Abstract
Salting and drying of cod has been dated back to the fifteenth century. Dried and/or salted cod has a long shelf life (from months to years) without any special packaging needs but it requires storage with controlled relative humidity and temperature. For the countries where this product is most appreciated, the objective of salting and drying fresh cod is no longer aimed at producing a shelf-stable product but to promote essential sensory characteristics that remain throughout desalting and cooking. This chapter describes the raw material characteristics and processing steps until its use by the consumer.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aas GH, Skjerdal OT, Stoknes I, Bjørkevoll I (2010) Effects of packaging method on salt-cured cod yield and quality during storage. J Aquat Food Prod Technol 19:149–161
AIB (2010) Caderno de Especificações do Bacalhau de Cura Tradicional Portuguesa. Associação dos Industriais do Bacalhau, Gafanha da Nazaré, p 11
Andrés A, RodrÃguez-Barona S, Barat JM, Fito P (2002) Note: mass transfer kinetics during cod salting operation. Food Sci Technol Int 8:309–314
Andrés A, RodrÃguez-Barona S, Barat JM, Fito P (2005a) Salted cod manufacturing: influence of salting procedure on process yield and product characteristics. J Food Eng 69:467–471
Andrés A, RodrÃguez-Barona S, Barat JM (2005b) Analysis of some cod-desalting process variables. J Food Eng 70:67–72
Anon (1967) Causas do amarelecimento do bacalhau salgado. Conservas de Peixe 257:17–20
Bandarra NM, Calhau MA, Oliveira L, Ramos M, Dias MG, Bártolo H, Faria MR, Fonseca MC, Gonçalves A, Batista I, Nunes ML (2004) Composição e valor nutricional dos produtos da pesca mais consumidos em Portugal, vol 11. Publicações Avulsas do IPIMAR/INIAP (Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e das Pescas), Lisboa, p 103
Barat JM, RodrÃguez-Barona S, Andrés A, Fito P (2003) Cod salting manufacturing analysis. Food Res Int 36:447–453
Barat JM, RodrÃguez-Barona S, Andrés A, Ibáñez JB (2004a) Modeling of the cod desalting operation. J Food Sci 69:183–189
Barat JM, RodrÃguez-Barona S, Andrés A, Visquert M (2004b) Mass transfer analysis during the cod desalting process. Food Res Int 37:203–208
Barat JM, RodrÃguez-Barona S, Castelló M, Andrés A, Fito P (2004c) Cod desalting process as affected by water management. J Food Eng 61:353–357
Barat JM, Gallart-Jornet L, Andrés A, Akse L, Carlehög M, Skjerdal OT (2006) Influence of cod freshness on the salting, drying and desalting stages. J Food Eng 73:9–19
Beatty SA, Fougère H (1957) The processing of dried salted fish. Bulletin No. 112. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa
Bjørkevoll I, Olsen RL, Skjerdal OT (2003) Origin and spoilage potential of the microbiota dominating genus Psychrobacter in sterile rehydrated salt-cured and dried salt-cured cod (Gadus morhua). Int J Food Microbiol 84:175–187
Brás A, Costa R (2010) Influence of brine-salting prior to pickle salting in the manufacturing of various salted-dried fish species. J Food Eng 100:490–495
Bremner HA, Sakaguchi M (2000) A critical look at whether ‘freshness’ can be determined. J Aquat Food Prod Technol 9(3):5–25
Burgess GHD, Cutting CL, Lovern JA, Waterman JJ (1987) Curado con Sal. In: Burgess CL, Cutting JA, Waterman JJ (eds) El pescado y las industrias derivadas de la pesca. Acribia SA, Zaragoza, pp 105–122
Codex Alimentarius (2003) Code of practice for fish and fishery products. CAC/RCP 52. FAO/WHO, Rome, p 134
Codex Alimentarius (2009) Code of practice for fish and fishery products, 1st edn. World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome
Cohen DM, Inada T, Iwamoto T, Scialabba N (1990) FAO species catalogue. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, vol 10. FAO, Rome, p 442
