Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Urea-SCR Technology for deNOx After Treatment of Diesel Exhausts pp 65–96Cite as

Vanadia-Based Catalysts for Mobile SCR

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Fundamental and Applied Catalysis ((FACA))

Abstract

This overview summarizes the development and application of vanadia-based urea/NH3-SCR for mobile applications. The focus is on heavy-duty diesel engines where this technology has been put to the market on a broad scale. A short history of vanadia SCR technology for diesel engines and how the technology emerged as the choice for mobile diesel engines is introduced together with related emission legislation. The layout of a typical mobile vanadia SCR system is described including different sensors and control strategies. Design considerations important for mobile vanadia SCR systems are discussed as well as washcoated and fully extruded catalysts. Some attention is put on enhancing NOx conversion by using vanadia-based SCR catalysts together with an oxidation catalyst. Durability and different deactivation mechanisms for vanadia-based SCR catalysts, relevant for mobile applications are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ando J, Tohata H, Isaacs G A (1976) NOx Abatement for Stationary Sources in Japan. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/2-76-013b, Cincinnati, Ohio

    Google Scholar 

  2. Forzatti P, Lietti L (1996) Recent Advances in DeNOxing Catalysis for Stationary Applications. Heterogeneous Chem Rev 3:33–51

    Google Scholar 

  3. Jones G D, Johnson K L (1979) Technology Assessment Report for Industrial Boiler Applications: NOx Flue Gas Treatment. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/7-79-178 g, Austin, Texas

    Google Scholar 

  4. Scarnegie B, Miller W, Ballmert B, Doelling W, Fischer S (2003) Recent DPF/SCR Results Targeting US2007 and Euro 4/5 HD Emissions. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0774

    Google Scholar 

  5. Koebel M, Elsener M, Marti T (1996) NOx-Reduction in Diesel Exhaust Gas with Urea and Selective Catalytic Reduction. Combust Sci Tech 121:85–102

    Google Scholar 

  6. Havenith C, Verbeek R P (1997) Transient Performance of a Urea deNOx Catalyst for Low Emissions Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines. SAE Technical Paper 970185

    Google Scholar 

  7. Fritz N, Mathes W, Zuerbig J, Mueller R (1999) On-Road Demonstration of NOx Emission Control for Diesel Trucks with SINOx Urea SCR System. SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0111

    Google Scholar 

  8. Brodrick C J, Farsh-chi M, Dwyer H A, Sperling D, Gouse S W, Doelling W, Hoelzer J, Jackson M (1999) Urea-SCR System Demonstration and Evaluation for Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks. SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-3722

    Google Scholar 

  9. Müller W, Ölschlegel H, Schäfer A, Hakim N, Binder K (2003) Selective Catalytic Reduction - Europe’s NOx Reduction Technology. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-2304

    Google Scholar 

  10. Schmieg S (2010) Aspects of HC-SCR Catalyst Durability for Lean-Burn Engine Exhaust Aftertreatment. SAE Int J Fuels Lubr 3(2):691–709. doi:10.4271/2010-01-2160

  11. Stanglmaier R H, Roecker R C, Roberts Jr C E, Stewart D W (2004). US Patent 6732507B1

    Google Scholar 

  12. Elmøe T D, Sørensen R Z, Quaade U, Christensen C H, Nørskov J K, Johannessen T (2006) Chem Eng Sci 61:2618–2625

    Google Scholar 

  13. Fulks G, Fisher G, Rahmoeller K, Wu M, D’Herde E, Tan J (2009) A Review of Solid Materials as Alternative Ammonia Sources for Lean NOx Reduction with SCR. SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-0907

    Google Scholar 

  14. Nissinen T, Kukkonen J (2009) US Patent 7595034B2

    Google Scholar 

  15. Koebel M, Elsener M, Kleemann M (2000) Urea-SCR - a promising technique to reduce NOx emissions from automotive diesel engines. Catal Today 59:335–345

    Google Scholar 

  16. Lee J H, Paratore M J, Brown D B (2008) Evaluation of Cu-Based SCR/DPF Technology for Diesel Exhaust Emission Control. SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-0072

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ballinger T, Cox J, Konduru M, De D, Manning W, Andersen P (2009) Evaluation of SCR Catalyst Technology on Diesel Particulate Filters. SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-0910

    Google Scholar 

  18. Blakeman P, Arnby K, Marsh P, Newman C, Smedler G (2008) Optimization of an SCR Catalyst System to Meet EUIV Heavy Duty Diesel Legislation. SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-1542

