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Nanostructured Coatings for Improved Charge Delivery to Neurons

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Nanotechnology and Neuroscience: Nano-electronic, Photonic and Mechanical Neuronal Interfacing

Abstract

This chapter explores the variability and limitations of traditional stimulation electrodes by first appreciating how electrical potential differences lead to efficacious activation of nearby neurons and examining the basic electrochemical mechanisms of charge transfer at an electrode/electrolyte interface. It then covers the advantages and current challenges of emerging micro-/nanostructured electrode materials for next-generation neural stimulation microelectrodes.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Band gaps in solid materials describe an energy range where electrons cannot exist and refers to the energy gap between the material’s valence band and conduction band in insulators (large band gap) and semiconductors (smaller band gaps). Materials with very small or no band gaps (because the valence band and conduction band overlap) are conductors. At high stimulation currents, band gaps can be compromised, turning good capacitive electrodes (with high charge injection limit) into faradic electrodes.

  2. 2.

    p–n diode is two adjoining p-doped and n-doped semiconductor. p-i-n diode has a lightly doped intrinsic semiconductor layer separating the p-doped and n-doped layer.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge Kip A Ludwig and Jim Hokanson for critical insight and scientific discussion, as well as valuable discussions from Christi L Kolarcik, Kasey Catt, and Cassandra Weaver. The authors would also like to thank technical contribution by Zhannetta Gugel, Alberto L Vazquez, Noah Snyder, James R Eles, Zhanhong Du, Linn Zhang, Ali Aneizi, and Paras R Patel.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA

    Takashi D. Y. Kozai, Nicolas A. Alba & Xinyan Tracy Cui

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Huanan Zhang & Nicolas A. Kotov

  3. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA

    Robert A. Gaunt

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  1. Takashi D. Y. Kozai
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  2. Nicolas A. Alba
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  6. Xinyan Tracy Cui
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Takashi D. Y. Kozai .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dip. Ing. Innovazione - Università del Salento, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Arnesano, Lecce, Italy

    Massimo De Vittorio

  2. Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Arnesano, Lecce, Italy

    Luigi Martiradonna

  3. Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia,Trento, Italy and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    John Assad

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Kozai, T.D.Y., Alba, N.A., Zhang, H., Kotov, N.A., Gaunt, R.A., Cui, X.T. (2014). Nanostructured Coatings for Improved Charge Delivery to Neurons. In: De Vittorio, M., Martiradonna, L., Assad, J. (eds) Nanotechnology and Neuroscience: Nano-electronic, Photonic and Mechanical Neuronal Interfacing. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8038-0_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8038-0_4

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