Abstract
The identification of potential barriers for return to work using a biopsychosocial perspective has become increasingly important in understanding occupational disability. Despite its importance, the motivations to return to work are not understood well; it requires a clear awareness of the balance between gains and losses, especially in the medicolegal context. This chapter identifies the types of gains and losses (e.g., primary, secondary, and tertiary) and their economy as they affect an individual’s motivation to return to work. This can either perpetuate or lessen an actual disability. Finally, this chapter offers information and practical suggestions relevant to the management of secondary gains and losses.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV (4th ed., Text Revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Bayer, T. L. (1985). Weaving a tangled web: the psychology of deception and self-deception in psychogenic pain. Social Science & Medicine, 20(5), 517–527.
Bellamy, R. (1997). Compensation neurosis: Financial reward for illness as nocebo. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 336, 94–106.
Binder, L. M., & Rohling, M. L. (1996). Money matters: A meta-analytic review of the effects of financial incentives on recovery after closed-head injury. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(1), 7–10.
Blackburn, A. N. (2011). Living with pain or living in pain: narrative journeys with low back pain. Doctoral dissertation. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10145/142846.
Bonanno, G. A., & Field, N. P. (2001). Examining the delayed grief hypothesis across 5 years of bereavement. American Behavioral Science, 44(5), 798–816.
Bruce, E. J., & Schultz, C. L. (2001). Nonfinite loss and grief: A psychoeducational approach. Ann Arbor, MI: Paul H. Brookes Pub.
Cano, A., Barterian, J. A., & Heller, J. B. (2008). Empathic and nonempathic interaction in chronic pain couples. Clinical Journal of Pain, 24(8), 678–684.
Corey, G. (2008). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Corr, C. A. (1998). Enhancing the concept of disenfranchised grief. Omega – Journal of Death and Dying, 38(1), 1–20.
Creed, F., & Dickens, C. (2007). Depression in the medically ill. In A. Steptoe (Ed.), Depression and physical illness (pp. 3–18). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Dansak, D. A. (1973). On the tertiary gain of illness. Comparative Psychiatry, 14(6), 523–534.
Dersh, J., Polatin, P. B., Leeman, G., & Gatchel, R. J. (2004). The management of secondary gain and loss in medicolegal settings: Strengths and weaknesses. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 14(4), 267–279.
Dersh, J., Polatin, P. B., Leeman, G., & Gatchel, R. J. (2005). Secondary gains and losses in the medicolegal setting. In I. Z. Schultz & R. J. Gatchel (Eds.), Handbook of complex occupational disability claims (pp. 421–441). New York, NY: Springer.
Ferrari, R., & Kwan, O. (2001). The no-fault flavor of disability syndromes. Medical Hypotheses, 56(1), 77–84.
Fishbain, D. A. (1994). Secondary gain concept: Definition problems and its abuse in medical practice. APS Journal, 3(4), 264–273.
Fishbain, D. A., Cutler, R., Rosomoff, H. L., & Rosomoff, R. S. (1999). Chronic pain disability exaggeration/malingering and submaximal effort research. Clinical Journal of Pain, 15(4), 244–274.
Flor, H., Turk, D., & Scholz, O. B. (1987). Impact of chronic pain on the spouse: Marital, emotional and physical consequences. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 31(1), 63–71.
Freud, S. (1959). Introductory lectures on psychoanalysis, 1917. London, England: Hogarth Press.
Gallagher, R. M. (1994). Secondary gain in pain medicine: Let us stick with biobehavioral data. APS Journal, 3(4), 274–278.
Gatchel, R. J. (1996). Psychological disorders and chronic pain: Cause and effect relationships. In R. J. Gatchel & D. C. Turk (Eds.), Psychological approaches to pain management: A practitioner’s handbook (pp. 33–52). New York, NY: Guilford.
Gatchel, R. J. (2004). Psychosocial factors that can influence the self-assessment of function. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 14(3), 197–206.