Costa R (2010) Secagem do bacalhau. Atas do 1° Encontro Português de Secagem de Alimentos, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu 22 de Outubro, Viseu
Del Valle FR, Nickerson JTR (1968) Studies on salting and drying fish. 3. Diffusion of water. J Food Sci 33:499–503
Dias JF, Menezes R, Filipe JC, Guia F, Guerreiro V, Asche F (2003) Short and long run dynamic behaviour of the cod value for Norway-Portugal. In: Kalaydjian K (ed) Proceedings of the fifteenth annual conference of the European Association of Fisheries Economists (EAFE), Ifremer, Brest, France, 15–16 May
Di Luccia A, Alviti G, Lamacchia C, Faccia M, Gambacorta G, Liuzzi V, Spagna Musso S (2005) Effect of the hydration process on water-soluble proteins of preserved cod products. Food Chem 93:385–393
Doe PE, Heruwati ES (1988) A model for the prediction of the microbial spoilage of sun-dried tropical fish. J Food Eng 8:47–72
Doe PE, Hashmi R, Poulter RG, Olley J (1982) Isohalic sorption isotherms. I. Determination for dried salted cod (Gadus morhua). J Food Technol 17:125–134
DRE (2011) DIARIO DA REPUBLICA—2.ª SERIE, N° 68, de 06.04.2011, Pág. 15895. Despacho 6006/2011 de 6 de Abril (Portuguese law)
FAO (1981) The prevention of losses in cured fish. FAO fisheries technical paper, 219. pp 70–74
FAO (2011) Species fact sheets. Gadus morhua (Linnaeus, 1758). FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2218/en. Accessed 25 Mar 2013
FAO (2012) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture (SOFIA). FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, p 209. http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2727e/i2727e.pdf. Accessed 26 Aug 2013
FDA (1999) Anisakis simplex and related worms. In: Bad Bug Book. Introduction to foodborne pathogenic microorganisms and natural toxins handbook. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring. http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm070768.htm. Accessed 25 Mar 2013
FDA (2011) Parasites (Chapter 5). In: FDA, US. Food and Drug Administration. Fish and fishery products hazards and controls guidance, 4th edn. Government Printing Office GPO Access, Washington, pp 91–98
Fernández de Corres L, Audicana M, Del Pozo MD, Muñoz D, Fernández E, Navarro JA, GarcÃa M, Diez J (1996) Anisakis simplex induces not only anisakiasis: report on 28 cases of allergy caused by this nematode. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 6:315–319
FishBase (2012) A global information system on fishes. http://www.fishbase.org/photos/thumbnailssummary.php?ID=69. Accessed 30 Jan 2013
Gallart-Jornet L, Barat JM, Rustad T, Erikson U, Escriche I, Fito P (2007) A comparative study of brine-salting of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J Food Eng 79:261–270
Gomez R, Fernandez-Salguero J (1993) Note: water activity of Spanish intermediate-moisture fish products. Revista Espanola de Ciencia y Technologia de Allimentos 33:651–656
Heredia A, Andrés A, Betoret N, Fito P (2007) Application of the SAFES (systematic approach of food engineering systems) methodology to salting, drying and desalting of cod. J Food Eng 83:267–276
Hurling R, McArthur H (1996) Thawing, refreezing and frozen storage effects on muscle functionality and sensory attributes of frozen cod (Gadus morhua). J Food Sci 61:1289–1296
Huss HH (1994) Assurance of seafood quality. FAO fisheries technical paper no. 334. FAO, Rome, p 169
Huss HH, Valdimarsson G (1990) Microbiology of salted fish. FAO Fish Tech News 10:1–2
Ingolfsdóttir S, Stefänsson G, Kristbergsson K (1998) Seasonal variations in physicochemical and textural properties of north Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) mince. J Aquat Food Prod Technol 7:39–61
Ismail N, Wooton M (1992) Fish salting and drying: a review. ASEAN Food J 7:175–183
