Pelvic Floor Disorders Network Refractory idiopathic urge urinary incontinence and botulinum A injection. J Urol 180:217–222
Bushara KO, Park DM, Jones JC, Schutta HS (1996) Botulinum toxin-a possible new treatment for axillary hyperhidrosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 21:276–278
Campanati A, Lagalla G, Penna L, Gesuita R, Offidani A (2004) Local neural block at the wrist for treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin: technical improvements. J Am Acad Dermatol 51:345–348
Campanati A, Bernardini ML, Gesuita R, Offidani A (2007) Plantar focal idiopathic hyperhidrosis and botulinum toxin: a pilot study. Eur J Dermatol 17:52–54
Cantarella G, Berlusconi A, Mele V, Cogiamanian F, Barbieri S m (2010) Treatment of Frey’s syndrome with botulinum toxin type B. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 143:214–218
Carod Artal FJ (2003) Treatment of sialorrhoea in neurological diseases with trans-dermic injections of botulinum toxin type A in the parotid glands. Neurologia 18:280–284
Chen SL, Bih LI, Chen GD, Huang YH, You YH, Lew HL (2010) Transrectal ultrasound-guided transperineal botulinum toxin a injection to the external urethral sphincter for treatment of detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia in patients with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 91:340–344
Chuang YC, Chiang PH, Huang CC, Yoshimura N, Chancellor MB (2005) Botulinum toxin type A improves benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms in patients with small prostates. Urology 66:775–779
Chuang YC, Chiang PH, Yoshimura N, De Miguel F, Chancellor MB (2006a) Sustained beneficial effects of intraprostatic botulinum toxin type A on lower urinary tract symptoms and quality of life in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int 98:1033–1037
Chuang YC, Tu CH, Huang CC, Lin HJ, Chiang PH, Yoshimura N, Chancellor MB (2006b) Intraprostatic injection of botulinum toxin type-A relieves bladder outlet obstruction in human and induces prostate apoptosis in dogs. BMC Urol 6:12
Contarino MF, Pompili M, Tittoto P, Vanacore N, Sabatelli M, Cedrone A, Rapaccini GL, Gasbarrini G, Tonali PA, Bentivoglio AR (2007) Botulinum toxin B ultrasound-guided injections for sialorrhea in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 13:299–303
Costa J, Rocha ML, Ferreira J, Evangelista T, Coelho M, de Carvalho M (2008) Botulinum toxin type-B improves sialorrhea and quality of life in bulbaronset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol 255:545–550
Crary MA, Glowasky AL (1996) Using botulinum toxin A to improve speech and swallowing function following total laryngectomy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 122:760–763
Cuillière C, Ducrotté P, Zerbib F, Metmann EH, de Looze D, Guillemot F, Hudziak H, Lamouliatte H, Grimaud JC, Ropert A, Dapoigny M, Bost R, Lémann M, Bigard MA, Denis P, Auget JL, Galmiche JP, Bruley des Varannes S (1997) Achalasia: outcome of patients treated with intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin. Gut 41:87–92
Davarian S, Kalantari KK, Rezasoltani A, Rahimi A (2008) Effect and persistency of botulinum toxin iontophoresis in the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. Australas J Dermatol 49:75–79
de Bree R, Duyndam JE, Kuik DJ, Leemans CR (2009) Repeated botulinum toxin type A injections to treat patients with Frey syndrome. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 135:287–290
de Sèze M, Petit H, Gallien P, de Sèze MP, Joseph PA, Mazaux JM, Barat M (2002) Botulinum a toxin and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia: a double-blind lidocaine-controlled study in 13 patients with spinal cord disease. Eur Urol 42:56–62
Doggweiler R, Zermann DH, Ishigooka M, Schmidt RA (1998) Botox-induced prostatic involution. Prostate 37:44–50
Dogu O, Apaydin D, Sevim S, Talas DU, Aral M (2004) Ultrasound-guided versus ‘blind’ intraparotid injections of botulinum toxin-A for the treatment of sialorrhoea in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 106:93–96
D’Onofrio V, Miletto P, Leandro G, Iaquinto G (2001) Long-term follow-up of achalasia patients treated with botulinum toxin. Digest Liver Dis 33:105–110
Dressler D, Adib Saberi F, Benecke R (2002) Botulinum toxin type B for treatment of axillar hyperhidrosis. J Neurol 249:1729–1732
Dressler D, Benecke R (2003) Autonomic side effects of botulinum toxin type B treatment of cervical dystonia and hyperhidrosis. Eur Neurol 49:34–38
Dressler D (2010) Comparing Botox and Xeomin for axillar hyperhidrosis. J Neural Transm 117:317–319
Dressler D (2010) Routine use of Xeomin in patients previously treated with Botox: long term results. Eur J Neurol 16 (Suppl 2):2–5
Dulguerov P, Quinodoz D, Cosendal G, Piletta P, Lehmann W (2000). Frey syndrome treatment with botulinum toxin. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 122:821–827
Dumonceau JM, Giostra E, Bech C, Spahr L, Schroft A, Shah D (2006) Acute delayed gastric emptying after ablation of atrial fibrillation: treatment with botulinum toxin injection. Endoscopy 38:543
Dunne J, Hayes M, Cameron D (1993) Botulinum toxin A for cricopharyngeal dystonia. Lancet 342:559
Dykstra DD, Sidi AA (1990) Treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia with botulinum A toxin: a double-blind study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 71:24–26
Dykstra DD, Sidi AA, Scott AB, Pagel JM, Goldish GD (1988) Effects of botulinum A toxin on detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in spinal cord injury patients. J Urol 139:919–922