    Google Scholar 

  19. Girard J, Montreuil C, Kim J, Cavataio G, Lambert C (2009) Technical Advantages of Vanadium SCR Systems for Diesel NOx Control in Emerging Markets. SAE Int J Fuels Lubr 1(1):488–494. doi:10.4271/2008-01-1029

  20. Miyamoto A, Kobayashi K, Inomata M, Murakami Y (1982) Nitrogen-15 Tracer Investigation of the Mechanism of the Reaction of NO with NH3 on Vanadium Oxide Catalysts. J Phys Chem 86:2945–2950

    Google Scholar 

  21. Lietti L, Nova I, Forzatti P (2000) Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by NH3 over TiO2-supported V2O5–WO3 and V2O5–MoO3 catalysts. Topics in Catal 11/12:111–122

    Google Scholar 

  22. Djerad S, Tifouti L, Crocoll M, Weisweiler W (2004) Effect of vanadia and tungsten loadings on the physical and chemical characteristics of V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalysts. J Mol Catal A 208:257–265

    Google Scholar 

  23. Wachs I E, Deo G, Weckhuysen B M, Andreini A, Vuurman M A, de Boer M, Amiridis M D (1996) Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH3 over Supported Vanadia Catalysts. J Catal 161:211–221

    Google Scholar 

  24. Busca G, Lietti L, Ramis G, Berti F (1998) Chemical and mechanistic aspects of the selective catalytic reduction of NOx by ammonia over oxide catalysts: A review. Appl Catal B 18:1–36

    Google Scholar 

  25. Inomata M, Miyamoto A, Murakami Y (1980) Mechanism of the Reaction of NO and NH3 on Vanadium Oxide Catalyst in the Presence of Oxygen under Dilute Gas Condition. J Catal 62:140–148

    Google Scholar 

  26. Nova I, Ciardelli C, Tronconi E, Chatterjee D, Bandl-Konrad B (2006) NH3-SCR of NO over a V-based Catalyst: Low-T Redox Kinetics with NH3 Inhibition. AIChE J 52(9):3222–3233

    Google Scholar 

  27. Nova I, Ciardelli C, Tronconi E, Chatterjee D, Weibel M (2009) Unifying Redox Kinetics for Standard and Fast NH3-SCR over a V2O5-WO3/TiO2 Catalyst. AIChE J 55(6):1514–1529

    Google Scholar 

  28. Ciardelli C, Nova I, Tronconi E, Chatterjee D, Bandl-Konrad B (2004) A ‘‘Nitrate Route’’ for the low temperature ‘‘Fast SCR’’ reaction over a V2O5–WO3/TiO2 commercial catalyst. Chem Commun 2004:2718–2719

    Google Scholar 

  29. Nova I, Ciardelli C, Tronconi E, Chatterjee D, Bandl-Konrad B (2006) NH3–NO/NO2 chemistry over V-based catalysts and its role in the mechanism of the Fast SCR reaction. Catal Today 114:3–12

    Google Scholar 

  30. Ciardelli C, Nova I, Tronconi E, Chatterjee D, Bandl-Konrad B, Weibel M, Krutzsch B (2007) Reactivity of NO/NO2–NH3 SCR system for diesel exhaust aftertreatment: Identification of the reaction network as a function of temperature and NO2 feed content. Appl Catal B 70:80–90

    Google Scholar 

  31. van Helden R, Verbeek R, Willems F, van der Wellw R (2004) Optimization of Urea SCR deNOx Systems for HD Diesel Engines. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0154

    Google Scholar 

  32. Song Q, Zhu G (2002) Model-based Closed-loop Control of Urea SCR Exhaust Aftertreatment System for Diesel Engine. SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0287

    Google Scholar 

  33. Schär C M, Onder C H, Geering H P, Elsener M (2003) Control of a Urea SCR Catalytic Converter System for a Mobile Heavy Duty Diesel Engine. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0776

    Google Scholar 

  34. Winkler C, Flörchinger P, Patil M D, Gieshoff J, Spurk P, Pfeifer M (2003) Modeling of SCR DeNOx Catalyst – Looking at the Impact of Substrate Attributes. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0845

    Google Scholar 

  35. van Helden R, van Genderen M, van Aken M, Verbeek R, Patchett J, Kruithof J, Straten T, de Saluneaux C G (2002) Engine Dynamometer and Vehicle Performance of a Urea SCR-System for Heavy-Duty Truck Engines. SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0286