Jason AC (1965) Drying and dehydration. In: Borgström G (ed) Fish as food, vol III. Academic, New York, pp 1–54
Jónsdóttir R, Sveinsdóttir K, Magnússon H, Arason S, Lauritzsen K, Thorarinsdóttir KA (2011) Flavor and quality characteristics of salted and desalted cod (Gadus morhua) produced by different salting methods. J Agric Food Chem 59:3893–3904
Lambert Y, Dutil J-D (1997) Can simple condition indices be used to monitor and quantify seasonal changes in the energy reserves of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)? Can J Fish Aquat Sci 54:104–112
Larsen R, Elvevoll EO (2008) Water uptake, drip losses and retention of free amino acids and minerals in cod (Gadus morhua) fillet immersed in NaCl or KCl. Food Chem 107:369–376
Lauritzsen K, Akse L, Gundersen B, Olsen RL (2004) Effects of calcium, magnesium and pH during salt-curing of cod (Gadus morhua L.). J Sci Food Agric 84:683–692
Levsen A, Lunestad BT, Berland B (2005) Low detection efficiency of candling as a commonly recommended inspection method for nematode larvae in the flesh of pelagic fish. J Food Prot 68:828–832
Linton EP, Wood AL (1945) Drying of heavily-salted fish. J Fish Res Board Can 6d:380–391
Lorentzen G, Olsen RL, Bjørkvoll I, Mikkelsen H, Skjerdal T (2010) Survival of Listeria innocua and Listeria monocytogenes in muscle of cod (Gadus morhua L.) during salt-curing and growth during chilled storage of rehydrated product. Food Control 21:292–297
Love RM (1958) Studies on the North Sea cod. III.—effects of starvation. J Sci Food Agric 9:617–620
LupÃn HM, Boeri RL, Moschiar SM (1981) Water activity and salt content relationship in moist salted fish products. J Food Technol 16:31–38
Mackie IM (1993) The effects of freezing on flesh proteins. Food Rev Int 9:575–610
MartÃnez-Alvarez O, Gómez-Guillén MC (2005) The effect of brine composition and pH on the yield and nature of water-soluble proteins extractable from brined muscle of cod (Gadus morhua). Food Chem 92:71–77
MartÃnez-Alvarez O, Gómez-Guillén MC (2006) Effect of brine-salting at different pHs on the functional properties of cod muscle proteins after subsequent dry-salting. Food Chem 94:123–129
MartÃnez-Alvarez O, BorderÃas J, Gómez-Guillén MC (2005a) Use of hydrogen peroxide and carbonate/bicarbonate buffer for soaking of bacalao (salted cod). Eur Food Res Technol 221:226–231
MartÃnez-Alvarez O, BorderÃas AJ, Gómez-Guillén MC (2005b) Sodium replacement in the cod (Gadus morhua) muscle salting process. Food Chem 93:125–133
Moutinho M (1985) História da pesca do bacalhau. Editorial Estampa, Lisboa
Muñoz-Guerrero H, Gutiérrez MR, Vidal-Brotons D, Barat JM, Gras ML, Alcaina MI (2010) Environmental management of the residual brine of cod desalting. Quantification of mass transfer phenomena and determination of some parameters on the residual brine important for its treatment by membrane technology. J Food Eng 99:424–429
Nguyen MV, Jonsson A, Thorarinsdóttir KA, Arason S, Thorkelsson G (2011) Effects of different temperatures on storage quality of heavily salted cod (Gadus morhua). Int J Food Eng 7(1)
Norwegian Export Council (2009) Statistics Norway. www.ssb.no. Accessed 16 Jan 2013
Nutrition data (2012) Nutrition facts. Fish, cod, Atlantic, raw. Condé Nast websites. http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/finfish-and-shellfish-products/4041/2. Accessed 30 June 2013
Nystrand BT (2012) Value chain analysis of dried and salted cod from Norway to Portugal. Report No. MA 12-03. Møreforsking Marin, p 24. http://www.moreforsk.no/default.aspx?menu=794&id=975. Accessed 30 Jan 2013
Offer G, Knight P (1988) The structural basis of water holding in meat. In: Lawrie R (ed) Developments in meat science, vol 4. Elsevier, London, pp 63–171
Oliveira H, Pedro S, Nunes ML, Costa R, Vaz-Pires P (2012) Processing of salted cod (Gadus spp.): a review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 11:546–564
Pedro S, Magalhães N, Albuquerque MM, Batista I, Nunes ML, Bernardo MF (2002) Preliminary observations on spoilage potential of flora from desalted cod (Gadus morhua). J Aquat Food Prod Technol 11:143–150
Pedro S, Albuquerque MM, Nunes ML, Bernardo MF (2004) Pathogenic bacteria and indicators in salted cod (Gadus morhua) and desalted products at low and high temperatures. J Aquat Food Prod Technol 13:39–48
Penso G (1953) Salage. Les produits de la pêche. Vigot Frères, Paris
Portuguese legislation (2005) Decreto-Lei n.° 25/2005 de 28 de Janeiro. Diário da República—I Série-A. N.° 20, p 696–703
Rodrigues MJ (2006) Estudos de qualidade em bacalhau. PhD Thesis, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, p 205
Rodrigues MJ, Ho P, López-Caballero ME, Vaz-Pires P, Nunes ML (2003) Characterization and identification of microflora from soaked cod and respective salted raw materials. Food Microbiol 20:471–481
Rodrigues MJ, Ho P, López-Caballero ME, Bandarra NM, Nunes ML (2005) Chemical, microbiological, and sensory quality of cod products salted in different brines. J Food Sci 70:M1–M6
Sastre J, Lluch-Bernal M, Quirce S, Arrieta I, Lahoz C, Del Amo A, Fernández-Caldas E, Maraňón F (2000) A double-blind, placebo-controlled oral challenge study with lyophilized larvae and antigen of the fish parasite, Anisakis simplex. Allergy 55:560–564
Statistics Iceland (2014) Available from: http://www.statice.is/ Accessed on Oct 6 2015.
Stien LH, Hirmas E, Bjørnevik M, Karlsen Ø, Nortvedt R, Rørå AMB, Sunde J, Kiessling A (2005) The effects of stress and storage temperature on the color and texture of pre-rigor filleted farmed cod (Gadus morhua L.). Aquacult Res 36:1197–1206
Stoknes IS, Walde PM, Synnes M (2005) Proteolytic activity in cod (Gadus morhua) muscle during salt-curing. Food Res Int 38:693–699
Thorarinsdóttir KA, Arason S, Geirsdottir M, Bogason SG, Kristbergsson K (2002) Changes in myofibrillar proteins during processing of salted cod (Gadus morhua) as determined by electrophoresis and differential scanning calorimetry. Food Chem 77:377–385
Thorarinsdóttir KA, Arason S, Bogason SG, Kristbergsson K (2004) The effects of various salt concentrations during brine curing of cod (Gadus morhua). Int J Food Sci Technol 39:79–89
van Klaveren FW, Legendre R (1965) Salted cod. In: Borgström G (ed) Fish as food, vol III. Academic, London, pp 133–163
Vilhelmsson O, Hafsteinsson H, Kristjánsson JK (1997) Extremely halotolerant bacteria characteristic of fully cured and dried cod. Int J Food Microbiol 36:163–170
Warm K, Nelsen J, Hyldig G (2000) Sensory quality criteria for five fish species. J Food Qual 23:583–601
Waterman JJ (2001) The cod. Torry Advisory Note No. 33. Torry Research Station, Ministry of Technology. http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/tan/x5911e/x5911e00.htm. Accessed 30 Jan 2012
Wootten R, Cann DC (2001) Round worms in fish. Torry Advisory Note No. 80. Torry Research Station, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/tan/x5951e/x5951e00.htm. Accessed 29 Nov 2013
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Oliveira, H., Nunes, M.L., Vaz-Pires, P., Costa, R. (2016). Salting and Drying of Cod. In: Kristbergsson, K., Oliveira, J. (eds) Traditional Foods. Integrating Food Science and Engineering Knowledge Into the Food Chain, vol 10. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7648-2_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7648-2_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-7646-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-7648-2
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)