Ehren I, Volz D, Farrelly E, Berglund L, Brundin L, Hultling C, Lafolie P (2007) Efficacy and impact of botulinum toxin A on quality of life in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Scand J Urol Nephrol 41:335–340
Ellies M, Laskawi R, Rohrbach-Volland S, Rödel R, Beuche W (2001) Blocking secretion of exocrine glands in the head-neck area by administration of botulinum toxin A. Therapy of a rare disease picture. HNO 49:807–813
Ellies M, Laskawi R, Rohrbach-Volland S, Arglebe C, Beuche W (2002) Botulinum toxin to reduce saliva flow: selected indications for ultrasound-guided toxin application into salivary glands. Laryngoscope 112:82–86
Ellies M, Rohrbach-Volland S, Arglebe C, Wilken B, Laskawi R, Hanefeld (2002) Successful management of drooling with botulinum toxin A in neurologically disabled children. Neuropediatrics 33:327–330
Ellies M, Laskawi R, Rohrbach-Volland S, Arglebe C (2003) Up-to-date report of botulinum toxin therapy in patients with drooling caused by different etiologies. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 61:454–457
Ezzeddine D, Jit R, Katz N, Gopalswamy N, Bhutani MS (2002) Pyloric injection of botulinum toxin for treatment of diabetic gastroparesis. Gastrointest Endosc 55:920–923
Festen S, Gisbertz SS, van Schaagen F, Gerhards MF (2009) Blinded randomized clinical trial of botulinum toxin versus isosorbide dinitrate ointment for treatment of anal fissure. Br J Surg 96:1393–1399
Fishman VM, Parkman HP, Schiano TD, Hills C, Dabezies MA, Cohen S, Fisher RS, Miller LS (1996) Symptomatic improvement in achalasia after botulinum toxin injection of the lower esophageal sphincter. Am J Gastroenterol 91:1724–1730
Fowler CJ, Betts CD, Christmas TJ, Swash M, Fowler CG (1992) Botulinum toxin in the treatment of chronic urinary retention in women. Br J Urol 70:387–389
Friedenberg F, Gollamudi S, Parkman HP (2004) The use of botulinum toxin for the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders. Dig Dis Sci 49:165–175
Friedenberg FK, Palit A, Parkman HP, Hanlon A, Nelson DB (2008) Botulinum toxin A for the treatment of delayed gastric emptying. Am J Gastroenterol 103:416–423
Friedman A, Potulska A (2001) Botulinum toxin for treatment of parkinsonian sialorrhea. Neurol Neurochir Pol 35(Suppl 3):23–27
Gallien P, Robineau S, Verin M, Le Bot MP, Nicolas B, Brissot R (1998) Treatment of detrusor sphincter dyssynergia by transperineal injection of botulinum toxin. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 79:715–717
Gallien P, Reymann JM, Amarenco G, Nicolas B, de Sèze M, Bellissant E (2005) Placebo controlled, randomised, double blind study of the effects of botulinum A toxin on detrusor sphincter dyssynergia in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76:1670–1676
Ghei M, Maraj BH, Miller R, Nathan S, O’Sullivan C, Fowler CJ, Shah PJ, Malone-Lee J (2005) Effects of botulinum toxin B on refractory detrusor overactivity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover trial. Urol 174:1873–1877
Ghoshal UC, Chaudhuri S, Pal BB, Dhar K, Ray G, Banerjee PK (2001) Randomized controlled trial of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin A injection versus balloon dilatation in treatment of achalasia. Dis Esophagus 14:227–231
Giannantoni A, Mearini E, Di Stasi SM, Costantini E, Zucchi A, Mearini L, Fornetti P, Del Zingaro M, Navarra P, Porena M (2004) New therapeutic options for refractory neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Minerva Urol Nefrol 56:79–87
Giannantoni A, Costantini E, Di Stasi SM, Tascini MC, Bini V, Porena M (2006) Botulinum A toxin intravesical injections in the treatment of painful bladder syndrome: a pilot study. Eur Urol 49:704–709
Giannantoni A, Porena M, Costantini E, Zucchi A, Mearini L, Mearini E (2008) Botulinum A toxin intravesical injection in patients with painful bladder syndrome: 1-year followup. J Urol 179:1031–1034
Giess R, Naumann M, Werner E, Riemann R, Beck M, Puls I, Reiners C, Toyka KV (2000) Injections of botulinum toxin A into the salivary glands improve sialorrhoea in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69:121–123
Gil RA, Hwynn N, Fabian T, Joseph S, Fernandez HH (2011) Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of gastroparesis in Parkinson’s disease patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 17:285–287
Glickman S, Deaney CN (2001) Treatment of relative sialorrhoea with botulinum toxin type A: description and rationale for an injection procedure with case report. Eur J Neurol 8:567–571
Goldblum JR, Rice TW, Richter JE (1996) Histopathologic features in esophagomyotomy specimens from patients with achalasia. Gastroenterology 111:648–654
Gomez CS, Kanagarajah P, Gousse A (2010) The use of botulinum toxin a in idiopathic overactive bladder syndrome. Curr Urol Rep 11:353–359
Gordon JM, Eaker EY (1997) Prospective study of esophageal botulinum toxin injection in high risk achalasia patients. Am J Gastroenterol 92:1812–1817
Grosse J, Kramer G, Stöhrer M (2005) Success of repeat detrusor injections of botulinum A toxin in patients with severe neurogenic detrusor overactivity and incontinence. Eur Urol 47:653–659
Gui D, Cassetta E, Anastasio G, Bentivoglio AR, Maria G, Albanese A (1994). Botulinum toxin for chronic anal fissure. Lancet 344(8930):1127–1128
Gui D, Rossi S, Runfola M, Magalini SC (2003) Review article: botulinum toxin in the therapy of gastrointestinal motility disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 18:1–16
Gunter J, Brewer A, Tawfik O (2004) Botulinum toxin A for vulvodynia: a case report. J Pain 5:238–240
Guntinas-Lichius O, Eckel HE (2002) Temporary reduction of salivation in laryngectomy patients with pharyngocutaneous fistulas by botulinum toxin A injection. Laryngoscope 112:187–189
Gupta P, Rao SS (2002) Attenuation of isolated pyloric pressure waves in gastroparesis in response to botulinum toxin injection: a case report. Gastrointest Endosc 56:770–772
Gutschow CA, Töx U, Leers J, Schäfer H, Prenzel KL, Hölscher AH (2010) Botox, dilation, or myotomy? Clinical outcome of interventional and surgical therapies for achalasia. Langenbecks Arch Surg 395:1093–1099
Haapaniemi JJ, Laurikainen EA, Pulkkinen J, Marttila RJ (2001) Botulinum toxin in the treatment of cricopharyngeal dysphagia. Dysphagia 16:171–175
Hajebrahimi S, Altaweel W, Cadoret J, Cohen E, Corcos J (2005) Efficacy of botulinum-A toxin in adults with neurogenic overactive bladder: initial results. Can J Urol 12:2543–2546
Hallan RI, Williams NS, Melling J, Waldron DJ, Womack NR, Morrison JF (1988) Treatment of anismus in intractable constipation with botulinum A toxin. Lancet 8613:714–717
Hassin-Baer S, Scheuer E, Buchman AS, Jacobson I, Ben-Zeev B (2005) Botulinum toxin injections for children with excessive drooling. J Child Neurol 20:120–123
Heckmann M, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Plewig G (2001) Botulinum toxin A for axillary hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating). N Engl J Med 344:48893
Heckmann M, Plewig G, Hyperhidrosis Study Group (2005) Low-dose efficacy of botulinum toxin A for axillary hyperhidrosis: a randomized, side-by-side, open-label study. Arch Dermatol 141:1255–1259
Hirst GR, Watkins AJ, Guerrero K, Wareham K, Emery SJ, Jones DR, Lucas MG (2007) Botulinum toxin B is not an effective treatment of refractory overactive bladder. Urology 69:69–73
Hoebeke P, De Caestecker K, Vande Walle J, Dehoorne J, Raes A, Verleyen P, Van Laecke E (2006) The effect of botulinum-A toxin in incontinent children with therapy resistant overactive detrusor. J Urol 176:328–330
Hofmann RJ (2000) Treatment of Frey’s syndrome (gustatory sweating) and ‘crocodile tears’ (gustatory epiphora) with purified botulinum toxin. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 16:289–291
Jackson CE, Gronseth G, Rosenfeld J, Barohn RJ, Dubinsky R, Simpson CB, McVey A, Kittrell PP, King R, Herbelin L, Muscle Study Group (2009) Randomized double-blind study of botulinum toxin type B for sialorrhea in ALS patients. Muscle Nerve 39:137–143
James AN, Ryan JP, Parkman HP (2003) Inhibitory effects of botulinum toxin on pyloric and antral smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 285:G291–297
Jarvis SK, Abbott JA, Lenart MB, Steensma A, Vancaillie TG (2004) Pilot study of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain associated with spasm of the levator ani muscles. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 44:46–50
Jeffery S, Fynes M, Lee F, Wang K, Williams L, Morley R (2007) Efficacy and complications of intradetrusor injection with botulinum toxin A in patients with refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity. BJU Int 100:1302–136
Jongerius PH, Rotteveel JJ, van den Hoogen F, Joosten F, van Hulst K, Gabreëls FJ (2001) Botulinum toxin A: a new option for treatment of drooling in children with cerebral palsy. Presentation of a case series. Eur J Pediatr 160:509–512
Jongerius PH, Joosten F, Hoogen FJ, Gabreels FJ, Rotteveel JJ (2003) The treatment of drooling by ultrasound-guided intraglandular injections of botulinum toxin type A into the salivary glands. Laryngoscope 113:107–111
Jongerius PH, Rotteveel JJ, van Limbeek J, Gabreëls FJ, van Hulst K, van den Hoogen FJ (2004a) Botulinum toxin effect on salivary flow rate in children with cerebral palsy. Neurology 63:1371–1375
Jongerius PH, van den Hoogen FJ, van Limbeek J, Gabreëls FJ, van Hulst K, Rotteveel JJ (2004b) Effect of botulinum toxin in the treatment of drooling: a controlled clinical trial. Pediatrics 114:620–627
Joo JS, Agachan F, Wolff B, Nogueras JJ, Wexner SD (1996) Initial North American experience with botulinum toxin type A for treatment of anismus. Dis Colon Rectum 39:1107–1111
Jost WH, Schimrigk K (1994) Therapy of anal fissure using botulin toxin. Dis Colon Rectum 37:1321–1324
Kajbafzadeh AM, Moosavi S, Tajik P, Arshadi H, Payabvash S, Salmasi AH, Akbari HR, Nejat F (2006) Intravesical injection of botulinum toxin type A: management of neuropathic bladder and bowel dysfunction in children with myelomeningocele. Urology 68:1091–1096
Kalsi V, Apostolidis A, Popat R, Gonzales G, Fowler CJ, Dasgupta P (2006) Quality of life changes in patients with neurogenic versus idiopathic detrusor overactivity after intradetrusor injections of botulinum neurotoxin type A and correlations with lower urinary tract symptoms and urodynamic changes. Eur Urol 49:528–535
Karsenty G, Reitz A, Lindemann G, Boy S, Schurch B (2006) Persistence of therapeutic effect after repeated injections of botulinum toxin type A to treat incontinence due to neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Urology 68:1193–1197
Keegan DJ, Geerling G, Lee JP, Blake G, Collin JR, Plant GT (2002) Botulinum toxin treatment for hyperlacrimation secondary to aberrant regenerated seventh nerve palsy or salivary gland transplantation. Br J Ophthalmol 86:43–46
Kennelly MJ, Kang J (2003) Botulinum-A toxin injections as a treatment fro refractory detrusor hyperreflexia. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 8:46–53
Kent MS, Pennathur A, Fabian T, McKelvey A, Schuchert MJ, Luketich JD, Landreneau RJ (2007) A pilot study of botulinum toxin injection for the treatment of delayed gastric emptying following esophagectomy. Surg Endosc 21:754–757
Kessler TM, Danuser H, Schumacher M, Studer UE, Burkhard FC (2005) Botulinum A toxin injections into the detrusor: an effective treatment in idiopathic and neurogenic detrusor overactivity? Neurourol Urodyn 24:231–236
Khoo J, Rayner CK, Jones KL, Horowitz M (2009) Pathophysiology and management of gastroparesis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 3:167–181
Kinkelin I, Hund M, Naumann M, Hamm H (2000) Effective treatment of frontal hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin A. Br J Dermatol 143:824–827
Kizkin S, Doganay S, Ozisik HI, Ozcan C (2005) Crocodile tears syndrome: botulinum toxin treatment under EMG guidance. Funct Neurol 20:35–37
Kolbasnik J, Waterfall WE, Fachnie B, Chen Y, Tougas G (1999) Long-term efficacy of botulinum toxin in classical achalasia: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 94:3434–3439
Kossintseva I, Barankin B (2008) Improvement in both Raynaud disease and hyperhidrosis in response to botulinum toxin type A treatment. J Cutan Med Surg 12:189–193
Kroupa R, Hep A, Dolina J, Valek V, Matyasova Z, Prokesova J, Mrazova J, Sedmik J, Novotny I (2010) Combined treatment of achalasia-botulinum toxin injection followed by pneumatic dilatation: long-term results. Dis Esophagus 23:100–105
Kuo HC (2003) Effect of botulinum a toxin in the treatment of voiding dysfunction due to detrusor underactivity. Urology 61:550–554
Kuo HC (2004) Urodynamic evidence of effectiveness of botulinum A toxin injection in treatment of detrusor overactivity refractory to anticholinergic agents. Urology 63:868–872
Kuo HC (2005a) Preliminary results of suburothelial injection of botulinum a toxin in the treatment of chronic interstitial cystitis. Urol Int 75:170–174
Kuo HC (2005b) Prostate botulinum A toxin injection-an alternative treatment for benign prostatic obstruction in poor surgical candidates. Urology 65:670–674
Kuo HC (2006) Therapeutic effects of suburothelial injection of botulinum a toxin for neurogenic detrusor overactivity due to chronic cerebrovascular accident and spinal cord lesions. Urology 67:232–236
Kuo HC, Liao CH, Chung SD (2010) Adverse events of intravesical botulinum toxin a injections for idiopathic detrusor overactivity: risk factors and influence on treatment outcome. Eur Urol 8:919–926
Kuschel S, Werner M, Schmid DM, Faust E, Schuessler B (2008) Botulinum toxin-A for idiopathic overactivity of the vesical detrusor: a 2-year follow-up. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 19:905–909
Kyrmizakis DE, Pangalos A, Papadakis CE, Logothetis J, Maroudias NJ, Helidonis ES (2004) The use of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of Frey and crocodile tears syndromes. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 62:840–844
Lacy BE, Zayat EN, Crowell MD, Schuster MM (2002) Botulinum toxin for the treatment of gastroparesis: a preliminary report. Am J Gastroenterol 97:1548–1552
Lacy BE, Crowell MD, Schettler-Duncan A, Mathis C, Pasricha PJ (2004) The treatment of diabetic gastroparesis with botulinum toxin injection of the pylorus. Diabetes Care 27:2341–2347
Laskawi R, Drobik C, Schönebeck C (1998) Up-to-date report of botulinum toxin type A treatment in patients with gustatory sweating (Frey’s syndrome). Laryngoscope 108:381–384
Leyden JE, Moss AC, MacMathuna P (2006) Endoscopic pneumatic dilation versus botulinum toxin injection in the management of primary achalasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 18:CD005046
Lie KY, Wong MY, Ng LG (2010) Botulinum toxin a for idiopathic detrusor overactivity. Ann Acad Med Singapore 39:714–715
Lim EC, Seet RC (2007) Another injection-free method to effect analgesia when injecting botulinum toxin for palmar hyperhidrosis: cryoanalgesia. Dermatol Online J 13:25
Lipp A, Trottenberg T, Schink T, Kupsch A, Arnold G (2003) A randomized trial of botulinum toxin A for treatment of drooling. Neurology 61:1279–1281
Liu HT, Kuo HC (2007) Intravesical botulinum toxin A injections plus hydrodistension can reduce nerve growth factor production and control bladder pain in interstitial cystitis. Urology 70:463–468
Lowe NJ, Yamauchi PS, Lask GP, Patnaik R, Iyer S (2002) Efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type a in the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Dermatol Surg 28:822–827
Lowe PL, Cerdan-Sanz S, Lowe NJ (2003) Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of bilateral primary axillary hyperhidrosis; efficacy and duration with repeated treatments. Dermatol Surg 29:5458
Lowe NJ, Glaser DA, Eadie N, Daggett S, Kowalski JW, Lai PY, North American Botox in Primary Axillary Hyperhidrosis Clinical Study Group (2007) Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis: a 52-week multicenter double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. J Am Acad Dermatol 56:604–611
Mancini F, Zangaglia R, Cristina S, Sommaruga MG, Martignoni E, Nappi G, Pacchetti C (2003) Double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of drooling in parkinsonism. Mov Disord 18:685–688
Manrique D (2005) Application of botulinum toxin to reduce the saliva in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol 71:556–559
Maria G, Brisinda G, Bentivoglio AR, Cassetta E, Albanese A (2000) Botulinum toxin in the treatment of outlet obstruction constipation caused by puborectalis syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum 43:376–380
Maria G, Brisinda G, Civello IM, Bentivoglio AR, Sganga G, Albanese A (2003) Relief by botulinum toxin of voiding dysfunction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Urology 62:259–264
MartÃnek J, Siroký M, Plottová Z, Bures J, Hep A, Spicák J (2003) Treatment of patients with achalasia with botulinum toxin: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Dis Esophagus 16:204–209
Mikaeli J, Fazel A, Montazeri G, Yaghoobi M, Malekzadeh R (2001) Randomized controlled trial comparing botulinum toxin injection to pneumatic dilatation for the treatment of achalasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 15:1389–1396
Miller LS, Parkman HP, Schiano TD, Cassidy MJ, Ter RB, Dabezies MA, Cohen S, Fisher RS (1996) Treatment of symptomatic nonachalasia esophageal motor disorders with botulinum toxin injection at the lower esophageal sphincter. Dig Dis Sci 41:2025–2031
Miller LS, Szych GA, Kantor SB, Bromer MQ, Knight LC, Maurer AH, Fisher RS, Parkman HP (2002) Treatment of idiopathic gastroparesis with injection of botulinum toxin into the pyloric sphincter muscle. Am J Gastroenterol 97:1653–1660
Moerman M, Callier Y, Dick C, Vermeersch H (2002) Botulinum toxin for dysphagia due to cricopharyngeal dysfunction. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 259:1–3
Moffat CE, Hayes WG, Nyamekye IK (2009) Durability of botulinum toxin treatment for axillary hyperhidrosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 38:188–191
Montoya FJ, Riddell CE, Caesar R, Hague S (2002) Treatment of gustatory hyperlacrimation (crocodile tears) with injection of botulinum toxin into the lacrimal gland. Eye (Lond) 16:705–709
Muehldorfer SM, Schneider TH, Hochberger J, Martus P, Hahn EG, Ell C (1999) Esophageal achalasia: intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin A versus balloon dilation. Endoscopy 31:517–521
Naumann M, Flachenecker P, Bröcker EB, Toyka KV, Reiners K (1997) Botulinum toxin for palmar hyperhidrosis. Lancet 349:252
Naumann M, Zellner M, Toyka KV, Reiners K (1997) Treatment of gustatory sweating with botulinum toxin. Ann Neurol 42:973–975
Naumann M, Hofmann U, Bergmann I, Hamm H, Toyka KV, Reiners K (1998) Focal hyperhidrosis: effective treatment with intracutaneous botulinum toxin. Arch Dermatol 134:301–304
Naumann M, Lowe NJ (on behalf of the BOTOX Hyperhidrosis Clinical Study Group) (2001) Botulinum toxin type A in treatment of bilateral primary axillary hyperhidrosis: randomised, parallel group, double blind, placebo controlled trial. BMJ 323:596–599
Naumann M, Lowe NJ, Kumar CR, Hamm H (on behalf of the BOTOX Hyperhidrosis Clinical Study Group) (2003) Botulinum toxin type A is a safe and effective treatment for axillary hyperhidrosis over 16 months: a prospective study. Arch Dermatol 139:731–736
Naumann M, So Y, Argoff CE, Childers MK, Dykstra DD, Gronseth GS, Jabbari B, Kaufmann HC, Schurch B, Silberstein SD, Simpson DM, Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology (2008) Assessment: Botulinum neurotoxin in the treatment of autonomic disorders and pain (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 70:1707–1714
Naver H, Swartling C, Aquilonius SM (2000) Palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis treated with botulinum toxin: one-year clinical follow-up. Eur J Neurol 7:55–62
Nelson L, Bachoo P, Holmes J (2005) Botulinum toxin type B: a new therapy for axillary hyperhidrosis. Br J Plast Surg 58:228–232
Neubrand M, Scheurlen C, Schepke M, Sauerbruch T (2002) Long-term results and prognostic factors in the treatment of achalasia with botulinum toxin. Endoscopy 34:519–523
Neumeister MW (2010) Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon. J Hand Surg Am 35:2085–2092
Ong LC, Wong SW, Hamid HA (2009) Treatment of drooling in children with cerebral palsy using ultrasound guided intraglandular injections of botulinum toxin A. J Pediatr Neurol 7:141–145
Pal PK, Calne DB, Calne S, Tsui JK (2000) Botulinum toxin A as treatment for drooling saliva in PD.Neurology 54:244–247
Parameswaran MS, Soliman AM (2002) Endoscopic botulinum toxin injection for cricopharyngeal dysphagia. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 111:871–874
Pasricha PJ, Miskovsky EP, Kalloo AN (1994) Intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin for suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Gut 35:1319–1321
Pasricha PJ, Ravich WJ, Hendix RT, Sostre S, Jones B, Kalloo AN (1994) Treatment of achalasia with intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin: a pilot trial. Ann Intern Med 121:590–591
Pasricha PJ, Ravich WJ, Hendix RT, Sostre S, Jones B, Kalloo AN (1995) Intrasphincteric botulinum toxin for the treatment of achalasia. N Engl J Med 322:774–778
Pasricha PJ, Rai R, Ravich WJ, Hendix RT, Kalloo AN (1996) Botulinum toxin for achalasia: long-term outcome and predictors of response. Gastroenterology 110:1410–1415
Patel R, Halem M, Zaiac M (2009) The combined use of forced cold air and topical anesthetic cream for analgesia during the treatment of palmar hyperhydrosis with botulinum toxin injections. J Drugs Dermatol 8:948–951
Pérez-Bernal AM, Avalos-Peralta P, Moreno-RamÃrez D, Camacho F (2005) Treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A: 44 months of experience. J Cosmet Dermatol 4:163–166