    Google Scholar 

  36. Hofmann L, Rusch K, Fischer S, Lemire B (2004) Onboard Emissions Monitoring on a HD Truck with an SCR System Using Nox Sensors. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1290

    Google Scholar 

  37. Tao T, Xie Y, Dawes S, Melscoet-Chauvel I, Pfeifer M, Spurk P C (2004) Diesel SCR NOx Reduction and Performance on Washcoated SCR Catalysts. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1293

    Google Scholar 

  38. Balling L, Sigling R, Schmelz H, Hums E, Spitznagel G (1991) Poisoning Mechanisms in Existing SCR Catalytic Converters and Development of a New Generation for Improvement of the Catalytic Properties. In: Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOx Control, Washington, DC, 25–28 March 1991

    Google Scholar 

  39. Gekas I, Gabrielsson P, Johansen K, Nyengaard L, Lund T (2002) Urea-SCR Catalyst System Selection for Fuel and PM Optimized Engines and a Demonstration of a Novel Urea Injection System. SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0289

    Google Scholar 

  40. Koebel M, Elsener M, Madia G (2001) Recent Advances in the Development of Urea-SCR for Automotive Applications. SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-3625

    Google Scholar 

  41. Aoki Y, Miyairi Y, Ichikawa Y, Abe F (2002) Product Design and Development of Ultra Thin Wall Ceramic Catalytic Substrate. SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0350

    Google Scholar 

  42. Johnson T V (2004) Diesel Emission Control Technology – 2003 in Review. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0070

    Google Scholar 

  43. Walker A P, Cooper B J, McDonald A C, Sanchez M (2003) The Development and On-Road Performance and Durability of the Four-Way Emission Control SCRT System. US Department of Energy Diesel Engine Emission Reduction (DEER) Conference, Newport, August 2003

    Google Scholar 

  44. Cavataio G, Girard J, Patterson J E, Montreuil C, Cheng Y, Lambert C K (2007) Laboratory Testing of Urea-SCR Formulations to Meet Tier 2 Bin 5 Emissions. SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1575

    Google Scholar 

  45. Maunula T, Kinnunen T (2011) Design and Durability of Vanadium-SCR Catalyst Systems in Mobile Off-Road Applications. SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-1316

    Google Scholar 

  46. Gieshoff J, Schäfer-Sindlinger A, Spurk P C, van den Tillaart J A A, Garr G (2000) Improved SCR Systems for Heavy Duty Applications. SAE Technical Paper Series 2000-01-0189

    Google Scholar 

  47. Nova I, dall’Acqua L, Lietti L, Giamello E, Forzatti P (2001) Study of thermal deactivation of a de-NOx commercial catalyst. Appl Catal B 35:31–42

    Google Scholar 

  48. Chapman D M (2011). US Patent 2011/0138789 A1

    Google Scholar 

  49. Liu Z, Ottinger N, Cremeens C (2012) Methods for Quantifying the Release of Vanadium from Engine Exhaust Aftertreatment Catalysts. SAE Int J Engines 5(2):663-671. doi:10.4271/2012-01-0887

  50. Walker A P, Blakeman P G, Ilkenhans T, Magnusson B, McDonald A C, Kleijwegt P, Stunnenberg F, Sanchez M (2004) The Development and In-Field Demonstration of Highly Durable SCR Catalyst Systems. SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1289

    Google Scholar 

  51. Ura J A, Girard J, Cavataio G, Montreuil C, Lambert C (2009) Cold Start Performance and Enhanced Thermal Durability of Vanadium SCR Catalysts. SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-0625

    Google Scholar 

  52. Gibson J, Groene O (1991) Selective catalytic reduction on marine diesel engines. Automotive Engineering, October:18–22

    Google Scholar 

  53. Chen J P, Buzanowski M A, Yang R T, Cichanowicz J E (1990) Deactivation of the Vanadia Catalyst in the Selective Catalytic Reduction Process. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 40:1403–1409

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kijlstra W S, Komen N J, Andreini A, Poels E K, Bliek A (1996) Promotion and Deactivation of V2O5/TiO2 SCR catalysts by SO2 at low Temperature. Stud Surf Sci Catal 101:951–960

    Google Scholar 

  55. Chen W, Wang J, Shuai S, Wu F (2008) Effects of Fuel Quality on a Euro IV Diesel Engine with SCR After-Treatment. SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-0638