Gatchel, R. J., Adams, L., Polatin, P. B., & Kishino, N. D. (2002). Secondary loss and pain-associated disability: Theoretical overview and treatment implications. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 12(2), 99–110.
Gorman, E. (2010). Chronic degenerative conditions, disability and loss. In D. L. Harris (Ed.), Counting our losses: Reflecting on change, loss, and transition in everyday life. New York, NY: Routledge.
Green, T. L., & King, K. M. (2007). The trajectory of minor stroke recovery for men and their female spousal caregivers: Literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 58(6), 517–531.
Hammonds, W., Brena, S. F., & Unikel, I. P. (1978). Compensation for work-related injuries and rehabilitation of patients with chronic pain. Southern Medicine Journal, 71(6), 664–665.
Harvey, J. (1998). Perspectives on loss: A sourcebook. Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel.
Harvey, J. (2000). Give sorrow words: Perspectives on loss and trauma. Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel.
Holland, A. L., & Beeson, P. M. (1993). Finding a new sense of self: What the clinician can do to help. Aphasiology, 7(6), 581–584.
Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11(2), 213–218.
Horowitz, M. J., Wilner, N., Marmar, C., & Krupnick, J. (1980). Pathological grief and the activation of latent self-images. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137(10), 1157–1162.
Jahoda, M. (1981). Work, employment and unemployment: Values, theories, and approaches in social research. American Psychologist, 36(2), 184–191.
Katon, W., & Sullivan, M. (1990). Depression and chronic medical illness. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51(supplement 6), 3–11.
Kelley, P. (1998). Loss experienced in chronic pain and illness In J. H. Harvey (Ed.), Perspectives on loss: A sourcebook (pp. 201–211). Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel.
Kessler, R. C., Ormel, J., Demler, O., & Stang, P. E. (2003). Comorbid mental disorders account for the role impairment of commonly occurring chronic physical disorders: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45(12), 1257–1266.
King, S. A. (1994). Concept of secondary gain: How valid is it? APS Journal, 3(4), 279–281.
Kring, A. M. & Sloan, D. M. (Eds.) (2009). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment. New York, NY: The Guildford Press.
Kwan, O., Ferrari, R., & Friel, J. (2001). Tertiary gain and disability syndromes. Medical Hypotheses, 57(4), 459–464.
Kwan, O., & Friel, J. (2002). Clinical relevance of the sick role and secondary gain in the treatment of disability syndromes. Medical Hypotheses, 59(2), 129–134.
Leeman, G., Polatin, P. B., Gatchel, R. J., & Kishino, N. (2000). Managing secondary gain in patients with pain-associated disability: A clinical perspective. Journal of Workers Compensation, 9(4), 25–44.
Lyons, R., & Sullivan, M. (1998). Curbing loss in illness and disability: A relationship perspective. In J. H. Harvey (Ed.), Perspectives on loss: A sourcebook (pp. 137–152). Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel.
Mayer, T. G., & Gatchel, R. J. (1988). Functional restoration for spinal disorders: The sports medicine approach. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.
Mendelson, G. (1982). Not “cured by a verdict”. Effect of legal settlement on compensation claimants. Medical Journal of Australia, 2(3), 132–134.
Miller, H. (1961). Accident neurosis. BMJ, 1(5231), 992–998.
Monin, J. K., & Schulz, R. (2009). Interpersonal effects of suffering in older adult caregiving relationships. Psychology of Aging, 24(3), 681–695.
Myerson, M. S., McGarvey, W. C., Henderson, M. R., & Hakim, J. (1994). Morbidity after crush injuries to the foot. Journal of Orthopedic Trauma, 8(4), 343–349.
Nichols, M. P. (2010). Family therapy: Conceptions and methods (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Larson, J. (1999). Coping with loss. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Patel, S., Greasley, K., & Watson, P. J. (2007). Barriers to rehabilitation and return to work for unemployed chronic pain patients: A qualitative study. European Journal of Pain, 11(8), 831–840.
Rainville, J., Sobel, J. B., Hartigan, C., & Wright, A. (1997). The effect of compensation involvement on the reporting of pain and disability by patients referred for rehabilitation of chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 22(17), 2016–2024.
Rando, T. A. (1988). Grieving: How to go on living when someone you love dies. Lexington, KY: Lexington Books.
Robinson, J. P., Rondinelli, R. D., Scheer, S. J., & Weinstein, S. M. (1997). Industrial rehabilitation medicine. 1. Why is industrial rehabilitation medicine unique? Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation, 78(3 Suppl.), S3–S9.
Sander, R. A., & Meyers, J. E. (1986). The relationship of disability to compensation status in railroad workers. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 11(2), 141–143.
Schrader, H., Obelieniene, D., Bovim, G., Surkiene, D., Mickeviciene, D., Miseviciene, I., et al. (1996). Natural evolution of late whiplash syndrome outside the medicolegal context. Lancet, 347(9010), 1207–1211.
Schultz, I. Z. (2009). Determining disability: New advances in conceptualization and research. Psychological Injury and Law, 2(3), 199–204.
Schultz, I. Z., Stowell, A. W., Feuerstein, M., & Gatchel, R. J. (2007). Models of return to work for musculoskeletal disorders. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 17(2), 327–352.
Shapiro, C. H. (1993). When part of the self is lost. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Sidell, N. L. (1997). Adult adjustment to chronic illness: A review of the literature. Health, Society, and Work, 22(1), 5–11.
Steptoe, A. (2007). Integrating clinical with biobehavioural studies of depression and physical illness. In A. Steptoe (Ed.), Depression and physical illness (pp. 397–408). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Stroebe, M. S., Hansson, R. O., Stroebe, W., & Schut, H. (2001). Introduction: concepts and issues in contemporary research on bereavement. In R. O. Stroebe (Ed.), Handbook of bereavement research. Consequences, coping, and care. Washington, DC: APA.
Swartzman, L. C., Teasell, R. W., Shaprio, A. P., & McDermId, A. J. (1996). The effect of litigation status on adjustment to whiplash injury. Spine, 21(1), 53–58.
Theodore, B., Kishino, N., & Gatchel, R. (2008). Biopsychosocial factors that perpetuate chronic pain, impairment, and disability. Psychological Injury and Law, 1(3), 182–190.
Turk, D. C., & Monarch, E. S. (2002). Biopsychosocial perspective on chronic pain. In D. C. Turk & R. J. Gatchel (Eds.), Psychological approaches to pain management: A practitioner’s handbook (2nd ed., pp. 33–52). New York, NY: Guilford.
Waddell, G. (1992). Biopsychosocial analysis of low back pain. Baillière's Clinical Rheumatology, 6(3), 523–557.
Walter, A. C., & McCoyd, J. L. M. (2009). Grief and loss across the lifespan: A biopsychosocial perspective. New York, NY: Springer.
Weiss, B. W., & Weiss, L. (2001). Getting off the pain roller coaster: Identifying the psychological aspects of pain can lead patients on the right track to recovery. Practical Pain Management, 6(1), 22–24.
White, A. W. M. (1966). Low back pain in men receiving workmen’s compensation. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 95(2), 50–56.
Worden, J. W. (2002). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Springer.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2001). ICF: the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
Worzer, W., Kishino, N., & Gatchel, R. (2009). Primary, secondary, and tertiary losses in chronic pain patients. Psychological Injury and Law, 2(3), 215–224.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Choi, Y., Asih, S.R., Polatin, P.B. (2016). Understanding Motivation to Return to Work: The Economy of Gains and Losses. In: Schultz, I., Gatchel, R. (eds) Handbook of Return to Work. Handbooks in Health, Work, and Disability, vol 1. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7627-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7627-7_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-7626-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-7627-7
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)