Phelan MW, Franks M, Somogyi GT, Yokoyama T, Fraser MO, Lavelle JP, Yoshimura N, Chancellor MB (2001) Botulinum toxin urethral sphincter injection to restore bladder emptying in men and women with voiding dysfunction. J Urol 165:1107–1110
Popat R, Apostolidis A, Kalsi V, Gonzales G, Fowler CJ, Dasgupta P (2005) A comparison between the response of patients with idiopathic detrusor overactivity and neurogenic detrusor overactivity to the first intradetrusor injection of botulinum-A toxin. J Urol 174:984–989
Porta M, Gamba M, Bertacchi G, Vaj P (2001) Treatment of sialorrhoea with ultrasound guided botulinum toxin type A injection in patients with neurological disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 70:538–540
Prakash C, Freedland KE, Chan MF, Clouse RE (1999). Botulinum toxin injections for achalasia can approximate the short term efficacy of a single pneumatic dilation: a survival analysis approach. Am J Gastroenterol 94:328–333
Rajkumar GN, Small DR, Mustafa AW, Conn G (2005) A prospective study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, efficacy and durability of response of intravesical injection of botulinum toxin type A into detrusor muscle in patients with refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity. BJU Int 96:848–852
Randall A (1931) Surgical pathology of prostatic obstruction. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore
Reddihough D, Erasmus CE, Johnson H, McKellar GM, Jongerius PH (2010) Botulinum toxin assessment, intervention and aftercare for paediatric and adult drooling: international consensus statement. Eur J Neurol 17 (Suppl 2):109–121
Reddihough D, Graham HK (2011) Botulinum toxin type B for sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 53:488–489
Reddymasu SC, Singh S, Sankula R, Lavenbarg TA, Olyaee M, McCallum RW (2009) Endoscopic pyloric injection of botulinum toxin-A for the treatment of postvagotomy gastroparesis. Am J Med Sci 337:161–164
Reid SM, Johnstone BR, Westbury C, Rawicki B, Reddihough D (2008) Randomized trial of botulinum toxin injections into the salivary glands to reduce drooling in children with neurological disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol 50:123–128
Reitz A, Stöhrer M, Kramer G, Del Popolo G, Chartier-Kastler E, Pannek J, Burgdörfer H, Göcking K, Madersbacher H, Schumacher S, Richter R, von Tobel J, Schurch B (2004) European experience of 200 cases treated with botulinum-A toxin injections into the detrusor muscle for urinary incontinence due to neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Eur Urol 45:510–515
Restivo DA, Marchese Ragona R, Staffieri A, de Grandis D (2000) Successful botulinum toxin treatment of dysphagia in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. Gastroenterology 119:1416
Restivo DA, Palmeri A, Marchese-Ragona R (2002) Botulinum toxin for cricopharyngeal dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 346:1174–1175
Riccabona M, Koen M, Schindler M, Goedele B, Pycha A, Lusuardi L, Bauer SB (2004) Botulinum-A toxin injection into the detrusor: a safe alternative in the treatment of children with myelomeningocele with detrusor hyperreflexia. J Urol 171:845–848
Richards RN (2009) Ethyl chloride spray for sensory relief for botulinum toxin injections of the hands and feet. J Cutan Med Surg 13:253–256
Richter JE (2010) Achalasia-an update. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 16:232–242
Rollan A, Gonzalez R, Carvajal S, Chianale J (1995) Endoscopic intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of achalasia. J Clin Gastroenterol 20:189–191
Ron Y, Avni Y, Lukovetski A, Wardi J, Geva D, Birkenfeld S, Halpern Z (2001) Botulinum toxin type-A in therapy of patients with anismus. Dis Colon Rectum 44:1821–1826
Ruffion A, Capelle O, Paparel P, Leriche B, Leriche A, Grise P (2006) What is the optimum dose of type A botulinum toxin for treating neurogenic bladder overactivity? BJU Int 97:1030–1034
Saadia D, Voustianiouk A, Wang AK, Kaufmann H (2001) Botulinum toxin type A in primary palmar hyperhidrosis: randomized, single-blind, two-dose study. Neurology 57:2095–2099
Saberi FA, Schade H, Dressler D (2008) Botulinum toxin to treat parotid saliva retention after transient postoperative Stenon’s duct occlusion. Toxicon 51 (Suppl 1):44
Sahai A (2006) A prospective study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, efficacy and durability of response of intravesical injection of botulinum toxin type A into detrusor muscle in patients with refractory idiopathic detrusor overactivity. BJU Int 97:413
Sahai A, Khan MS, Dasgupta P (2007) Efficacy of botulinum toxin-A for treating idiopathic detrusor overactivity: results from a single center, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. J Urol 177:2231–2236
Sahai A, Dowson C, Khan MS, Dasgupta P (2009) Improvement in quality of life after botulinum toxin-A injections for idiopathic detrusor overactivity: results from a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. BJU Int 103:1509–1515
Sahai A, Dowson C, Khan MS, Dasgupta P, GKT Botulinum Study Group (2010) Repeated injections of botulinum toxin-A for idiopathic detrusor overactivity. Urology 75:552–558
Salmanpoor R, Rahmanian MJ (2002) Treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis with botulinum-A toxin. Int J Dermatol 41:428–430
Santana-RodrÃguez N, Clavo-Varas B, Ponce-González MA, Jarabo-Sarceda JR, Pérez-Alonso D, Ruiz-Caballero JA, Olmo-Quintana V, Atallah Yordi N, Fiuza-Pérez MD (2010) Primary frontal hyperhidrosis successfully treated with low doses of botulinum toxin A as a useful alternative to surgical treatment. J Dermatolog Treat 23:49–51
Savarese R, Diamond M, Elovic E, Millis SR (2004) Intraparotid injection of botulinum toxin A as a treatment to control sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 83:304–311
Scheffer AR, Erasmus C, van Hulst K, van Limbeek J, Jongerius PH, van den Hoogen FJ (2010) Efficacy and duration of botulinum toxin treatment for drooling in 131 children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 136:873–877
Schneider I, Thumfart WF, Pototschnig C, Eckel HE (1994) Treatment of dysfunction of the cricopharyngeal muscle with botulinum A toxin: introduction of a new, noninvasive method. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 103:31–35
Schnider P, Binder M, Kittler H, Birner P, Starkel D, Wolff K, Auff E (1999) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of botulinum A toxin for severe axillary hyperhidrosis. Br J Dermatol 140:677–680
Schnider P, Moraru E, Kittler H, Binder M, Kranz G, Voller B, Auff E (2001) Treatment of focal hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A: long-term follow-up in 61 patients. Br J Dermatol 145:289–293
Schulte-Baukloh H, Michael T, Schobert J, Stolze T, Knispel HH (2002) Efficacy of botulinum-a toxin in children with detrusor hyperreflexia due to myelomeningocele: preliminary results. Urology 59:325–327
Schulte-Baukloh H, Michael T, Stürzebecher B, Knispel HH (2003) Botulinum-a toxin detrusor injection as a novel approach in the treatment of bladder spasticity in children with neurogenic bladder. Eur Urol 44:139–143
Schulte-Baukloh H, Knispel HH, Stolze T, Weiss C, Michael T, Miller K (2005) Repeated botulinum-A toxin injections in treatment of children with neurogenic detrusor overactivity. Urology 66:865–870
Schulte-Baukloh H, Schobert J, Stolze T, Stürzebecher B, Weiss C, Knispel HH (2005) Efficacy of botulinum-A toxin bladder injections for the treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity in multiple sclerosis patients: an objective and subjective analysis. Neurourol Urodyn 25:110–115
Schulze-Bonhage A, Schroder M, Ferbert A (1996) Botulinum toxin in the therapy of gustatory sweating. J Neurol 243:143–146
Schurch B, Hauri D, Rodic B, Curt A, Meyer M, Rossier AB (1996) Botulinum-A toxin as a treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia: a prospective study in 24 spinal cord injury patients. J Urol 155:1023–1029
Schurch B, Hodler J, Rodic B (1997) Botulinum A toxin as a treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in patients with spinal cord injury: MRI controlled transperineal injections. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 63:474–476
Schurch B, Stöhrer M, Kramer G, Schmid DM, Gaul G, Hauri D (2000) Botulinum-A toxin for treating detrusor hyperreflexia in spinal cord injured patients: a new alternative to anticholinergic drugs? Preliminary results. J Urol 164:692–697
Schurch B, de Sèze M, Denys P, Chartier-Kastler E, Haab F, Everaert K, Plante P, Perrouin-Verbe B, Kumar C, Fraczek S, Brin MF, Botox Detrusor Hyperreflexia Study Team (2005) Botulinum toxin type a is a safe and effective treatment for neurogenic urinary incontinence: results of a single treatment, randomized, placebo controlled 6-month study. J Urol 174:196–200
Sevim S, Dogu O, Kaleagasi H (2002) Botulinum toxin-A therapy for palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis. Acta Neurol Belg 102:167–170
Shaw GY, Searl JP (2001) Botulinum toxin treatment for cricopharyngeal dysfunction. Dysphagia 16:161–167
Shelley WB, Talanin NY, Shelley ED (1998) Botulinum toxin therapy for palmar hyperhidrosis.J Am Acad Dermatol. 38:227–229
Silva J, Silva C, Saraiva L, Silva A, Pinto R, Dinis P, Cruz F (2008) Intraprostatic botulinum toxin type a injection in patients unfit for surgery presenting with refractory urinary retention and benign prostatic enlargement. Effect on prostate volume and micturition resumption. Eur Urol 53:153–159
Simonetta Moreau M, Cauhepe C, Magues JP, Senard JM (2003) A double-blind, randomized, comparative study of Dysport vs. Botox in primary palmar hyperhidrosis. Br J Dermatol 149:1041–1045
Smith CP, Radziszewski P, Borkowski A, Somogyi GT, Boone TB, Chancellor MB (2004) Botulinum toxin A has antinociceptive effects in treating interstitial cystitis. Urology 64:871–875
Smith CP, Nishiguchi J, O’Leary M, Yoshimura N, Chancellor MB (2005) Single-institution experience in 110 patients with botulinum toxin A injection into bladder or urethra. Urology 65:37–41
Smith KC, Comite SL, Storwick GS (2007) Ice minimizes discomfort associated with injection of botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Surg 33:S88–S91
Solomon BA, Hayman R (2000) Botulinum toxin type A therapy for palmar and digital hyperhidrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 42:1026–1029
Sriskandan N, Moody A, Howlett DC (2010) Ultrasound-guided submandibular gland injection of botulinum toxin for hypersalivation in cerebral palsy. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 48:58–60
Steinlechner S, Klein C, Moser A, Lencer R, Hagenah J (2010) Botulinum toxin B as an effective and safe treatment for neuroleptic-induced sialorrhea. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 207:593–597
Storr M, Allescher HD, Rosch T, Born P, Weigert N, Classen M (2001) Treatment of symptomatic diffuse esophageal spasm by endoscopic injections of botulinum toxin: a prospective study with long-term follow-up. Gastrointest Endosc 54:754–759
Storr M, Born P, Frimberger E, Weigert N, Rösch T, Meining A, Classen M, Allescher HD (2002) Treatment of achalasia: the short-term response to botulinum toxin injection seems to be independent of any kind of pretreatment. BMC Gastroenterol 2:19
Strutton DR, Kowalski JW, Glaser DA, Stang PE (2004) US prevalence of hyperhidrosis and impact on individuals with axillary hyperhidrosis: results from a national survey. J Am Acad Dermatol 51:241–248
Suskind DL, Tilton A, Suskind DL, Tilton A (2002) Clinical study of botulinum-A toxin in the treatment of sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy. Laryngoscope 112:73–81
Sycha T, Graninger M, Auff E, Schnider P (2004) Botulinum toxin in the treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon: a pilot study. Eur J Clin Invest 34:312–313
Tcherniak A, Kashtan DH, Melzer E (2006) Successful treatment of gastroparesis following total esophagectomy using botulinum toxin. Endoscopy 38:196
Thomson AJ, Jarvis SK, Lenart M, Abbott JA, Vancaillie TG (2005) The use of botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX) as treatment for intractable chronic pelvic pain associated with spasm of the levator ani muscles. BJOG 112:247–249
Tranqui P, Trottier DC, Victor C, Freeman JB (2006) Nonsurgical treatment of chronic anal fissure: nitroglycerin and dilatation versus nifedipine and botulinum toxin. Can J Surg 49:41–55
Tsai SJ, Ying TH, Huang YH, Cheng JW, Bih LI, Lew HL (2009) Transperineal injection of botulinum toxin A for treatment of detrusor sphincter dyssynergia: localization with combined fluoroscopic and electromyographic guidance. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 90:832–836
Vadoud-Seyedi J, Heenen M, Simonart T (2001) Treatment of idiopathic palmar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin. Report of 23 cases and review of the literature. Dermatology 203:318–321
Vadoud-Seyedi J (2004) Treatment of plantar hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A. Int J Dermatol 43:969–971
Vaezi MF, Richter JE, Wilcox CM, Schroeder PL, Birgisson S, Slaughter RL, Koehler RE, Baker ME (1999). Botulinum toxin versus pneumatic dilatation in the treatment of achalasia: a randomized trial. Gut 44:231–239
Verma A, Steele J (2006) Botulinum toxin improves sialorrhea and quality of living in bulbar amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 34:235–237
von Lindern JJ, Niederhagen B, Bergé S, Hägler G, Reich RH (2000) Frey syndrome: treatment with type A botulinum toxin. Cancer 89:1659–1663
Wabbels B, Förl M (2007) Botulinum toxin treatment for crocodile tears, spastic entropion and for dysthyroid upper eyelid retraction. Ophthalmologe 104:771–776
Wehrmann T, Seifert H, Seipp M, Lembcke B, Caspary WF (1998) Endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin for biliary sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Endoscopy 30:702–707
Wehrmann T, Kokabpick H, Jacobi V, Seifert H, Lembcke B, Caspary WF (1999) Long-term results of endoscopic injections of botulinum toxin in elderly achalasic patients with tortuous megaesophagus or epiphrenic diverticulum. Endoscopy 31:352–358
Wehrmann T, Schmitt TH, Arndt A, Lembcke B, Caspary WF, Seifert H (2000) Endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin in patients with recurrent acute pancreatitis due to pancreatic sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14:1469–1477
Wilken B, Aslami B, Backes H (2008) Successful treatment of drooling in children with neurological disorders with botulinum toxin A or B. Neuropediatrics 39:200–204
Wollina U (2008) Pharmacological sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissures by botulinum toxin A. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 1:58–63
Woodward MN, Spicer RD (2003) Intrapyloric botulinum toxin injection improves gastric emptying. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 37:201–202
Wu KP, Ke JY, Chen CY, Chen CL, Chou MY, Pei YC (2011) Botulinum toxin type A on oral health in treating sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Child Neurol 26:838–843
Yamashita N, Shimizu H, Kawada M, Yanagishita T, Watanabe D, Tamada Y, Matsumoto Y (2008) Local injection of botulinum toxin A for palmar hyperhidrosis: usefulness and efficacy in relation to severity. J Dermatol 35:325–329
Zaninotto G, Annese V, Costantini M, Del Genio A, Costantino M, Epifani M, Gatto G, D’onofrio V, Benini L, Contini S, Molena D, Battaglia G, Tardio B, Andriulli A, Ancona E (2004) Randomized controlled trial of botulinum toxin versus laparoscopic heller myotomy for esophageal achalasia. Ann Surg 239:364–370
Zárate N, Mearin F, Wang XY, Hewlett B, Huizinga JD, Malagelada JR (2003) Severe idiopathic gastroparesis due to neuronal and interstitial cells of Cajal degeneration: pathological findings and management. Gut 52:966–970
Zhu Q, Liu J, Yang C (2009) Clinical study on combined therapy of botulinum toxin injection and small balloon dilation in patients with esophageal achalasia. Dig Surg 26:493–498
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dressler, D. (2014). Clinical Use of Botulinum Neurotoxin: Autonomic Conditions. In: Foster, K. (eds) Clinical Applications of Botulinum Neurotoxin. Current Topics in Neurotoxicity, vol 5. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0261-3_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0261-3_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-0260-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-0261-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)