    Google Scholar 

  56. Cavataio G, Jen H, Dobson, D, Warner, J (2009) Laboratory Study to Determine Impact of Na and K Exposure on the Durability of DOC and SCR Catalyst Formulations. SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-2823

    Google Scholar 

  57. Kröcher O, Elsener M (2008) Chemical deactivation of V2O5/WO3–TiO2 SCR catalysts by additives and impurities from fuels, lubrication oils, and urea solution I. Catalytic studies. Appl Catal B 75:215–227

    Google Scholar 

  58. Nicosia D, Czekaj I, Kröcher O (2008) Chemical deactivation of V2O5/WO3–TiO2 SCR catalysts by additives and impurities from fuels, lubrication oils and urea solution Part II. Characterization study of the effect of alkali and alkaline earth metals. Appl Catal B 77:228–236

    Google Scholar 

  59. Pritchard S, DiFrancesco C, Kaneko S, Kobayashi N, Suyama K, Iida K (1995) Optimizing SCR Catalyst Design and Performance for Coal-Fired Boilers. EPRI/EPA 1995 Joint Symposium on Stationary Combustion NOx Control, Kansas City, May 16–19, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  60. Sappok A, Kamp C, Wong V (2012) Sensitivity Analysis of Ash Packing and Distribution in Diesel Particulate Filters to Transient Changes in Exhaust Conditions. SAE Int J Fuels Lubr 5(2):733–750. doi:10.4271/2012-01-1093

  61. Watson S, Huang W, Wong V (2007) Correlations among Ash-Related Oil Species in the Power Cylinder, Crankcase and the Exhaust Stream of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine. SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1965

    Google Scholar 

  62. Shibata M, Nagata H, Takeshima S, Hoshino K (2007) A Study of Engine Oil Composition Effects on Zeolite-type SCR Catalyst Durability. SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1924

    Google Scholar 

  63. Bardasz E, Mackney D, Britton N, Kleinschek G, Olofsson K, Murray I, Walker A P (2003) Investigations of the Interactions between Lubricant-derived Species and Aftertreatment Systems on a State-of-the-Art Heavy Duty Diesel Engine. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-1963

    Google Scholar 

  64. Schmieg S, Lee J (2005) Evaluation of Supplier Catalyst Formulations for the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx With Ammonia. SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-3881

    Google Scholar 

  65. Valdés-Solís T, Marbán G, Fuertes A B (2003) Appl Catal B 46:261–271

    Google Scholar 

  66. Hoekman S K, Broch A, Robbins C, Ceniceros E, Natarajan M (2012) Review of biodiesel composition, properties, and specifications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16:143–169

    Google Scholar 

  67. Gerpen J V (2005) Biodiesel processing and production. Fuel Proc Technol 86:1097–1107

    Google Scholar 

  68. Williams A, McCormick R, Luecke J, Brezny R, Geisselmann A, Voss K, Hallstrom K, Leustek M, Parsons J, Abi-Akar H (2011) Impact of Biodiesel Impurities on the Performance and Durability of DOC, DPF and SCR Technologies. SAE Int J Fuels Lubr 4(1):110–124. doi:10.4271/2011-01-1136

  69. Krahl J, Munack A, Ruschel Y, Schröder O, Schwarz S, Hofmann L, Bünger J (2006) Influence of the Phosphorus Content in Rapeseed Oil Methyl Esters During a 1000 Hours Endurance Test on the Function of a SCR-system Measured by Exhaust Gas Emissions and Health Effects. SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3282

    Google Scholar 

  70. Amon B, Keefe G (2001) On-Road Demonstration of NOx Emission Control for Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks using SINOx™ Urea SCR Technology—Long-term Experience and Measurement Results. SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-1931

    Google Scholar 

  71. Block M, Clark N, Wayne S, Nine R, Miller W (2005) An Investigation into the Emissions Reduction Performance of an SCR System Over Two Years’ In-Use Heavy-Duty Vehicle Operation. SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-1861

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department BF66330, BC2, Volvo Group Trucks Technology, SE-405 08, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Jonas Jansson

Authors
  1. Jonas Jansson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jonas Jansson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy

    Isabella Nova

  2. Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy

    Enrico Tronconi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jansson, J. (2014). Vanadia-Based Catalysts for Mobile SCR. In: Nova, I., Tronconi, E. (eds) Urea-SCR Technology for deNOx After Treatment of Diesel Exhausts. Fundamental and Applied Catalysis. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8071-7_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation